Decentralized international division of labor in China

1. China's accession to the WTO has greatly accelerated the process of China's integration into the world economy. Therefore, what role China will play in the world economic division system in the new century has naturally become an issue of great concern to the international community. In my opinion, no matter from the perspective of the historical trend of world economic development or the requirements of domestic economic development, China will develop from a big manufacturing country to a powerful manufacturing country and become one of the world-class manufacturing centers in the first 20 years of the new century. 1、 From the perspective of the historical trend of world economic development, two important trends have emerged in the world economy since the 1960s. One is that developed countries have entered the "post instrial society" and the information age, and the other is that most developing countries have started the process of instrialization, This is another important historical trend of the shift of manufacturing bases from developed countries and regions to developing countries and regions. Under this historical condition, China is bound to develop into one of the new world manufacturing centers. The process of world instrialization initiated by the instrial revolution in the 18th century cast a number of instrialized countries in two or three hundred years. By the end of the 20th century, 64 of the more than 200 countries in the world had basically realized instrialization. During this period, Britain, the United States and Japan were successively cast into the famous "world factory" in history. Since the 1960s, some major developed countries have entered the "post instrial society" and information age, and the instrial structure has undergone major changes. On the one hand, high-tech instry and service instry have developed rapidly; On the other hand, some labor-intensive instries (such as textile, clothing, food, etc.) and instries with high energy consumption, high material consumption and high pollution are declining day by day. Some of them have become "sunset instries", and many enterprises have transferred abroad, especially some general manufacturing instries to developing countries and regions. As a result, the proportion of the secondary instry, especially the manufacturing instry, in the GDP of some major developed countries has continued to decline. For example, in 1970-1992, the two proportions of the United States dropped from 32% to 26% and from 25% to 18% respectively; In the UK, from 44% to 32% and from 33% to 20% respectively; In Japan, from 47% to 42% and from 36% to 26%. For the post instrial society, the proportion of the secondary instry and manufacturing instry in GDP will drop from the past peak period of instrialization (about 60%), which is in line with the law of development. However, it has not shaken the status of the United States, Japan and the United Kingdom as manufacturing powers, which is closely related to the historical trend of manufacturing instry transferring to developing regions. In this historical trend of instrial transfer, multinational companies play an important role. Since the 1960s, the instrialization process with developing countries (regions) as the main body has been set off all over the world. In order to distinguish it from the first round of world instrialization with developed countries as the main body for more than 200 years, I call this instrialization process with developing countries as the main body the second round of world instrialization process, or the late world instrialization process. These countries and regions used to be colonies and semi colonies for a long time. Only after gaining political independence after the war did they independently promote instrialization from the 1960s. For example, in the 1970s, the developing regions of East Asia leapt up the "four little dragons", known as the "new instrial economies" (Mies); Subsequently, ASEAN and China took off their economy by accelerating instrialization in the 1980s, and achieved an average annual growth rate of 7% and 9% respectively in the 20 years before the outbreak of the Asian financial crisis (1997), creating an "East Asian miracle". With the progress of instrialization, obvious changes have taken place in the instrial structure. For example, ring 1970-2001, the proportion of agriculture and instry in Indonesia's GDP decreased from 35.2% to 16.2% and increased from 28.0% to 36.0% respectively; The proportion of agriculture and instry in Thailand decreased from 30.2% to 8.0% and increased from 25.7% to 44.0% respectively; The proportion of agriculture and instry in the Philippines decreased from 28.2% to 20.1% and increased from 33.7% to 34.0% respectively. The proportion of agriculture and instry in Malaysia decreased from 22.9% to 8.2% and increased from 35.8% to 43.1% respectively in 1980-2001. The proportion of agriculture in China's GDP dropped from 35.22% to 15.23% in 1970-2001, and the proportion of instry increased from 40.49% to 51.15% in the same period. In short, the decline in the proportion of agriculture and the rise in the proportion of instry are signs of the advancement of the instrialization process in the developing regions of East Asia, and the main part of the instrial growth comes from the manufacturing instry. It is worth emphasizing that the instrialization process of the developing countries (regions) in East Asia is combined with the instrial transfer (mainly manufacturing) of some developed countries in this region. Some manufacturing instries that are losing their advantages increasingly first move from the United States and Japan to the "four little dragons", and then from the "four little dragons" to ASEAN and China. In the 1960s and 1970s, the textile and clothing instries were transferred, and in the 1980s, the household appliances and chemical instries were transferred; Since the 1990s, the growth of Japan's investment in East Asia has slowed down, while the investment of the United States in East Asia has increased rapidly, especially in the development of information and other high-tech instries in the region. It is the combination of the independent instrialization process of developing countries (regions) and the instrial transfer of manufacturing instry in developed regions that makes it possible to forge regional or global manufacturing bases (centers) in developing regions such as East Asia. From the perspective of the history of world economic development, the second round of world instrialization, with developing countries as the main body, has its own structural defects: (1) as the leading instry in the instrialization process, the manufacturing instry once represented the instry with the highest level of science and technology at that time in the period of traditional instrialization, Today, the instry representing the highest level of science and technology is high-tech instry, not manufacturing instry. Nowadays, the world manufacturing bases or centers created by the second round of world instrialization have lost the magnificent aura of "world factory" in those years. There is still a considerable gap between them and the major developed countries that monopolize high-tech instries in terms of science and technology and economic level 2) As far as the development of manufacturing instry is concerned, its development and strength need two conditions: one is to have the power of scientific and technological development to open the way, the other is to have a strong equipment manufacturing instry to support the general manufacturing instry. At that time, developed countries relied on these two conditions to carry out instrialization. Nowadays, developing countries are carrying out instrialization under the condition of weak scientific and technological development strength and lagging equipment manufacturing instry. Even China, which is now a big manufacturing country, is seriously constrained by the structural defects caused by this history (this point will be further elaborated later in this paper). Under the restriction of this economic structure, even if the manufacturing instry can be bigger, it is difficult to be stronger. Even if a large number of manufacturing instries are transferred from developed countries to developing countries (regions), most of them are general manufacturing instries and general technology. Only by developing our own scientific and technological development forces and building a strong equipment instry on this basis can a large manufacturing country be built into a manufacturing power or a world-class manufacturing base. Not all instrialized countries can build world-class manufacturing bases (or centers), just as only a few of the dozens of instrialized countries have become "world factories" in history. In my opinion, China is likely to become one of such new world-class manufacturing bases (or centers) in the first 20-30 years of this century, because China has the advantages that other developing countries can not have. These conditions are: (1) China is the fourth largest manufacturing country in the world, and its manufacturing scale ranks first among developing countries 2) China is also a big trading country, ranking sixth in the world trade, and has a broad domestic market to support the development of manufacturing instry 3) In recent years, it has become the developing country that attracts the most foreign investment. In 2002, it surpassed the United States and ranked first in the world 4) Instrial infrastructure (such as power, transportation, communication, etc.) is relatively strong 5) A multi sector instrial proction system including some high and new technologies has been established. Although the technical foundation is weak, the instry itself has a strong supporting capacity 6) The labor cost is low, and the high-quality labor resources are large. Every year, there are more than one million Polytechnic graates and more than 400000 foreign students 7) There is a vast space for the manufacturing instry to extend gradiently from the coast to the West. The combination of the above advantages of China with the historical trend of manufacturing instry transferring from developed countries (regions) to developing countries (regions) is bound to provide a huge historical opportunity for China to build a world-class manufacturing base. The key is to recognize the historical stage of our country. Firmly grasp this historical opportunity, give full play to favorable conditions at home and abroad, and fulfill our historical mission. 2、 The historical task of China's instrialization requires that China is in the transition period from al economy to modern economy, and instrialization is a historical stage that can not be surpassed; But our country is taking a new road of instrialization under the contemporary historical conditions. China's instrialization process has made remarkable progress in the past few decades. The proportion of primary instry in GDP has dropped to 15.23%, and the proportion of secondary and tertiary instries has increased to 51.15% and 33.62%. According to the research of the United Nations Instrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the proportion of secondary instry in GDP is 40% - 60%, which is a semi instrialized country. At present, China should be a semi instrialized country. According to statistics, 63.9% of China's population live in rural areas, and primary instry accounts for 50% of the total employment structure. Many practitioners, who account for half of the country, only create 15.2% of the commodity wealth and support more than 60% of the population. This is the crux of the problem of agriculture, rural areas and farmers; To solve the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, we should find a way out of agriculture and rural areas, that is, to find a way out from instrialization or urbanization, that is, to transfer a large number of surplus labor force from agriculture and rural areas by developing manufacturing instry, basic instry, service instry and other non-agricultural instries. According to the estimation of the national conditions research center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, there were about 142 million rural surplus labor forces in China in 2000, accounting for 42.45% of the total rural labor force. According to another analysis, if China maintains an average annual GDP growth rate of 7-7.5% in the next 20 years, the proportion of primary instry (mainly agriculture) in the employment structure of the whole society will be reced from 50% to 30-32%, that is, a decrease of 18-20 percentage points. About 140-150 million rural surplus labor will be transferred from rural areas and absorbed by manufacturing, basic instries, service instries and other non-agricultural instries. At the same time, if the average annual economic growth is 7-7.5%, the proportion of the added value of manufacturing instry in the total value-added of commodity proction is expected to increase by 0.70-0.75 percentage points. In this way, the proportion of secondary instry in GDP will increase from 51% at present to 64% in 2020, reaching the target required by internationally recognized instrial countries. This is an important historical task for instrialization. Another historic task is to strengthen the structure of instry, especially the manufacturing instry, that is, to establish a strong force for scientific and technological development, and on this basis to vigorously develop the equipment manufacturing instry. Equipment manufacturing instry is the material carrier of instrial scientific and technological invention and the engine that drives manufacturing instry and even the whole instry forward. China's equipment manufacturing instry has a certain foundation, which is stronger than other developing countries, but after all, the technical foundation is weak, which lags behind the needs of the development of manufacturing instry. According to a monograph published recently, it is profoundly pointed out that there are many problems in China's equipment manufacturing instry

2. (1) (2) the formation stage (1860s-1860s), ring which the first instrial revolution with Britain as the center took place, promoted the formation of the international division of labor with Britain as the center< (3) development stage (from the middle of the 19th century to the Second World War), ring which the second instrial and commercial revolution broke out in the capitalist world, promoting the rapid development of the new international division of labor< (4) in the deepening stage (after the Second World War), e to the rise of the third instrial revolution, the independence of the colonies, the change of capital export situation, the establishment of some socialist countries and their participation in the international division of labor, new changes have taken place in the international division of labor.

3. New features of international division of labor:
1. The instrial division of labor among developed countries has developed rapidly. Developed countries are the mainstream of international division of labor, and if they do not join, they will be marginalized. In the past, imperialism relied on colonies, but now the division of science and technology has become the mainstream of international division of labor. 2. The dominant position of vertical international division between developed and developing countries has given way to horizontal international division. The so-called vertical international division of labor is the division system of manufacturing instry and raw material instry. Horizontal international division of labor is the specialized cooperation of instrial proction, and it is hierarchical. 3. The international division of labor between instrial sectors is increasingly changing into the international division of labor within the instry, and the international division of labor based on procts is graally changing into the international division of labor based on proction factors. In other words, the horizontal international division of labor is divided into three levels. Inter instry division: the international division of labor is carried out among different instries, such as the division of labor among different factor intensive instries. Developed countries proce knowledge and technology intensive procts, while developing countries proce capital and labor intensive procts. Intra instry division of labor: first, the differentiated division of labor of similar procts, reflected in the different grades and levels. Second, the division of labor is based on different links in the same instry, such as technology, proction and marketing. For example, R & D in developed countries, proction in developing countries, marketing back to developed countries. Like Nike shoes. Intra proct division of labor: the division of labor is carried out according to different processes or parts of the same proct. For example, the proction of an aircraft, each component by the proction department of different countries to undertake. To form a value chain of procts
nowadays, the division of labor is more and more based on factors than on instries

since the 1990s, the rapid development of the Internet and information technology has started the re layout of the world economic structure, the international division of labor is more detailed, and then the service outsourcing has broken through the national boundaries, forming the "second wave of globalization". The irreversible development trend of service outsourcing globalization provides a broad market prospect for this instry, and more and more enterprises adopt offshore outsourcing strategy. For this reason, "service outsourcing" is also called by Harvard Business Review as the most important management means and business philosophy in 75 years. What are the reasons for outsourcing? What are the characteristics compared with the globalization of proction? What are the "new points" in the vision of cooperation in the 21st century? What impact has this new mode of cooperation had on China's development
to this end, the reporter interviewed Zheng Xiongwei, global executive chairman of Asia Pacific CEO Association and global director of international outsourcing center
reporter: apart from it outsourcing, which readers are familiar with, what are the main areas of service outsourcing< Zheng Xiongwei: in general, according to the business content and instry characteristics of service outsourcing, service outsourcing can be divided into it outsourcing, business process outsourcing (mainly including sales service outsourcing, human resource management outsourcing, logistics outsourcing, financial management outsourcing, call center outsourcing, asset management outsourcing and administrative management outsourcing), knowledge process outsourcing (KPO mainly including R & D outsourcing, human resource management outsourcing, logistics outsourcing, financial management outsourcing, call center outsourcing, asset management outsourcing and administrative management outsourcing) Consulting outsourcing, training outsourcing, etc.) and other service outsourcing (financial outsourcing, medical outsourcing and public utility outsourcing extending to the public sector). Basically, it can be said that this classification is the most comprehensive and scientific, and it is also recognized by our international outsourcing center. In addition, for the development of international service outsourcing, according to the prediction of the United Nations Conference on Trade and development, the global service outsourcing market will grow at an annual rate of 30% - 40% in the next few years, and the types will continue to be refined. According to Gartner, an American information instry consulting company, the average annual growth rate of the global IT service market will exceed 6% in 2009, and the average annual growth rate of the global BPO market will exceed 9%. It is estimated that the global IT outsourcing market will reach 432.2 billion US dollars and the global BPO market will reach 172 billion US dollars in 2009
reporter: how many jobs can service outsourcing provide for China? What kind of talents are needed for these jobs< How many jobs can service outsourcing provide for China? In this regard, we still lack authoritative forecast data. We can take India as a comparison. India is the main undertaking destination of global service outsourcing business. According to statistics, the amount of service outsourcing undertaken in 2008 was 42.2 billion US dollars, nine times that of China, and the number of direct employees exceeded 2 million, four times that of China. According to the planning objectives of the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of ecation and other relevant departments, China strives to create 1 million new graates in the next five years. According to the development trend of service outsourcing and the national strategic planning, we believe that the current service outsourcing will bring about 600000 jobs in China, and 250000 new jobs will be created every year in the future. Generally speaking, this job is a knowledge-based one, which requires a large number of talents who are familiar with foreign languages, management, intellectual property protection, international trade, computer programming, network management, web page proction and animation proction, information management, database principle and application
reporter: with the continuous global financial crisis and the aggravation of its damage to the real economy, what is the global trend of service outsourcing? How big is the impact on China's service outsourcing
ZHENG Xiongwei: in the short run, the turmoil in the international financial market caused by the US subprime mortgage crisis has not been completely eliminated, the US economy is developing slowly, the domestic demand growth in Europe and Japan is weakening, the global inflation pressure is increasing, and the US dollar exchange rate is falling. All these have enhanced the uncertainty of the short-term trend of the world economy, and made the short-term pressure on the global service outsourcing market not small. In particular, under the crisis, the operating efficiency of some contract awarding enterprises continued to be poor, and the contract awarding volume declined. But in the long run, I think, with the intensification of global science and technology competition and the acceleration of proct technology update, while outsourcing ordinary services, the trend of R & D service outsourcing, which belongs to the service function of multinational headquarters, is increasing. Service outsourcing is deepening the instry chain, and the long-term potential of global service outsourcing market is large. According to Gartner, a US information instry consulting firm, 25% of traditional jobs in developed countries will turn to India, China and Russia by 2010. According to statistics, only one-third of the global top 1000 enterprises participate in offshore service outsourcing, and two-thirds of them do not participate in the wave of service outsourcing. Therefore, it can be said that the global service outsourcing market has great long-term potential
as far as China is concerned, some subcontracting enterprises are greatly affected by the current financial crisis, and the growth rate of business volume is slow, even declining. However, many enterprises in China have developed well in the current financial crisis, and the business volume has increased instead of declining, showing the scene of "a few happy and a few sad"
in addition, even in the context of the financial crisis, some employers are still considering further recing costs for outsourcing. In other words, when the economy is in recession and survival becomes a test, the demand for outsourcing of some contractors will increase. In the context of the global financial crisis, these potential customers provide new opportunities for the development of service outsourcing in China
reporter: what is the impact of exchange rate changes on China's service outsourcing? Will RMB appreciation exert pressure on China's service outsourcing enterprises, just like the outward oriented manufacturing instry
ZHENG Xiongwei: at this stage, developed countries such as the United States, Japan and Europe are pressing for RMB appreciation, which makes this issue cause great concern. On the whole, I think RMB appreciation has both advantages and disadvantages for the development of service outsourcing, and it can be said that "disadvantages" are slightly greater than "advantages". From the perspective of "profit", the appropriate appreciation of RMB is concive to promoting the subcontracting enterprises to improve their technical level and service level, and promoting their development by improving their competitiveness. The proper appreciation of RMB also helps to ease the trade relations between China and some contracting countries, so as to provide a better international cooperation environment for outsourcing enterprises. In terms of "disadvantages", the biggest disadvantage of RMB appreciation is "affecting the competitiveness of Chinese enterprises undertaking service outsourcing". If the RMB rises very fast, many Chinese enterprises' profit margins will graally decline when their income is foreign exchange and their expenditure is RMB, which will affect the normal operation of enterprises; At the same time, after the appreciation of RMB, the cost of outsourcing for domestic enterprises will naturally increase, and the export competitiveness of domestic services will decline, so it is unfavorable to attract service outsourcing
of course, we should not be too pessimistic. The reason is that in the case of the depreciation of the US dollar, the largest currency in circulation in the world, and in other regions with better development of service outsourcing in the world, its currency corresponding to the US dollar is also appreciating, and its competitiveness in attracting service outsourcing has also been adversely affected. At present, under the background that outsourcing does not have a big price advantage, it is very important for service outsourcing enterprises to consider hard training, improve the quality of service outsourcing and shape the brand to promote the development of enterprises. All kinds of enterprises should also take active actions to resolve the pressure of RMB appreciation in their own ways
reporter: with the rising unemployment rate in developed countries, how can service outsourcing bear the pressure of the government and society? In developed countries, are the attitudes of government and people towards service outsourcing different
ZHENG Xiongwei: with the rising unemployment rate in developed countries, asking the government for jobs has become an important voice of the people, which is also the number one enemy in the development of service outsourcing. The loss of job opportunities will lead to unemployment, which means that a country's labor resources have not been fully utilized. This economic problem will eventually be reflected in politics, making trade behavior face the pressure of the government and society. In developed countries, the elected government often needs to solve the unemployment problem through various measures in the face of public accountability. It can be said that the government is trying to balance free trade and solving the unemployment problem, and its attitude is different in different employment situations. Obviously, for those who have lost their jobs because of outsourcing in developed countries, "outsourcing" is definitely a disgusting word. For those who benefit from outsourcing, outsourcing is very popular
in fact, there is only one solution to this problem, which is to create new employment opportunities and relieve the pressure of the government and society while outsourcing services. It should be noted that trade protectionism in developed countries can not solve the problem. After all, the "outsourcing" behavior of enterprises in developed countries based on cost consideration is an effective measure for enterprises to rece costs and improve their core competitiveness. Moreover, some enterprises in developing countries are also outsourcing services to enterprises in developed countries. The role of outsourcing in enhancing the competitiveness of global real economy is beyond doubt and will not change because of their attitude
reporter: China and India are becoming the two largest outsourcing countries in the world, especially in the software instry. In your opinion, what are the biggest advantages and disadvantages of China in the competition with India
ZHENG Xiongwei: at present, various developing countries have begun to make use of external forces to pull foreign investment

4. The disadvantageous position in the international division of labor is the result of a variety of complex factors. As far as the unfair international "game" system is concerned, I think developing countries should unite to create their own "game" system, with the system against the system and the rules against the rules. However, it is very difficult for the vast number of developing countries to unite, just a small part of them All countries compete for their own short-term interests, and developed countries will not sit back and watch the rules favorable to them be changed.
generally speaking, it is very difficult to change them overnight, but we should not lose confidence in those that can be graally improved through efforts

5.

The impact of economic globalization on China's economy, At the same time, a new round of instrial structure adjustment began in the global scope

2. The multipolarization of the world pattern makes it possible for us to strive for a peaceful environment for a long time. Economic globalization helps us to make better use of the international market and resources to develop ourselves. The rise of the world's new scientific and technological revolution provides the basic conditions for China's great leap forward economic development. China's great achievements in modernization and reform and opening up have been achieved, It has laid a solid foundation for our new and greater development

3. Hegemonism and power politics have new manifestations. The threat of terrorism still exists, which has an impact on China's national security. Economic globalization has also brought us certain risks. Some Western powers, controlling international economic organizations, often threaten with economic sanctions

extended materials:

the embodiment of Globalization:

contemporary globalization is mainly reflected in four aspects: internationalization, liberalization, universalization and planetary. Internationalization mainly refers to cross-border, describing the political and economic differences between different nations and countries

liberalization is often used by economists, while generalization is more used by cultural researchers, mainly involving specific values: a more global world lies in cultural homogenization. However, the problem of information dissemination and cultural security is involved in the process of planetary transformation

6. The emergence and development of international division of labor mainly depends on social and economic conditions and natural conditions, while the implementation of international division of labor is restricted by international proction relations. Specifically, there are five factors that affect the development of international division of labor:

(1) social proctivity

social proctivity is the decisive factor in the formation and development of international division of labor. The growth of proctive forces is the prerequisite for the development of all division of labor. Division of labor, social division of labor and international division of labor are the results of the development of social proctive forces. The decisive role of the development of proctive forces in the development of division of labor, including international division of labor, is highlighted in the important role of science and technology. So far, the three scientific and technological revolutions have profoundly changed the situation in many fields of proction, improved the proction technology, labor process and proction process, and promoted the emergence of new departments and new procts, thus changing the form, content, depth and breadth of social division and international division. The international division of labor in the steam engine era of the 18th century is different from that in the hand mill and hand spinning machine era before that. The international division of labor in the railway, ship and internal combustion engine era of the 19th century is also different from that in the 18th century. The international division of labor in the atomic energy, electronic computer, robot, man-made satellite and space shuttle era of the 20th century is also different from that in all previous times. With the development of science and technology, the invention and application of microelectronic technology, bioengineering, optical fiber communication technology and marine technology, the development of international division of labor continues to advance to a deeper level

the proctivity level of each country determines its position in the international division of labor. In history, Britain was the first to complete the instrial revolution, and its proctivity developed greatly. It became the "world factory" and occupied a central position in the international division of labor. After Britain, other capitalist countries in Europe and America have completed the instrial revolution one after another, and the proctive forces have developed rapidly. Therefore, together with Britain, they have become the center and dominant force of international division of labor. After the Second World War, the former colonial and semi colonial countries gained political independence and made great efforts to develop their national economy. As a result, their proctive forces developed greatly and their position in the international division of labor was graally improved. With the rapid development of economy and the improvement of proctivity in some newly instrialized countries, their position in the tricky division of labor has been constantly improved< (2) natural conditions are the basis of all economic activities and the emergence and development of international division of labor. Mineral procts can only be proced and exported in the world with a large amount of mineral resources. Some kinds of crops such as natural rubber, coffee tree, tea, etc. can only be planted in specific areas e to the special climate. The natural conditions provide the possibility for the international division of labor, and also make the international division of labor change with its changes. It must be pointed out that natural conditions are indeed very important to the occurrence and development of international division of labor, but they are by no means decisive factors. Natural conditions only provide the possibility of proction and international division of labor, but not the reality. Although coal can not be mined in areas without coal mines, there are areas rich in coal mines. Until science and technology and proctivity develop to a certain stage, coal can be fully developed and utilized. Before the instrial revolution, especially from the end of the 19th century to the second instrial revolution, the mineral deposits sleeping under the earth's strata could not be exploited and utilized for hundreds of millions of years, which was not determined by natural conditions, but by social and economic conditions. Some western economists, such as the geodeterminists represented by Ellsworth Huntington, exaggerate the role of natural conditions in the international division of labor. In their view, the emergence and development of international division of labor are determined by natural conditions. They regard international division of labor as a natural and eternal category, rather than a historical and economic category. This view is not in line with historical facts< (3) population, labor scale and market size restrict the development of international division of labor. The number of population directly affects the supply of labor force, thus affecting the international division of labor. The imbalance of population distribution in the world makes the division of labor and trade necessary. The densely populated countries can exchange with other countries' procts by developing labor-intensive procts, while the sparsely populated countries with relatively rich natural resources or capital can exchange with the former countries' procts by developing natural resources intensive procts or capital intensive procts

the scale of labor or proction also restricts the international division of labor. No matter what kind of work, once it is carried out on a large scale, it is necessary to divide the work. If the scale of proction expands to the extent that one manufacturer can not afford the cost of R & D and mass proction alone, it will inevitably lead to the road of international division of labor and cooperation

the realization and development of international division of labor is also subject to the size of the market. Of course, social division of labor is the basis of commodity economy, and therefore the basis of exchange. International division of labor is also the basis of international trade and world market. However, the size of the market plays a significant role in the division of labor. The development of international trade and the expansion of the world market also play a strong role in promoting the international division of labor. In a country or region, the larger the market scale is, the more likely it is for the country to participate in the international division of labor, and the higher the degree of realizing the international division of labor< (4) international proction relations determine the nature of international division of labor. International division of labor is always connected with certain international relations of proction. Where there is a connection between international division of labor and the world market, there is international relations of proction. The nature of international division of labor is determined by the nature of international relations of proction

International Relations of proction are the result of the development of social relations of proction beyond national and national boundaries. International relations of proction include the forms of ownership of means of proction, the status of various countries and nationalities in the world's material and labor proction, and their various relations in international distribution, exchange and consumption. The form of ownership of means of proction is the most important international relations of proction and the basis of international relations of proction. It determines the proction, distribution, exchange and consumption of international commodities<

contemporary international relations of proction is a comprehensive system of relations of proction, which is composed of many kinds of relations of proction. Among them, there are not only capitalist relations of proction, but also socialist relations of proction, feudalist relations of proction, and even those before feudalism. In the system of contemporary international relations of proction, there is a dominant one, that is, capitalist relations of proction, which makes the contemporary international division of labor capitalist

history has proved that the international division of labor of capitalism has ality: on the one hand, it is progressive; On the other hand, it has the nature of exploitation, plunder and inequality. Its progressiveness means that the capitalist international division of labor breaks the state of national isolation, eliminates national estrangement, and unites various countries and nationalities in economy, thus promoting the development of proctive forces. Its exploitation, plunder and inequality refer to the capitalist international division of labor formed and developed under the action of the basic economic laws of capitalism and under the circumstances of the bourgeoisie and monopoly capital chasing profits and monopolizing excess profits, resulting in the control and being controlled, deprivation and being deprived between the developed capitalist countries and the developing countries The unequal relationship between plunder and plunder. The exploitation, plunder and inequality of capitalist international division of labor hinder the progress of world proctivity to a certain extent< (5) superstructure can promote or delay the formation and development of international division of labor. M.J. Cabral, a western scholar, believes that the international division of labor is "formed spontaneously, not the result of some policies adopted by developed countries". This argument is not in line with the actual situation. In history, in addition to the natural and socio-economic conditions, the policy of military conquest, various super economic coercive means and free trade policy adopted by the colonists played an important role in the specialization of international proction in many Asian, African and Latin American countries, and thus in the formation of the capitalist international division of labor. After the beginning of the 16th century, the plantation economy, the unitary economy and the separation and opposition between the world's rural areas and the world's cities in Asia, Africa and Latin America were formed under the influence of these policy measures adopted by the colonialists< (6) transnational corporations (MNCs) from the post-war situation, the new technological revolution and the emergence of MNCs have a profound impact on the further development of international division of labor. The new scientific and technological revolution has greatly changed the situation of social material proction and promoted the emergence of new proction departments and new procts. Therefore, it still affects the international division of labor as a social proctive force. Multinational corporations, as a new form of economic organization, directly played an important role in the international division of labor, which was an important factor emerging after the war. Multinational companies have huge assets and control many important instries in the international market. Their subsidiaries are all over the world. They make use of the favorable conditions of different countries and regions to divide and cooperate in proction, then concentrate on assembly or implement specialized division of labor, and maintain a relatively fixed supply and demand relationship with relevant manufacturers in many countries. In short, the subsidiaries distributed all over the world are the proction workshops or even proction groups of the General Factory of the multinational company. This is undoubtedly one of the direct reasons for the great changes in the traditional pattern of international division of labor

the above factors determine or affect the characteristics of the current international division of labor system, as well as the status and role of countries in the international division of labor. Only when developing countries give full play to or solve the advantages or disadvantages of the above factors, can they reverse their unfavorable position in the international division of labor and change the unreasonable current pattern of international division of labor

7. The process of economic globalization will undoubtedly give China many realistic or potential challenges, but its irreversibility means that if the latecomers of globalization like China want to change their backwardness, they must integrate into the trend, make full use of the opportunities it provides, and catch up with and surpass the developed countries, Therefore, we should formulate the correct strategy: increase the comprehensive national strength and maintain the national economic security; We should continue to open wider to the outside world and actively participate in international competition; We should actively support and participate in international and regional economic organizations and strengthen regional economic cooperation; Efforts should be made to improve and enhance the international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises; Establish an effective financial risk prevention mechanism
the process of economic globalization will undoubtedly give China many real or potential challenges, but its irreversibility means that if the latecomers of globalization like China want to change their backward appearance, they must integrate into the trend, make full use of the opportunities they provide, and catch up with and surpass the developed countries. Engels once pointed out clearly that when the backward countries used tradition to shorten their development process to socialist society, only when they saw how to use the proctive forces of modern instry as social property to serve the whole society
--- only then can these backward countries embark on the road of this shortened development process
China has learned a painful lesson in this respect. Since the modern Chinese were forced into the process of globalization by western countries, they once missed the opportunity to change their marginal position in the world economic system again and again. For example,
the third wave of scientific and technological revolution made Japan and the four little dragons of East Asia realize modernization, while China at that time was far away from or even resisted the globalization process, resulting in its own closure and rigidity and unable to benefit from it. After 1978, facing the trend of globalization, China's new leaders of modernization firmly grasped the favorable external environment and precious development opportunity they provided for China, ended their isolation from the world, changed the mode of economic development, implemented the reform and opening-up policy, and took the initiative to join the process of globalization, From
to participate in the international division of labor more smoothly; We carried out the reform of political and economic system and the construction of market economy system, and actively integrated with international practice. With the reform and opening up, China has obtained the capital, technology, information and market needed for modern construction from the process of economic globalization. China's development experience has proved that "building behind closed doors is not successful, and China's development cannot be separated from the world"“ We must have a comprehensive and correct understanding of the problem of economic globalization. Economic globalization is an objective trend of world economic development. No one can avoid it, and everyone has to participate in it. " Therefore, in the face of the severe challenges of economic globalization, China only has the courage to deal with it, and there is no retreat
--- to increase the comprehensive national strength and maintain the national economic security
in the era of economic globalization, the competition of comprehensive national strength has more replaced the competition of political and military power. In the long run, only by strengthening its own development, continuously enhancing its comprehensive national strength and improving its international competitiveness can a country ensure its economic security. Therefore, China should continue to focus on economic construction, speed up the pace of modernization, and rapidly increase China's economic strength; It is necessary to realize the sustainable development of economy, that is, the coordinated development of economy, population, environment and resources, so as to enhance the stamina of China's economic development. In order to comply with the domestic economic development strategy of improving the comprehensive national strength, for a long time to come, the focus of our international strategy will still be to serve the overall situation of reform, development and stability in the country, make friends in the world, and try to avoid conflicts with other countries without losing principles; When joining the globalization process, we should pay attention to the timing problem, that is, we should choose the time to join different globalization fields according to our own economic adaptability, so as to minimize the risks and costs; In participating in global economic cooperation and competition, we should pay attention to safeguarding national economic sovereignty through domestic institutional arrangements or international institutional arrangements, and take the initiative in resources, infrastructure, pillar instries, important service instries and information technology instries to ensure national economic security
--- we should continue to open wider to the outside world and actively participate in international competition
opening up is only a means, and economic development is the goal. In the era of economic globalization, a country's failure to open up to the outside world is just like its failure to develop. It has been proved that only those developing countries which are rapidly participating in economic globalization have achieved relatively stable and rapid economic growth, and vice versa. It can be seen that economic
globalization is also beneficial to the development of developing countries. Even prevish, the originator of dependency theory, pointed out that developing countries, like the United States and Japan in history, should seek economic development from the edge of the economic system to the center. The correct way is not to try to cut off the connection with the center, but to use this connection wisely[ 1] Economic globalization makes the economic development of a country get rid of the bondage of resources and market to the greatest extent, and provides the maximum possibility for enterprises to use the most favorable location and resources to engage in proction and operation activities. This naturally brings about the development of international division of labor, the transfer of instries and the flow of proction factors. China should expand its opening-up, actively participate in international division of labor and make use of favorable resources of international market to make up for the scarcity of domestic capital, technology and other proction factors on the premise of not forming excessive dependence on the outside world; Give full play to their comparative advantages
and latecomer advantages to quickly achieve instrial upgrading, technological progress, institutional innovation and economic structure change
for example, China has comparative advantages in labor-intensive procts. China can actively participate in international division of labor and international competition by vigorously developing this
instry, and upgrade its instry to
level when it has appropriate accumulation, which will contribute to the success of economic development. South Korea's instrial development has graally changed from labor-intensive to capital and technology intensive. As a result, it has not only successfully achieved instrial upgrading and economic development, but also caught up with developed countries in a relatively short period of time, and has certain advantages in many international competitions in high-tech fields. For another example, if China wants to realize economic modernization and improve its international competitiveness, it will eventually have to develop its own high-tech instry. However, China's capital is scarce and science and technology is relatively backward. Therefore, China needs to concentrate its limited material and financial resources to tackle key problems in some major science and technology projects, We should actively introce foreign advanced science and technology, and innovate and surpass on the basis of digestion and absorption. From the perspective of
practice, all the modern rising stars like Japan and South Korea attach importance to the introction and absorption of foreign advanced technologies. According to statistics, until 1990, Japan's technology imports were still larger than exports; According to the preliminary statistics, the total number of technologies introced by South Korea from 1981 to 1987 was 2598, 60% of the total in the past 25 years; The cost of special interest payment is about US $1.5 billion, which is 77% of the total amount in the past 25 years
--- we should actively support and participate in international and regional economic organizations and strengthen regional economic cooperation
with the development of global economic integration, the degree of interdependence of various countries, regions and nations has deepened
. The overall development of the world and the solution of global problems cannot be separated from the joint participation of developed and developing countries
. Therefore, there are more and more world economic organizations and actions to solve global problems, which partly reflects the strong desire of developing countries to reform the current international political and economic order, realize the coordinated development of national economy, and effectively solve the widening gap between the north and the south. However, today's globalization process is different from that of the 19th century. It is not completely centered on the west, but shows the characteristics of diversified development, that is, the globalization process goes hand in hand with the trend of economic regionalization. At present, most countries and regions in the world have formed a number of
ten regional economic groups with different forms
in the process of today's great changes in the international economic environment, China is basically excluded from the world economic rule system, which is not commensurate with its political status, economic and trade development speed and great development potential in the world in recent years. Therefore, China should join various international and regional economic and trade organizations as soon as possible in principle, so as to make the international institutional arrangements more concive to China's modernization construction: try to make a difference in the world trade organization, which is about to become a member of, because it is still the most important organization to regulate and improve international economic and trade actions; We should strive to play a greater role and influence in APEC; Efforts should be made to participate in and cultivate regional
economic organizations, especially the Chinese economic circle with Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao as the main body and the East Asian Economic Cooperation Organization, because regional
economic cooperation can rece or resist the negative impact of economic globalization such as the Asian financial crisis, which is of great significance to China's political and economic security and sustainable development
--- strive to improve and enhance the international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises
a country's international competitiveness includes national competitiveness and enterprise competitiveness. National competitiveness is composed of macro economy, science and technology level, internationalization degree, government role, human resources and other factors; Enterprise competitiveness is composed of innovation ability, corporate governance structure, factor combination mode, and competitiveness of related instries
with the acceleration of economic globalization, the formation of a unified global market and the development of science and technology, the economic competition between countries is ultimately the competition of technological innovation ability among enterprises, and the competitiveness of countries depends on the competitiveness of enterprises. Therefore, improving the international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises is the key to improve China's international competitiveness. For this reason,
on the premise of not protecting the backward, we should pay attention to protecting the national infant instry and improving the independent development ability of the national instry,
we should try our best to implement the principle of national treatment to the domestic foreign-funded enterprises, and rece or even cancel the preferential policies and special treatment to foreign investors; At the same time, in the face of increasingly fierce international competition, Chinese enterprises must strive to improve their technological level and economic benefits, actively establish large enterprise groups or multinational companies in China on the basis of speeding up the construction of modern enterprise system and under the premise of market economy rules and regulations, carry out international operations and participate in international competition, Enhance the international competitiveness of enterprises
--- establish an effective financial risk prevention mechanism
after China's reform and opening up

8. Emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, proceeding from reality Treat the wave of "economic globalization" comprehensively
focus on the development of heavy instry and the tertiary instry
report that instries related to the lifeline of national economy are not controlled by foreign capital
develop economy independently
strive to change from "made in China" to "created in China"
insist on the combination of innovation and practice

9. 1. Expand exports and expand overseas markets. Over the past 20 years, opening up the international market has always been the primary motivation for Chinese enterprises to invest overseas. In recent years, China's enterprises have made full use of the favorable conditions of further opening up of markets and great development of processing trade in various countries to drive the export of our technology, equipment, procts and services through overseas investment, which has changed the pattern that we used to mainly rely on the export of procts. Many enterprises in China have set up factories in Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa to proce textiles and clothing. With the increase of foreign investment, especially the establishment of overseas economic and trade cooperation zones, the scale of export and capacity transfer is larger every year< 2. Promote the transfer of proction capacity and the strategic adjustment of economic structure. In recent years, through overseas investment, Chinese enterprises have transferred mature technologies and partial proction capacity to other developing countries, which not only meets the needs of foreign markets, but also improves the instrial structure of China and the host country, achieving a win-win situation. For example, in accordance with the strategic goal of "based on China, developing overseas, and implementing international operation", CNPC has actively participated in the development of overseas oil resources, and initially formed three strategic regions: the Middle East and North Africa, Central Asia and Russia, and South America, in which China's technology and equipment have played a great role

3. Strengthen cooperation in the development of overseas resources and energy, and make full use of international resources to make new progress. China has established long-term cooperation in resources and energy with more than 30 countries, and made breakthroughs in major projects and medium and long-term cooperation with Russia, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Australia and Indonesia. China has established crude oil proction bases with an annual output of more than 1 million tons in overseas strategic regions such as western Europe, North Africa, South America, Southeast Asia and Central Asia Russia; Iron, copper, aluminum, chromium, zinc and other minerals have formed a certain proction capacity abroad. In addition, our enterprises have also achieved good results in the cooperative development of forest resources and fishery abroad< 4. Accelerate the formation of China's multinational companies and enhance international competitiveness. In recent years, through the implementation of international business strategy, the international competitiveness of enterprises is increasingly apparent, and the global competition and sales network are being constructed. CNOOC has become one of the largest offshore oil procers in Indonesia. Haier, Lenovo, Huawei, ZTE, TCL, Hisense, Wanxiang and other manufacturing enterprises with strong R & D capabilities and independent intellectual property rights and core technologies have graally formed international brands in their international operations, enhancing the brand influence and brand value of "made in China"

5. The economic and social benefits of international operation are significant< 6. New progress has been made in the construction of overseas economic and trade cooperation zones. At present, the Haier home appliance economic and trade cooperation zone in Pakistan and the China Economic and trade cooperation zone in Zambia have been put into operation, and other cooperation zones such as Thailand's Rayong economic and trade cooperation zone are actively promoting

7. Pursue mutual benefit and win-win, and realize the sustainable development of international operation. The expansion of our enterprises in neighboring countries, Latin America, Africa and South Pacific countries has become an important way for us to consolidate and develop relations with these countries and seek the intersection of interests of both sides under the new situation. China's fruitful cooperation with relevant countries on major projects has provided important support for bilateral relations< However, there are still many difficulties and problems in China's economic development in the future, especially in the aspects of energy, resources, environment and land. To solve these contradictions and problems, the key lies in the implementation of the scientific outlook on development and the transformation of the mode of economic development. At the same time, it is also necessary to increase the efforts to promote the international operation of enterprises, participate more deeply in economic globalization, make full use of two markets and two resources, and improve the degree of participating in the global optimal allocation of resources

first, to ease the constraints of domestic energy resources, more efforts should be made to develop overseas resources. China is a country with relatively poor resources. For example, China's per capita oil and natural gas is less than 1 / 8 and 1 / 20 of the world's per capita. Among the 45 major nonferrous metal resources that have been proved, China's per capita reserves are only half of the world's average. Since entering a new round of economic growth cycle, the supply contradiction of some important bulk energy resources has intensified, and the dependence on the international market has deepened. In the future, with the promotion of instrialization and urbanization, especially the expansion of heavy chemical instry in a considerable period of time, the contradiction between energy and resources may continue or intensify. It is necessary to promote powerful enterprises to carry out international operation and strengthen the cooperation and utilization of overseas resources

secondly, it is necessary to alleviate domestic overcapacity and promote instrial upgrading. In the new round of China's economic cycle, investment expansion has increased overcapacity. It is estimated that the current idle rate of manufacturing capacity has been high, so it is necessary to strengthen the participation in global instrial restructuring and external instrial transfer. At the same time, China's international competitiveness from labor-intensive instries to some high-tech instries is constantly strengthening, which has diversified comparative advantages. Accelerating the pace of international operation is the need of instrial upgrading

thirdly, it is the need to ease international trade friction. China has entered a period of high incidence of trade friction. In the future, under the condition that the structural imbalance of high investment and low consumption in China will last for a long time, the domestic market competition will continue to intensify, and the dependence of China's manufacturing instry, especially consumer goods, on foreign final demand will also continue. Enterprises urgently need to explore the international market, but they are bound by all kinds of trade protectionism. To promote the international operation of enterprises and increase the intensity of foreign investment and cooperation are concive to make positive contributions to the local economic development and employment, and to alleviate the trade imbalance with relevant countries, which is an important way to resolve trade friction< Fourthly, to improve the ability of independent innovation and build an innovative country, it is necessary to improve the international management level of enterprises. At present, developed countries make full use of external intellectual resources and have the highest degree of internationalization; Since the beginning of the new century, the independent innovation of new economic models such as Finland and Sweden is also based on the international operation of enterprises. For example, Finland has only 5 million people, but it has a multinational company Nokia with the highest degree of internationalization. China must also take the road of independent innovation under the open conditions, not only to bring in, but also to "go out". By supporting powerful enterprises in foreign investment and cooperation, setting up proct design and R & D centers, and carrying out overseas mergers and acquisitions, we can provide the level of utilizing external intelligence and R & D resources, attract foreign high-end talents, and train and cultivate our own international talent team

fifthly, it is the need to improve the core competitiveness of enterprises. Although China has become a world factory, it is still at the low end of international division of labor, and its non price competitiveness is not strong. To improve China's position in the international instrial chain, innovation chain and value chain, the key is to improve the core competitiveness of instries and enterprises. To actively carry out international operation, we can learn from the modern business model of foreign enterprises, select and cultivate the leading business links with competitive advantages on the basis of comprehensively deepening the work of foreign enterprises, and embark on the road of differentiated competition based on innovation; Second, learn and introce foreign advanced management methods, realize business process reengineering, establish and improve the supply chain management system, and realize the optimal allocation of resources at home and abroad; Third, through foreign investment, cooperation and M & A, establish their own overseas marketing network, not only change the current situation of relying solely on foreign intermediaries, but also create conditions for the establishment of market-oriented proct development and design and R & D system< Sixth, we should steadily carry out the international operation of the service instry and accelerate the development and upgrading of the service instry“ The eleventh five year plan clearly proposes to accelerate the development of service instry, increase the proportion and level of service instry, especially the development of proctive service instry. The No. 7 document of the State Council issued this year has made a comprehensive plan for accelerating the development and upgrading of the service instry, and has taken expanding the opening up of the service instry and actively undertaking international service outsourcing as an important way to develop the service instry. In order to adapt to the new trend of information modernization and globalization of the world's service instry, China should not ignore "going out" while promoting the introction of service instry. We should graally create conditions to support powerful service enterprises to carry out international operations, exercise their growth in the storm, introce foreign service suppliers' advanced management system, business philosophy, software and hardware technology and new formats, enhance the innovation ability of the service instry, and accelerate the modernization of the service instry

seventh, accelerate the cultivation of China's multinational companies and international famous brands. Multinational corporation is the main body of economic globalization, and plays an increasingly important role in international trade, investment, R & D, technology exchange, international proction factor reorganization and instrial transfer. International famous brand is an important symbol of the international competitiveness of a country's instry. In order to speed up the transformation from a big economic and trade country to a powerful country, from made in China to created in China, and comprehensively enhance our position in the international division of labor, we must also speed up the cultivation of our own multinational companies and international famous brands. This requires us to adapt to the changes in the situation, constantly improve the corresponding strategies and policies, constantly improve the level of international operation of enterprises, improve the strength and ability of multinational enterprises in the process of participating in the fierce international competition, and cultivate international famous brands with core competitiveness< Eighth, accelerating the pace of enterprise internationalization is also the need to promote the balance of international payments. In recent years, China's foreign exchange reserves have grown rapidly, reaching over 1400 billion US dollars by the end of the third quarter of this year, ranking first in the world. The net inflow of direct investment projects is an important source of the increase of foreign exchange reserves. At present, China has entered the stage of recing the net inflow of direct investment projects, and has the ability and conditions to graally speed up the pace of internationalization of enterprises, with enterprises as the main body to expand foreign direct investment and other forms of investment, so as to achieve the effect of alleviating the imbalance of International payments, recing the pressure of RMB appreciation and excess liquidity.