Capital monopoly and decentralized management

1. It is the monopoly of an instry, such as the monopoly of Alcoa by the Mellon family in the last century!

2. 1. What impact will monopoly bring to people and society? To understand this problem, we must know what is monopoly? Monopoly generally refers to the market organization with only one or several manufacturers in the whole instry. According to the causes of monopoly, monopoly can be divided into economic monopoly, natural monopoly, state monopoly, right monopoly and administrative monopoly< 2. Monopoly is the proct of the development of proction concentration to a certain stage. Looking back to the world economic history, monopoly appeared in the middle of the 19th century. Several instrial revolutions made the economy develop rapidly and the proction capacity of large enterprises expand rapidly. In order to maintain and expand profits, it is necessary for large enterprises to form monopolistic organizations and divide up market share in order to regulate proction

3. What kind of impact will monopoly bring to people's lives? Is it beneficial? What are the disadvantages? Or are they mixed? Now, monopoly has penetrated into all aspects of people's lives. Many of the enterprises that we are familiar with are monopolies. For example, China Mobile, Sinopec, instrial and Commercial Bank of China and so on. It can be seen that our basic living needs are closely related to monopoly instries.

3. State monopoly capitalism is a kind of monopoly capitalism in which state power and monopoly capital are integrated. The transformation from private monopoly to state monopoly is the inevitable result of the continuous development of the basic contradictions of capitalism. State monopoly capitalism is the development of private capitalism< State monopoly capitalism is a kind of monopoly capitalism in which state power and monopoly capital are integrated. The transformation from private monopoly to state monopoly is the inevitable result of the continuous development of the basic contradictions of capitalism
as a form of monopoly, state monopoly has been proced in the early stage of monopoly capitalism. Its original forms were state-owned railways, state-owned arms factories, state-owned land funds, etc., but at that time, the role of state monopoly capitalism in the whole monopoly capitalist economy was still very limited. During the first World War, forced by the war situation, several monopoly capitalist countries unprecedentedly strengthened state intervention in economy, and many countries implemented state regulation of proction and distribution. After the war, with the transition from wartime economy to peaceful economy, the state's intervention in economy was weakened
after the outbreak of the world economic crisis in the early 1930s, state monopoly capitalism has developed significantly again, and governments have strengthened their intervention in the economy. For example, Roosevelt's new deal appeared in the United States, and Germany, Italy, Japan and other countries practiced military state monopoly capitalism. In the Second World War, the Warring States implemented strict economic control, and the development of state monopoly capitalism reached a climax again. After the end of World War II, the state's intervention and regulation of the economy decreased, and the state monopoly capitalism entered a low ebb again
since the 1950s, state monopoly capitalism has entered a stage of vigorous development with new characteristics. At this time, not only does the proportion of financial expenditure in the gross national proct of the major capitalist countries increase rapidly, generally reaching about 40%, but also the state's intervention in the economy is no longer a "wartime state" or "anti crisis measures" in a short period of time, but it has developed into a regular need in the process of social capital reproction, the combination of the state and monopoly capital, It has developed to all links of the whole process of social capital reproction, including all aspects of capitalist social economy. So monopoly capitalism has the remarkable characteristics of state monopoly capitalism< The deep root of the transition from private monopoly to state monopoly is the contradiction between socialization of proction and private monopoly capitalism. Private monopoly has been difficult to adapt to the huge development of social proctivity under the capitalist mode of proction, forcing the state to directly participate in the reproction process of social capital and regulate the operation of social economy; At the same time, the movement of private monopoly capital is forced to rely on the state power, and the state and private monopoly capital are combined to form the state monopoly capitalism< Specifically speaking, there are the following reasons for the transition from private monopoly to state monopoly:
1) with the rapid development of scientific and technological revolution and socialization of proction, the accumulation of private monopoly capital can no longer meet the necessary conditions for social reproction, so it must be invested by the state or subsidized by the state
2) private monopoly rule expands the contradiction between capitalist proction and consumption, so the state must take certain measures to intervene in the national economy, rece the degree of economic crisis and ease social contradictions
3) with the aggravation of the imbalance of economic development in the post-war capitalist countries, it is difficult to solve the economic turbulence caused by the structural imbalance simply relying on the power of private monopoly capital and the spontaneous adjustment of the market. Therefore, we must rely on the administrative or economic measures taken by the state to adjust the national economic structure
the above reasons lead to great changes in the state and its functions, and promote the combination of state power and private monopoly capital. Therefore, the transformation from private monopoly to state monopoly is inevitable< State monopoly capitalism is a kind of monopoly capitalism formed by the combination of private monopoly capital and state power
2. The combination of private monopoly capital and state power
1) the combination of external circulation process of enterprises, such as government procurement, subsidies, etc
2) the combination of internal proction process, such as joint-stock company formed by state capital and private monopoly capital
3) the state can also directly control and manage capital on behalf of monopoly capitalists, such as using state-owned financial capital to invest and consume, or establishing state-owned enterprises, etc
3. The characteristics of state monopoly capitalism
state monopoly capitalism is still based on capitalist private ownership, safeguarding the interests of the bourgeoisie and the capitalist system. However, the transformation from general monopoly capitalism to state monopoly capitalism means that some qualitative changes have taken place in capitalist relations of proction. Compared with private monopoly, state monopoly capitalism has the following characteristics:
1) monopoly capital combines with state power, and intervenes and regulates the whole social and economic activities with its great power
2) what state monopoly capitalism pursues is state monopoly profits. State monopoly profit is a kind of tribute that monopoly capital and state power combine closely to levy on the working class and the whole society. State monopoly profits can not be monopolized by private monopoly groups, but divided between the state and monopoly organizations
3) the economic strength of state monopoly capital is strong, and the socialization of capital has reached a new height< In order to monopolize the overall and long-term interests of the bourgeoisie and maintain and consolidate the capitalist system, the bourgeoisie state must adjust the economic operation and consciously affect the local and macro proportion of social reproction. The main objectives of national economic regulation are to promote economic growth, increase employment, stabilize prices and maintain balance of payments
2. The main content of economic regulation of state monopoly capitalism
from the level of economic activities, the main content of economic regulation of state monopoly capitalism is the regulation of local proportion and macro proportion. The basic way of partial proportion adjustment is that the State implements various different economic policies, and guides and stimulates the development of some departments and inhibits the development of others by withdrawing (tax) and returning (subsidy) from one department. Through the adjustment function of this mechanism, the redistribution of capital in different sectors is affected, and the partial balance of national economy is achieved. The basic way of macro proportion adjustment is aggregate demand management. When the total demand is less than the total supply, e to insufficient demand, proction depression and unemployment, the state stimulates and expands the total demand by increasing expenditure; When the total demand is greater than the total supply, the country will restrain and rece the total demand by recing the expenditure e to excessive demand and inflation
the regulation of state monopoly capitalism on the reproction of social capital can be divided into two categories according to its mode of action: one is the direct regulation, such as the state's proction and investment to stimulate demand, the government's procurement of goods, and so on; The other is indirect regulation, which influences the reproction of social capital through economic information and various economic parameters (such as price, tax rate, interest rate, wage, etc.)
3. Financial adjustment
Finance is a tool for a country to redistribute national income. By centralizing and redistributing part of national income, it affects the use of proction resources, the distribution of personal income and the operation of the whole macro-economy. Fiscal policy includes fiscal expenditure policy and fiscal revenue policy
the main contents of national financial regulation are: (1) through the national budget, increasing national investment, holding public projects, establishing state-owned economy and investing in emerging science and technology fields, so as to expand the total social demand, avoid economic recession and expand employment 2) Adjusting tax rates, types of taxes and tax threshold, and implementing some tax exemption and refund policies will directly guide taxpayers' economic behavior and regulate economic operation 3) To implement the policy of "compensatory finance", that is, to adopt a "loose" fiscal policy in the crisis and depression stage, rece taxes, expand government expenditure, increase fiscal deficit and issue more treasury bonds; When the economy is prosperous and the demand is excessive, we should adopt "tight" fiscal policy, increase tax revenue, cut government expenditure, repay national debt and so on, so as to restrain the demand and delay the outbreak of economic crisis 4) Financial subsidies should be given to state-owned enterprises, private enterprises, investment, scientific and technological development, and export of new procts, so that all departments and enterprises can develop in a coordinated and balanced way 5) Expanding the government's purchase of goods and services, providing and expanding the domestic market for private monopoly enterprises, not only solves the problem of proct realization, but also has a great impact on the adjustment of proct structure
4. Monetary adjustment
monetary policy is another basic means for the government to regulate the economy in the modern capitalist economy. Under the condition of state monopoly capitalism, because the state directly controls the central bank, money supply and financial management power, the state can use the control of money supply to influence the interest rate level and investment, and finally achieve the purpose of influencing the total demand and adjusting the proportion of social reproction< In order to achieve this goal, the central banks of capitalist countries mainly adopt three methods to regulate the social money supply: one is to change the deposit reserve ratio. The deposit reserve ratio is set by the national financial authorities, and its level is directly related to the liquidity and capital supply of commercial banks. Through the adjustment of this ratio, we can achieve the effect of affecting the loan scale of commercial banks. Second, adjust the rediscount rate of the central bank. That is, the ratio of discount interest to the e amount of bills when commercial banks borrow cash from the central bank with unmatured bills. The level of discount rate has a significant impact on the loan amount and interest rate of commercial banks. The central bank affects the discount rate of commercial banks through the adjustment of rediscount rate, and then affects the market interest rate, so as to regulate the money supply. Third, open market business. That is, the central bank controls the money market through the open trading of securities and government bonds. When tightening monetary policy is adopted, the central bank will sell bills or securities to collect money and rece the money supply in the market; When the expansionary monetary policy is implemented, a large number of government bonds and other securities are bought to increase the money supply in the market
5. Income adjustment
its main content is to control wages and prices, and the state intervenes in the reproction process through the distribution field. Its goal has two aspects: one is to try to overcome the inflation caused by the spiral rise of prices and wages. The second is to adjust income distribution and the relative share of wages and profits
there are three ways to implement the national income policy: one is the compulsory income policy. The main reason is that the government freezes prices and wages through legislation, which is usually used when inflation is serious. The second is the non mandatory "guiding" method. That is to say, the government should pay attention to the growth of average labor proctivity

4. Monopoly cannot eliminate competition< First, there is no economic condition to eliminate competition: commodity economy< Second, monopoly is maintained through competition
thirdly, the competition inside and outside the monopoly organization is diversified: ① the competition within the monopoly organization; ② the competition between the monopoly organizations; ③ the competition between the monopoly organization and the non monopoly enterprise; ④ the competition between the non monopoly enterprise
⊙ case: coexistence of monopoly and competition
the original two major airlines in the United States: "Pan American" and "global". In 1978, the government implemented the open sky policy, and the civil aviation companies were free to set prices and choose routes. Since then, the competition of domestic routes has been fierce. The management of the old civil aviation companies is rigid and inefficient, which is surpassed by the rising stars "American Airlines" and "United Airlines". In 1991, Pan American company applied to the court for bankruptcy protection
since 1986, large companies have established large airports with concentrated routes, and the advantages of computerized booking system are prominent. Small companies are in a difficult situation, and the wind of civil aviation merger is blowing again. By 1989, seven big companies had monopolized 90% of the domestic passenger transport market.

5. In short, it can be summarized as follows: the relationship between monopoly and competition: monopoly does not eliminate competition. First, monopoly has not eliminated the commodity economy. Second, a large number of non monopoly enterprises still have fierce market competition. Third, there is also fierce competition among monopoly enterprises (organizations)
monopoly makes competition more intense. Under the condition of monopoly, the purpose, means, intensity, consequence and scope of competition have changed
for reference only, the detailed analysis is as follows:
what is the relationship between monopoly and competition? After the formation of monopoly, monopoly is superior to competition, which becomes the economic essence and basic economic feature of monopoly capitalism. But monopoly does not eliminate competition. The coexistence of monopoly and competition is the characteristic of monopoly capitalism. The reasons are as follows: first, competition is the inevitable proct of market economy. As long as there is a capitalist market economy, the competition between commodity procers and operators is inevitable and plays a major regulatory role in the economy. Second, in the stage of monopoly capitalism, there are still some "outside enterprises" and a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises that have not been annexed by monopoly organizations. Among these enterprises, there is a free competition between the procers and operators of private goods. Thirdly, there is more fierce competition among monopoly enterprises in the dominant sectors. Compared with free competition, competition in monopoly period has new characteristics: (1) the purpose of competition is different. The purpose of free competition is to obtain average profit or excess profit, while the purpose of competition in monopoly period is to obtain high monopoly profit 2) The means of competition have changed. The main means of free competition is to improve technology, improve management methods, improve labor proctivity and rece the proction cost of goods. In the monopoly period, the means of competition are more diversified. In addition to the above-mentioned means, the more important thing is to defeat the opponents with the powerful economic strength and political ruling power of the monopoly organization 3) The degree and consequence of competition are different. In the period of free competition, enterprises are small in scale, weak in strength and scattered among themselves. In the period of monopoly, the two sides of the competition are powerful and equal, which makes the competition particularly fierce and more rable 4) The scope of competition is different. In the period of free competition, the place of competition is mainly in the domestic market. However, the scope of monopoly competition has expanded from domestic to foreign countries, and to political, military and cultural fields.

6.

It is generally believed that the basic reason for monopoly is the entry barrier, that is to say, the monopoly manufacturer can maintain the position of the sole seller in its market because other enterprises can not enter the market and compete with it

monopoly refers to a combination of a few big capitalists in order to jointly control the proction, sales and business activities of one or several departments in order to obtain high monopoly profits. It is the deepest economic foundation and the economic essence of imperialism

Monopoly grows up from the free competition of government protectionism. In the development stage of capitalism characterized by free competition, in order to grab more surplus value, capitalist enterprises will inevitably adopt advanced proction technology and scientific management methods, implement specialization and cooperation of proction, and improve labor proctivity

in the fierce competition, large enterprises often rely on their own economic advantages to constantly crowd out and annex small and medium-sized enterprises, making the proction of means of proction, labor force and labor procts increasingly concentrated in their own hands. At the same time, the development of capitalist credit system and joint-stock company broke through the limitation of single capital, accelerated the development of capital concentration, and promoted the development of proction concentration

when the concentration of proction and capital develops to a certain extent, it means that the number of enterprises is reced, and most of the proction of a department is concentrated in the hands of several or dozens of large enterprises. It is easier for them to reach an agreement and jointly control the proction and sales of the Department, so as to make the emergence of monopoly possible

e to the existence of a small number of large enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises are in a dominant position. In order to avoid losing each other in the competition and ensure that each other is profitable, a small number of large enterprises will seek temporary compromise and reach certain agreements, which makes the emergence of monopoly necessary

free competition leads to the concentration of proction, and the development of proction concentration to a certain extent will inevitably lead to monopoly, which is the general and basic law of the development from free competition capitalism to monopoly capitalism. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, monopoly has become the basis of all capitalist economic life

in the development of capitalist economy, free competition leads to proction concentration, which will inevitably lead to monopoly when it develops to a certain stage. When monopoly replaces free competition and occupies a dominant position in economic life, capitalism develops to the stage of imperialism, that is, monopoly capitalism

extended data

monopolistic competition relationship

monopoly growing up from free competition does not eliminate competition, but coexists with free competition. Under the rule of monopoly, not only does free competition still exist in a certain range, that is, among non monopoly enterprises, but also monopoly itself will inevitably proce new and more intense competition

there are sharp and complex competitions among monopoly organizations, among participants in monopoly organizations, and between monopoly organizations and non monopoly enterprises. Within the monopoly organizations, the capitalists who participate in cartels and syndicates will inevitably cause competition in order to compete for a favorable sales market and occupy a larger share of proction and sales; In order to control the monopoly organization, the capitalists who take part in the trust and Konzern also have to compete fiercely

In order to consolidate their economic status, there is also fierce competition among various monopoly organizations for sales market, raw material source and investment place. At the same time, the monopoly organizations always want to control, crowd out and strangle the outside enterprises. For their own survival, the outside enterprises also have to struggle with the monopoly organizations. Of course, there is a free competition between them. Only when monopoly organizations constantly put themselves into the competition and win, can they maintain and strengthen their position

On the contrary, competition also continues to proce new monopoly organizations, strengthening the strength of monopoly capital and expanding the scope of monopoly rule. Monopoly and all kinds of competition exist at the same time, resulting in many particularly sharp and violent contradictions, frictions and conflicts, which further intensify the contradictions inherent in capitalism

7. What are the basic characteristics of monopoly capitalism? First, capital concentration and proction concentration are highly developed. Monopolistic organizations have emerged in major instrial sectors and even in the whole economic life. The single unit enterprises in the stage of free competition capitalism and the decentralized competition on this basis have become history. Most of the major instrial sectors have formed the pattern of oligopoly. Second, instrial monopoly capital and bank monopoly capital are increasingly dissolving At the same time of the formation of instrial monopoly capital, the competition of banking instry results in the concentration of banking instry and the formation of banking monopoly organization. The formation of banking monopoly organization has fundamentally changed the status and role of banks, that is, from the past lending intermediary to the omnipotent monopolist, and has become increasingly consistent with instrial capital This is reflected in: (1) banks dominate the proction and business activities of instrial and commercial enterprises. A few large banks can understand the status of instrial and commercial enterprises and supervise their business activities by depositing funds and other financial services. They can also influence the amount of capital that instrial and commercial enterprises can control and determine their fate by expanding or recing loans. (2) they promote and accelerate the formation of monopoly organizations On the one hand, bank credit has increased the strength of big capital and spontaneously promoted the formation of capital, proction concentration and monopoly organization in the competition, On the other hand, for the sake of their own interests, banks also began to consciously promote agreements between enterprises with credit relations and form monopoly organizations. (3) banks became exchanges. After entering the stage of monopoly capitalism, banks became places for trading stocks and bonds, and issued securities on behalf of instrial and commercial enterprises. All the establishment and expansion of instrial and commercial enterprises had to go through banks The result is the formation of financial capital. On the basis of financial capital, a small number of the largest monopoly capitalists who control both banks and instries have graally formed. They are the so-called financial oligarchs. The financial oligarchs make full use of the shareholding and holding methods provided by the joint-stock company system, and graally enlarge from top to bottom This kind of control method is called "participation system" Third, capital export is of special significance. In the stage of free competition of capitalism, capital export already exists, but it does not occupy an important position. After entering the stage of monopoly capitalism, because proction and capital are increasingly concentrated in a few large enterprises, the departments with higher profit margins have higher barriers to entry, and the nature of capital inevitably makes them disdain the proction departments with lower profit margins Before the Second World War, the developed capitalist countries had obvious characteristics of capital export to the backward countries. There are two main forms of capital export: one is loan capital export, the other is direct capital export While promoting and promoting the economic development of backward countries to a certain extent, it also strengthens the control and exploitation of monopoly capital to the people of backward countries, and makes the economy of these countries develop unilaterally. The national economy declines, and strengthens its dependence on developed countries. Fourth, the international monopoly alliance divides up the world economically. With the increase of the capital output of various countries, the monopoly capital's power in the world continues to grow In order to gain monopoly profits, the largest monopoly organizations of all countries set up tariff barriers and restrict the import of foreign goods to maintain monopoly prices, On the other hand, they compete with foreign capital by bypassing tariff barriers and mping policies. The result of this competition often brings huge losses to the monopoly organizations of various countries. In order to avoid losing both sides in the international competition, the monopoly organizations of various countries seek temporary compromise and form an international monopoly alliance. The international monopoly alliance is a monopoly organization dominated by different countries. In order to ensure the monopoly The main forms of international monopoly alliance are international cartel, international syndicate and international trust. Among them, the most important form is international cartel. The monopoly organizations of all countries participating in international cartel are mainly in the field of circulation. They jointly divide the world market by concluding price and sales agreements. By 1914 There are 116 formal international cartels, among which the famous ones are the international electric cartel, the international aluminum cartel and the international rail cartel. Fifth, after entering the monopoly stage, the major developed capitalist countries have participated in the dirty trade of dividing up the colonies and establishing the colonial system to varying degrees. Because the backward colonies can be used as the cheap raw materials and sources of monopoly capital With the transition from free competition capitalism to monopoly capitalism, the major developed capitalist countries were involved in the tide of competing for and plundering colonies. From 1876 to 1914, the great powers plundered nearly 25 million square kilometers of territory, making two thirds of the world's total land area become colonies, accounting for 56% of the world's total population The crowd was forced to accept colonial rule. In order to fight for the colony and world hegemony, the great powers fought fiercely, and finally led to the first World War from 1914 to 1918. State capitalism refers to a capitalist economy which is combined with the state power and controlled by the state. Its nature and function depend on the nature of the state. In capitalist countries, the state is a capitalist economy Capitalism is recognized by the state and supervised by the state. It benefits the bourgeoisie and opposes the proletariat. In fact, it is state monopoly capitalism. It serves the rule of the bourgeoisie and is private capitalism in disguise. In the history of our country, the bureaucratic capital of the four families is combined with the state power of the great bourgeoisie. It is a feudal, comprador and monopolistic state capitalist After the founding of new China, ring the period of socialist transformation of capitalist instry and commerce, state capitalism is under the management of the proletarian state. It is an economy connected with the state-owned socialist economy in various forms and supervised by workers. State capitalism in China is the necessary way to reform capitalist instry and Commerce and graally complete the socialist transition At present, the cooperative enterprises between China and foreign capitalists also belong to the nature of state capitalism

8. Because people are all profit-making, capitalists, in order to monopolize high profits, will, of course, choose to unite to jointly manipulate and control the proction and sales of procts in certain departments if conditions permit< When the concentration of proction and capital reaches a high level, there is the possibility of monopoly< br />2、 The inevitability of the market economy.

9. Free period: in 1776, Adam Smith first put forward the concept of "invisible hand" in his book on the wealth of nations, advocating free competition
monopoly period: (1) the second scientific and technological revolution started in the 1870s brought about great progress in proctivity, rapid development of heavy instry, the emergence of a large number of new instrial sectors, the increasing amount of capital required by large-scale enterprises, and the high concentration of proction and capital created conditions for a small number of large enterprises and capitalists to control and monopolize a certain economic sector, (2) after the outbreak of the great economic crisis of western capitalism in the 1930s, Roosevelt adopted Keynesianism in his new deal, abandoned laissez faire policy, and implemented state intervention.
(3) after World War II, state monopoly capitalism generally developed, The formation of state monopoly capitalism