Decentralized Urbanization
Publish: 2021-04-17 05:00:26
1.
One of the important signs of urbanization is decentralization. Although Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen are all first tier cities, there are differences between them. Beijing is a "single core" urban pattern graally expanding from the central area, Shenzhen is a "multi-core" urban pattern, and Shanghai is between the two. As a new front line, Suzhou has become more and more decentralized from one body and two wings in 1992 to one core and four cities in 2012. Such a multipolar model will also make the urban development more stable The greater the entropy, the more stable it is.)
2. http://wenku..com/view/748e6e3043323968011c927f.html
3. Disadvantages:
recently, there have been continuous reports about the rapid development of urbanization in China, saying that the level of urbanization in 2003 has reached 40.5%, which is higher than the original planned target, and that China's cities have entered a "period of accelerated development", and even some reports say that there is a "great leap forward" in urbanization. Is it a good thing to build momentum and promote the process of urbanization? Will it bring any negative effects< According to the original plan, China's urbanization level will reach 35% by 2005 and 40-42% by 2010. In other words, China has achieved the original goal of urbanization six to seven years ahead of schele. Authoritative departments put forward that China's urbanization level should reach 65% in the middle of this century, and then reach 75%
one of my questions is whether the pace of urbanization is too fast. It took 90 years for Britain to raise its urbanization level from 26% to 70%, France from 25.5% to 71.7%, and the United States from 25.7% to 75.2%. However, it will take only 10 years for us to increase from 28% in 1993 to 40.5% in 2003. That is to say, with such a speed, we can reach 60% by 2020 and 75% by 2035. In other words, we are only going through the same urbanization process in half the time of Britain, almost one third of the time of France and the United States
the second question is whether it is necessary for China to set the level of urbanization as high as that of developed countries, reaching more than 75%. In order to realize instrialization and modernization, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, and promote social and economic development, we can not do without a certain level of urbanization, which is an easy truth to understand; There is no doubt that China's urbanization level was low before the 1980s, but it is still not high enough and needs to be improved. But should the level of urbanization be the same in all countries? China's national conditions are very different from those of all the developed countries that have achieved modernization so far. Do China's urbanization standards have to be in line with them? Should there be some differences between the urbanization standards of the 21st century and those of the 19th and 20th centuries
the particularity of China is very distinct. First, there are too many people. 1.3 billion people, more than the total population of North America, Europe and Japan; Second, the available land resources are relatively poor. Although China's land area is 9.6 million square kilometers, more than two-thirds of the plateau, mountains, deserts, Gobi and arid areas that are not available and suitable for human habitation under scientific conditions are now overburdened by the available land to bear the current population, which is worse than any developed country; Third, there is a serious shortage of basic resources, such as less than one fourth of the world's fresh water per capita and less than one third of the world's cultivated land per capita. Compared with developed countries, this aspect is far worse. In view of the fact that the consumption of resources by the urban population is far greater than that of the same number of rural population, whether we must fully consider the problem that the basic resources of our country adapt to the reasonable proportion of urban and rural population distribution when we implement urbanization. Since China's basic resource situation is far less than that of developed countries, why is our urbanization level set as high as theirs? If we have 1.5 billion people in 2020, 60% of the urban population will be 900 million; In this century, the population is 1.7 billion, so 75% of the urban population is 1.275 billion. How much fresh water, how much land, how much energy, how much food, how much housing and how much transportation facilities can support such a huge urban population
urbanization means more concentrated proction and consumption, larger scale, more socialized and higher proction efficiency, and modernization. The higher the degree of urbanization, the higher the degree of modernization. This is the understanding of the significance of urbanization so far. But in the past two or three decades, with the progress of science and technology, especially the development and popularization of computer and network technology, people's understanding of urbanization standards is undergoing some new changes. Nowadays, more and more people can work far away from the central city or even at home. They can also obtain information, hold meetings, trade and complete many things. Moreover, they can greatly save time and rece a lot of logistics consumption. In addition, people have higher and higher requirements for the quality of the environment, and they are not willing to go to the big cities with serious pollution. As a result, the population in some developed countries began to disperse from big cities to small cities and from downtown areas to suburbs. Moreover, this trend will not rece the degree of modernization at all. When we are promoting urbanization in the 21st century, should we consider these new factors to avoid the detour of over concentration of population to the central city
the third question is whether too fast and excessive urbanization will cause some consequences that are difficult to reverse and correct. Now there is a feeling that China's urbanization is promoted through a strong planned economy model and strong administrative means, rather than natural development to meet the needs of the market. For example, the average rate of urbanization is more than one block per year, the degree of urbanization in which year, and the recent proposal to speed up the pace of urbanization are all typical practices of planned economy. Urbanization is more complex than any single proct or single economic index, which involves population distribution, resource allocation, environment and society. The role of administration and planning is necessary for urbanization, but it should be mainly reflected in the concentration of outstanding talents in all aspects, the formulation of scientific urban planning according to history, current situation and future, the comprehensive balance, the accurate positioning of urban functions, and the assurance of urban characteristics, rather than the emphasis on indicators and progress
the rapid and excessive urbanization may cause at least four consequences that are difficult to reverse and correct:
one is the abnormal rection of a large number of cultivated land. Cities are generally built in plain areas with good natural conditions, which are also the best agricultural areas. According to the plan, China's urbanization needs to occupy 3% - 6% of the country's land, the proportion seems small, but the area is not small, about 300000-600000 square kilometers, which is equivalent to one-third to one-half of China's total plain area. In order to occupy so much good land, how can we realize the original intention of urbanization to let the people who stay in rural areas get more arable land? In fact, e to the rapid development of urbanization, the wind of enclosure is still prevailing. With the rise of a large number of luxury factories, buildings and various "image projects", large areas of fertile land in the past have disappeared, which makes the contradiction between more farmland and less arable land more prominent. In recent years alone, the net loss of cultivated land has reached 38 million mu, resulting in a large number of landless, jobless and insecure farmers, which is also an important reason for the continuous decline of grain proction
the second is to proce serious "urban disease". Urbanization is too fast, the city is too large, too many people are concentrated in the city in a short time, which inevitably leads to a large number of unemployment, shortage of fresh water and energy supply, traffic congestion, increased crime, environmental deterioration, increased risk of various crises and other phenomena. Some experts say that urbanization does not necessarily proce "urban disease". The root causes of "urban disease" lie in the one sidedness of guiding ideology, the irrationality of instrial structure and layout, and the development mode of "low-density expansion". They put forward "development overcomes urban disease", "planning reces urban disease" and "management cures urban disease". These opinions are reasonable, but the question is whether we can achieve in practice that the guiding ideology is not one-sided, whether the planning is scientific and reasonable, and whether the management is strict. This summer, a heavy rain in Beijing paralyzed almost the whole city's traffic, while a heavy rain and gale in Shanghai caused serious traffic jams and large-scale blackouts, which exposed the problems in our urban construction and management
three is the "bubble" of real estate. At present, many cities are building houses too fast and too much, which takes up a lot of bank funds. If the supply exceeds the demand seriously, or the price exceeds the affordability of the citizens, a large number of houses will be vacant, leading to economic crisis. Experience has proved that the economic crisis caused by the real estate bubble will take many years to slow down. The fourth is the "ruins" of the city. There are two possible reasons for this: first, the above-mentioned serious oversupply of real estate, resulting in a large number of vacant buildings; The second is the declining trend of China's population in this century. According to the assumption of China's population policy, after reaching the peak of 1.7 billion, the total population will graally decline and finally reach the ideal scale of about 700 million. Now that so many large-scale cities have been built today, will there be one day when not so many people will live in them
China's urbanization, in terms of its scale, is unprecedented in human history, and may also be unprecedented. Its arousness and complexity cannot be compared with any developed country. It's not only about today, it's about tomorrow, it's about future generations. When a city is built, it cannot be easily demolished; What is lost in the process of urbanization is also difficult to recover. Our pace should be steady. We should maximize the benefits of urbanization and try our best to avoid or rece the disadvantages that may be brought by carelessness and blindness.
advantages:
first of all, we should talk about the income. The income of large urbanization areas is certainly higher than that of small urbanization areas. Intuitively speaking, the income of urban areas is higher than that of rural areas, such as Shanghai residents, and many residents live in crowded and narrow areas, There are many dilapidated small tile roofed houses in urban villages, and many of them are unemployed at home. However, e to the advancement of urbanization, real estate developers begin to spread to the residents' houses. If small houses are demolished, there will be no less compensation, and decent housing will be arranged, so such residents begin to live a better life; Well off & quot; After living in a good house, the extra compensation can be put into the bank for pension and social welfare.
on the other hand, in ordinary and dirty communities, the owners of low and middle block houses (left by their ancestors) don't worry about their income at all. In the small tile roofed houses with 5 or 6 square meters in Shanghai, the monthly rent is 350-500, you know, In addition to a bed, there is no room for a table in such a house. But most people can't live in such a house. I've been to similar places. I've seen several people live in the same house, a big bed, and some of them are wives, daughters or sons. It's really surprising. Let's calculate the owner's income, As long as there are five or six such small houses, and their income has reached 2000-3000 yuan, plus they have a fixed place, they can play mahjong every day without work. They even feel that they are qualified to dictate in front of people from other places.
the housing price in Shanghai is a little high, and the above phenomenon has spread to the rural areas of Shanghai, which has created a short-term advantage of urban population, Such advantages are of far-reaching significance.
in contrast to the rural areas, let's take Pizhou rural areas as an example. Especially 10 years ago, urbanization did not involve the rural areas at all. The source of income depends on the breeding and planting instries. Instrialization is very low. To be honest, the income of many old people and vulnerable groups is zero. Even if there are relatively rich businessmen in the middle, the average index has been obliterated by these people, Economic indicators have suffered a great loss. Although they have not reached the point of starvation, in the eyes of big cities, our situation is worse than that of Africa.
even now, such a situation still exists. Although it has improved, the basic contradictions have not been solved and there are more businessmen,
recently, there have been continuous reports about the rapid development of urbanization in China, saying that the level of urbanization in 2003 has reached 40.5%, which is higher than the original planned target, and that China's cities have entered a "period of accelerated development", and even some reports say that there is a "great leap forward" in urbanization. Is it a good thing to build momentum and promote the process of urbanization? Will it bring any negative effects< According to the original plan, China's urbanization level will reach 35% by 2005 and 40-42% by 2010. In other words, China has achieved the original goal of urbanization six to seven years ahead of schele. Authoritative departments put forward that China's urbanization level should reach 65% in the middle of this century, and then reach 75%
one of my questions is whether the pace of urbanization is too fast. It took 90 years for Britain to raise its urbanization level from 26% to 70%, France from 25.5% to 71.7%, and the United States from 25.7% to 75.2%. However, it will take only 10 years for us to increase from 28% in 1993 to 40.5% in 2003. That is to say, with such a speed, we can reach 60% by 2020 and 75% by 2035. In other words, we are only going through the same urbanization process in half the time of Britain, almost one third of the time of France and the United States
the second question is whether it is necessary for China to set the level of urbanization as high as that of developed countries, reaching more than 75%. In order to realize instrialization and modernization, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, and promote social and economic development, we can not do without a certain level of urbanization, which is an easy truth to understand; There is no doubt that China's urbanization level was low before the 1980s, but it is still not high enough and needs to be improved. But should the level of urbanization be the same in all countries? China's national conditions are very different from those of all the developed countries that have achieved modernization so far. Do China's urbanization standards have to be in line with them? Should there be some differences between the urbanization standards of the 21st century and those of the 19th and 20th centuries
the particularity of China is very distinct. First, there are too many people. 1.3 billion people, more than the total population of North America, Europe and Japan; Second, the available land resources are relatively poor. Although China's land area is 9.6 million square kilometers, more than two-thirds of the plateau, mountains, deserts, Gobi and arid areas that are not available and suitable for human habitation under scientific conditions are now overburdened by the available land to bear the current population, which is worse than any developed country; Third, there is a serious shortage of basic resources, such as less than one fourth of the world's fresh water per capita and less than one third of the world's cultivated land per capita. Compared with developed countries, this aspect is far worse. In view of the fact that the consumption of resources by the urban population is far greater than that of the same number of rural population, whether we must fully consider the problem that the basic resources of our country adapt to the reasonable proportion of urban and rural population distribution when we implement urbanization. Since China's basic resource situation is far less than that of developed countries, why is our urbanization level set as high as theirs? If we have 1.5 billion people in 2020, 60% of the urban population will be 900 million; In this century, the population is 1.7 billion, so 75% of the urban population is 1.275 billion. How much fresh water, how much land, how much energy, how much food, how much housing and how much transportation facilities can support such a huge urban population
urbanization means more concentrated proction and consumption, larger scale, more socialized and higher proction efficiency, and modernization. The higher the degree of urbanization, the higher the degree of modernization. This is the understanding of the significance of urbanization so far. But in the past two or three decades, with the progress of science and technology, especially the development and popularization of computer and network technology, people's understanding of urbanization standards is undergoing some new changes. Nowadays, more and more people can work far away from the central city or even at home. They can also obtain information, hold meetings, trade and complete many things. Moreover, they can greatly save time and rece a lot of logistics consumption. In addition, people have higher and higher requirements for the quality of the environment, and they are not willing to go to the big cities with serious pollution. As a result, the population in some developed countries began to disperse from big cities to small cities and from downtown areas to suburbs. Moreover, this trend will not rece the degree of modernization at all. When we are promoting urbanization in the 21st century, should we consider these new factors to avoid the detour of over concentration of population to the central city
the third question is whether too fast and excessive urbanization will cause some consequences that are difficult to reverse and correct. Now there is a feeling that China's urbanization is promoted through a strong planned economy model and strong administrative means, rather than natural development to meet the needs of the market. For example, the average rate of urbanization is more than one block per year, the degree of urbanization in which year, and the recent proposal to speed up the pace of urbanization are all typical practices of planned economy. Urbanization is more complex than any single proct or single economic index, which involves population distribution, resource allocation, environment and society. The role of administration and planning is necessary for urbanization, but it should be mainly reflected in the concentration of outstanding talents in all aspects, the formulation of scientific urban planning according to history, current situation and future, the comprehensive balance, the accurate positioning of urban functions, and the assurance of urban characteristics, rather than the emphasis on indicators and progress
the rapid and excessive urbanization may cause at least four consequences that are difficult to reverse and correct:
one is the abnormal rection of a large number of cultivated land. Cities are generally built in plain areas with good natural conditions, which are also the best agricultural areas. According to the plan, China's urbanization needs to occupy 3% - 6% of the country's land, the proportion seems small, but the area is not small, about 300000-600000 square kilometers, which is equivalent to one-third to one-half of China's total plain area. In order to occupy so much good land, how can we realize the original intention of urbanization to let the people who stay in rural areas get more arable land? In fact, e to the rapid development of urbanization, the wind of enclosure is still prevailing. With the rise of a large number of luxury factories, buildings and various "image projects", large areas of fertile land in the past have disappeared, which makes the contradiction between more farmland and less arable land more prominent. In recent years alone, the net loss of cultivated land has reached 38 million mu, resulting in a large number of landless, jobless and insecure farmers, which is also an important reason for the continuous decline of grain proction
the second is to proce serious "urban disease". Urbanization is too fast, the city is too large, too many people are concentrated in the city in a short time, which inevitably leads to a large number of unemployment, shortage of fresh water and energy supply, traffic congestion, increased crime, environmental deterioration, increased risk of various crises and other phenomena. Some experts say that urbanization does not necessarily proce "urban disease". The root causes of "urban disease" lie in the one sidedness of guiding ideology, the irrationality of instrial structure and layout, and the development mode of "low-density expansion". They put forward "development overcomes urban disease", "planning reces urban disease" and "management cures urban disease". These opinions are reasonable, but the question is whether we can achieve in practice that the guiding ideology is not one-sided, whether the planning is scientific and reasonable, and whether the management is strict. This summer, a heavy rain in Beijing paralyzed almost the whole city's traffic, while a heavy rain and gale in Shanghai caused serious traffic jams and large-scale blackouts, which exposed the problems in our urban construction and management
three is the "bubble" of real estate. At present, many cities are building houses too fast and too much, which takes up a lot of bank funds. If the supply exceeds the demand seriously, or the price exceeds the affordability of the citizens, a large number of houses will be vacant, leading to economic crisis. Experience has proved that the economic crisis caused by the real estate bubble will take many years to slow down. The fourth is the "ruins" of the city. There are two possible reasons for this: first, the above-mentioned serious oversupply of real estate, resulting in a large number of vacant buildings; The second is the declining trend of China's population in this century. According to the assumption of China's population policy, after reaching the peak of 1.7 billion, the total population will graally decline and finally reach the ideal scale of about 700 million. Now that so many large-scale cities have been built today, will there be one day when not so many people will live in them
China's urbanization, in terms of its scale, is unprecedented in human history, and may also be unprecedented. Its arousness and complexity cannot be compared with any developed country. It's not only about today, it's about tomorrow, it's about future generations. When a city is built, it cannot be easily demolished; What is lost in the process of urbanization is also difficult to recover. Our pace should be steady. We should maximize the benefits of urbanization and try our best to avoid or rece the disadvantages that may be brought by carelessness and blindness.
advantages:
first of all, we should talk about the income. The income of large urbanization areas is certainly higher than that of small urbanization areas. Intuitively speaking, the income of urban areas is higher than that of rural areas, such as Shanghai residents, and many residents live in crowded and narrow areas, There are many dilapidated small tile roofed houses in urban villages, and many of them are unemployed at home. However, e to the advancement of urbanization, real estate developers begin to spread to the residents' houses. If small houses are demolished, there will be no less compensation, and decent housing will be arranged, so such residents begin to live a better life; Well off & quot; After living in a good house, the extra compensation can be put into the bank for pension and social welfare.
on the other hand, in ordinary and dirty communities, the owners of low and middle block houses (left by their ancestors) don't worry about their income at all. In the small tile roofed houses with 5 or 6 square meters in Shanghai, the monthly rent is 350-500, you know, In addition to a bed, there is no room for a table in such a house. But most people can't live in such a house. I've been to similar places. I've seen several people live in the same house, a big bed, and some of them are wives, daughters or sons. It's really surprising. Let's calculate the owner's income, As long as there are five or six such small houses, and their income has reached 2000-3000 yuan, plus they have a fixed place, they can play mahjong every day without work. They even feel that they are qualified to dictate in front of people from other places.
the housing price in Shanghai is a little high, and the above phenomenon has spread to the rural areas of Shanghai, which has created a short-term advantage of urban population, Such advantages are of far-reaching significance.
in contrast to the rural areas, let's take Pizhou rural areas as an example. Especially 10 years ago, urbanization did not involve the rural areas at all. The source of income depends on the breeding and planting instries. Instrialization is very low. To be honest, the income of many old people and vulnerable groups is zero. Even if there are relatively rich businessmen in the middle, the average index has been obliterated by these people, Economic indicators have suffered a great loss. Although they have not reached the point of starvation, in the eyes of big cities, our situation is worse than that of Africa.
even now, such a situation still exists. Although it has improved, the basic contradictions have not been solved and there are more businessmen,
4.
1. Food problem
a large number of farmers leave the original cultivated land, the problem of abandoning cultivation and abandoning wasteland is becoming more and more serious, and China's grain import rate is graally increasing, which makes China's food security problems in a populous country have hidden dangers, which is not concive to China's national development and political stability
2, big city disease
nowadays, the big city disease in China has been quite serious. Traffic congestion, lack of resources, the decline of the quality of life of urban residents and other problems are perplexing the progress of the city. The pace of construction and transformation of China's big cities is speeding up. Urban circles are beginning to appear in some parts of China, and many mega cities are also starting to build "satellite cities" in the hope of solving many problems of big city disease
The process of urbanization in developed countries can be divided into two stages. The first stage is characterized by centralization, while the second stage is characterized by decentralization. As a result, "metropolitan area" or "Urban Agglomeration" or "urban belt" with big cities as the center develops rapidly{rrrrrrr}
extended data:
positive significance
1. Population transformation
cities can create more employment opportunities and absorb a large number of rural surplus population. The labor force is graally transferred from the first instry to the second instry, the third instry and the fourth instry
Instrial development is helpful to improve the efficiency of instrial proction, and instrialization is the driving force of urbanization The progress of science and technology and the promotion of informatization make modern big cities become the main bases of scientific and technological innovation and information exchange centers. And then improve the overall development level of the region4, cultural exchange
urban culture diffuses and infiltrates into the countryside, which affects the proction and life style of the countryside (self-sufficient natural economy), and improves the opening degree of the countryside. It is concive to the communication between urban and rural areas and narrowing the gap between urban and rural development
5. In short, it was driven by the instrial revolution. Because of instrialization, people gathered in factories to form cities
(1) historical background
up to now, the human world has experienced three major changes in settlement pattern and settlement organization. The first big change was the revolution from fishing and hunting to agriculture, which took place in the Neolithic age. It makes human beings from no settlement at all to semi permanent farming and animal husbandry cottages, and then transition to settled rural settlement
(today called Village). The semi permanent cottage stage existed for as long as 5000 years, which was decided by the fact that the backward planting instry was not enough to maintain the growth of population at that time. Once the land resources are exhausted, the whole village will be forced to move,
even when the population of indivial villages is growing, they need to be divided into smaller groups to find new residential areas, so as to ensure the minimum per capita cultivated land. From prehistory to the emergence of settlements, the whole human race may have only a few million people at most
as a result of settled agriculture, the population soon reached tens of millions
the second big change is the emergence of cities. It took about 1500 years from Neolithic Age to urban life. The settlement promoted the development of agricultural technology. The progress of irrigation and farming technology has proced surplus agricultural procts, which makes it possible for some human resources to be liberated to engage in construction instry, handicraft instry and service instry, and further complicates the social division of labor. The use of wheels liberates people from the heavy transportation of sliding type, and makes the ability of population mobility, interpersonal communication and transportation a leap. Generally speaking, a village is unable to support the full-time craftsmen, artists and other non-agricultural
workers. They began to have to wander among the villages and make a living. Graally gather in the places with convenient transportation, safety and dense population. Settlement also makes the living conditions of human beings more and more perfect, and the quality and firmness of building materials are constantly improved. These economic factors make the population increase day by day. As a result, the village becomes a market town and a city
in the process of evolution from decentralized village economy to highly organized urban economy, the most important variable factor is the king, or the kingship system. It was he who occupied the central position, attracted all the new forces to the heart of urban civilization like a magnet, and put the palace and temple under his control. The king sometimes built some new towns, sometimes transformed rural towns into cities, and sent the chief executive to take charge on his behalf. The king's rule made these cities change in essence from form to content
religion may also play a fundamental role. The chieftains of hunting tribes, with the support of the monks, can gain huge power and universal authority, and even rise to the position of king
it is believed that the "small city" in the process of urban formation, that is, the castle, was originally designed for worshiping the gods, which belongs to the religious nature. Of course, it is also a kind of storage base, which can safely store the chief's private procts, mainly grain and maybe women. It was only later that its actual effect of military defense was more obvious. The royal power system expanded the functions of the monk class and made the monk class dominate the community. They were in charge of time and space and predicted the seasonal events. Temples also have a rich economic base
the various forces proced by the fusion of kingship and theocracy combine all kinds of original factors of the city, making it have a new form. The master of the castle dominates the fate of the city, thus combining the social and professional differentiation with the development process of unity and integration. The process of city formation described above is actually very long. If we make a simple summary, then the emergence of cities is roughly consistent with the emergence of class and state and the rise of slavery
Lewis Mumford (1895-1990) even thought that the pure Neolithic culture was not enough to form a city. The origin of the city is the result of the close combination of two prehistoric cultures, namely Paleolithic culture and Neolithic culture. This combination resulted in the first spatial aggregation of human culture, which he called the earliest urban aggregation. This is the embryonic period of cities. ① He believes that the earliest initiation of human urban civilized life style actually began with the expression of nostalgia for ancestors in cemeteries and the need for ritual activities in caves. At that time, the permanent village settlement form may not have been found. In a sense, long before the living people formed the city, the dead had
"city". As the city of the dead, cemetery is the precursor and predecessor of the living city, and also the core of the living city. The caves in the original ritual center graally evolved into the later religious shrines and temples. It is precisely because of the synergy of the social and religious driving forces of ancient society that these fixed land
targets and commemorative gathering places graally bring together people with common sacrificial rites or religious beliefs in a fixed or permanent way, which is the initial embryo of urban formation. Many ancient cities still record and continue to pursue these original purposes. Spiritual elements and economic and material elements are equally important in the formation of
cities. These analyses made by Mumford through a large number of investigations make up for the deficiency of
archaeologists' efforts to find material relics that can show the ancient urban structure from the deepest cultural layer. ①
so far, this book has not answered how cities originated. The reason why this question is difficult to answer is that there is no consensus in the academic community< From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, geography discusses the origin of cities, which mainly comes down to three basic principles: 1) the determinism of geographical environment put forward by Lazer holds that when the level of proctivity is very low and the blind primitive natural forces play a role, the cultural form of human settlement is the proct of different environmental factors. The special natural environment of the valley lowlands in the Near East is especially concive to farming and animal domestication, which provides conditions for the origin of cities; ② Communication theory, which regards the city as a special proct in the unique environment of the valley lowlands in the middle and Near East, spreads eastward to the Ins Valley, westward to Crete,
then to Greece and Rome, and then to Europe; ③ According to evolutionism and human geographical distribution, the three periods of human development are the primitive age, the barbarian age and the civilized age. Correspondingly, the settlement form of human beings changed from the camp nature in the fishing and hunting period to the small village, then to the village in the plain Valley, and finally to the town. These theories confuse the origin factors and development factors of cities, and their theoretical assumptions have been challenged
modern social scientists, including archaeologists and historians, have put forward four theories about the origin of cities
1. Water power theory or environmental foundation theory
represented by L. Woolley and K. a. Wittfogel, this paper holds that: (1) only in areas where land and climate are possible and easy to create surplus
agricultural procts in a large range, can urban civilization come into being; (2) in areas where land and climate can proce surplus
agricultural procts; (3) in areas where land and climate can proce surplus
agricultural procts; ② The surplus agricultural procts are the fruits of irrigation to a large extent; ③ Irrigation leads to a special form of division of labor, which strengthens farming and promotes population concentration; ④ Irrigation makes large-scale cooperation necessary, which leads to the formation of management system. These factors make the housing construction centralize in China and lead to the emergence of cities and towns. In short, cities develop with the development of irrigation< Some people hold this view that cities are the procts of long-distance trade, while others believe that cities originate from the regional centers that concentrate the internal exchange process. In a word, it is the high concentration caused by market trade that leads to the rise of cities. They are mainly based on the traditional idea that commerce is the creator of medieval European cities. Jane Jacobs, a major representative of the theory of the origin of urban market, believes that "urban development comes first, and rural development comes second". She regards the development of agriculture as the consequence of urban development. By analyzing Anatolia, a town with mineral
resources that originated in 7560 B.C., she believes that this is e to the fact that nearby hunting groups habitually become customers of obsidian here. The establishment of trade has resulted in specialization and all other
changes related to cities, including the demand for agriculture
3. On the origin of military or defensive stronghold
people have noticed that "city" in Egyptian hieroglyphs is a cross drawn in a circle, and the circle represents
defensive wall. Accordingly, it has been proposed that the city is the origin of people's need to seek protection. They use the fact that the oldest famous towns have strong fortifications to prove that military needs promote the concentration of settlements and division of labor, which are the origin factors of cities< According to Riaz Hassan, urban culture can not exist without respect for authority, dependence on a certain place and obedience to the power of others. He takes the nomadic culture of former Islamic Arab society as an example to illustrate that this transformation needs a new theoretical basis of social organization, which is religion. Religion proces a force of loyalty and social unity that is stronger than family. Islam is the most effective tool for urban development. This view is actually derived from the connection between clan doctrine and modern urbanization and the theory that power structure is the key to the city
these four theories all have a group of supporters and their factual basis. However, they are criticized by others for their lack of universal meaning, and finally fall into the cycle of "chicken first" or "egg first". Surplus agricultural procts, irrigation, markets, defensive walls, temples and so on may be the key factors of the origin of some cities, but it seems too simplistic to regard them as the only direct cause of the origin of cities
cities are proced in the complex process of long-term social, economic changes and cultural adaptation. ① According to the physical evidence obtained from archaeological excavations, it is generally agreed that the first batch of cities in the world appeared in southwest Asia around 3500 BC, with the most concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the two river basins, including Erech, ERI, ur, Lagash, Kish and Babylon. The earliest cities in the Nile Valley appeared around 3100 BC, including Memphis, Heliopolis and the later Thebes. Mohenju, an ancient city in the Ins Valley
(1) historical background
up to now, the human world has experienced three major changes in settlement pattern and settlement organization. The first big change was the revolution from fishing and hunting to agriculture, which took place in the Neolithic age. It makes human beings from no settlement at all to semi permanent farming and animal husbandry cottages, and then transition to settled rural settlement
(today called Village). The semi permanent cottage stage existed for as long as 5000 years, which was decided by the fact that the backward planting instry was not enough to maintain the growth of population at that time. Once the land resources are exhausted, the whole village will be forced to move,
even when the population of indivial villages is growing, they need to be divided into smaller groups to find new residential areas, so as to ensure the minimum per capita cultivated land. From prehistory to the emergence of settlements, the whole human race may have only a few million people at most
as a result of settled agriculture, the population soon reached tens of millions
the second big change is the emergence of cities. It took about 1500 years from Neolithic Age to urban life. The settlement promoted the development of agricultural technology. The progress of irrigation and farming technology has proced surplus agricultural procts, which makes it possible for some human resources to be liberated to engage in construction instry, handicraft instry and service instry, and further complicates the social division of labor. The use of wheels liberates people from the heavy transportation of sliding type, and makes the ability of population mobility, interpersonal communication and transportation a leap. Generally speaking, a village is unable to support the full-time craftsmen, artists and other non-agricultural
workers. They began to have to wander among the villages and make a living. Graally gather in the places with convenient transportation, safety and dense population. Settlement also makes the living conditions of human beings more and more perfect, and the quality and firmness of building materials are constantly improved. These economic factors make the population increase day by day. As a result, the village becomes a market town and a city
in the process of evolution from decentralized village economy to highly organized urban economy, the most important variable factor is the king, or the kingship system. It was he who occupied the central position, attracted all the new forces to the heart of urban civilization like a magnet, and put the palace and temple under his control. The king sometimes built some new towns, sometimes transformed rural towns into cities, and sent the chief executive to take charge on his behalf. The king's rule made these cities change in essence from form to content
religion may also play a fundamental role. The chieftains of hunting tribes, with the support of the monks, can gain huge power and universal authority, and even rise to the position of king
it is believed that the "small city" in the process of urban formation, that is, the castle, was originally designed for worshiping the gods, which belongs to the religious nature. Of course, it is also a kind of storage base, which can safely store the chief's private procts, mainly grain and maybe women. It was only later that its actual effect of military defense was more obvious. The royal power system expanded the functions of the monk class and made the monk class dominate the community. They were in charge of time and space and predicted the seasonal events. Temples also have a rich economic base
the various forces proced by the fusion of kingship and theocracy combine all kinds of original factors of the city, making it have a new form. The master of the castle dominates the fate of the city, thus combining the social and professional differentiation with the development process of unity and integration. The process of city formation described above is actually very long. If we make a simple summary, then the emergence of cities is roughly consistent with the emergence of class and state and the rise of slavery
Lewis Mumford (1895-1990) even thought that the pure Neolithic culture was not enough to form a city. The origin of the city is the result of the close combination of two prehistoric cultures, namely Paleolithic culture and Neolithic culture. This combination resulted in the first spatial aggregation of human culture, which he called the earliest urban aggregation. This is the embryonic period of cities. ① He believes that the earliest initiation of human urban civilized life style actually began with the expression of nostalgia for ancestors in cemeteries and the need for ritual activities in caves. At that time, the permanent village settlement form may not have been found. In a sense, long before the living people formed the city, the dead had
"city". As the city of the dead, cemetery is the precursor and predecessor of the living city, and also the core of the living city. The caves in the original ritual center graally evolved into the later religious shrines and temples. It is precisely because of the synergy of the social and religious driving forces of ancient society that these fixed land
targets and commemorative gathering places graally bring together people with common sacrificial rites or religious beliefs in a fixed or permanent way, which is the initial embryo of urban formation. Many ancient cities still record and continue to pursue these original purposes. Spiritual elements and economic and material elements are equally important in the formation of
cities. These analyses made by Mumford through a large number of investigations make up for the deficiency of
archaeologists' efforts to find material relics that can show the ancient urban structure from the deepest cultural layer. ①
so far, this book has not answered how cities originated. The reason why this question is difficult to answer is that there is no consensus in the academic community< From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, geography discusses the origin of cities, which mainly comes down to three basic principles: 1) the determinism of geographical environment put forward by Lazer holds that when the level of proctivity is very low and the blind primitive natural forces play a role, the cultural form of human settlement is the proct of different environmental factors. The special natural environment of the valley lowlands in the Near East is especially concive to farming and animal domestication, which provides conditions for the origin of cities; ② Communication theory, which regards the city as a special proct in the unique environment of the valley lowlands in the middle and Near East, spreads eastward to the Ins Valley, westward to Crete,
then to Greece and Rome, and then to Europe; ③ According to evolutionism and human geographical distribution, the three periods of human development are the primitive age, the barbarian age and the civilized age. Correspondingly, the settlement form of human beings changed from the camp nature in the fishing and hunting period to the small village, then to the village in the plain Valley, and finally to the town. These theories confuse the origin factors and development factors of cities, and their theoretical assumptions have been challenged
modern social scientists, including archaeologists and historians, have put forward four theories about the origin of cities
1. Water power theory or environmental foundation theory
represented by L. Woolley and K. a. Wittfogel, this paper holds that: (1) only in areas where land and climate are possible and easy to create surplus
agricultural procts in a large range, can urban civilization come into being; (2) in areas where land and climate can proce surplus
agricultural procts; (3) in areas where land and climate can proce surplus
agricultural procts; ② The surplus agricultural procts are the fruits of irrigation to a large extent; ③ Irrigation leads to a special form of division of labor, which strengthens farming and promotes population concentration; ④ Irrigation makes large-scale cooperation necessary, which leads to the formation of management system. These factors make the housing construction centralize in China and lead to the emergence of cities and towns. In short, cities develop with the development of irrigation< Some people hold this view that cities are the procts of long-distance trade, while others believe that cities originate from the regional centers that concentrate the internal exchange process. In a word, it is the high concentration caused by market trade that leads to the rise of cities. They are mainly based on the traditional idea that commerce is the creator of medieval European cities. Jane Jacobs, a major representative of the theory of the origin of urban market, believes that "urban development comes first, and rural development comes second". She regards the development of agriculture as the consequence of urban development. By analyzing Anatolia, a town with mineral
resources that originated in 7560 B.C., she believes that this is e to the fact that nearby hunting groups habitually become customers of obsidian here. The establishment of trade has resulted in specialization and all other
changes related to cities, including the demand for agriculture
3. On the origin of military or defensive stronghold
people have noticed that "city" in Egyptian hieroglyphs is a cross drawn in a circle, and the circle represents
defensive wall. Accordingly, it has been proposed that the city is the origin of people's need to seek protection. They use the fact that the oldest famous towns have strong fortifications to prove that military needs promote the concentration of settlements and division of labor, which are the origin factors of cities< According to Riaz Hassan, urban culture can not exist without respect for authority, dependence on a certain place and obedience to the power of others. He takes the nomadic culture of former Islamic Arab society as an example to illustrate that this transformation needs a new theoretical basis of social organization, which is religion. Religion proces a force of loyalty and social unity that is stronger than family. Islam is the most effective tool for urban development. This view is actually derived from the connection between clan doctrine and modern urbanization and the theory that power structure is the key to the city
these four theories all have a group of supporters and their factual basis. However, they are criticized by others for their lack of universal meaning, and finally fall into the cycle of "chicken first" or "egg first". Surplus agricultural procts, irrigation, markets, defensive walls, temples and so on may be the key factors of the origin of some cities, but it seems too simplistic to regard them as the only direct cause of the origin of cities
cities are proced in the complex process of long-term social, economic changes and cultural adaptation. ① According to the physical evidence obtained from archaeological excavations, it is generally agreed that the first batch of cities in the world appeared in southwest Asia around 3500 BC, with the most concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the two river basins, including Erech, ERI, ur, Lagash, Kish and Babylon. The earliest cities in the Nile Valley appeared around 3100 BC, including Memphis, Heliopolis and the later Thebes. Mohenju, an ancient city in the Ins Valley
6. Counter urbanization is the phenomenon that urban population begins to flow back to rural areas and suburbs e to traffic congestion, environmental pollution, increased crime and other reasons. Re urbanization is a measure to deal with counter urbanization. It will make the place where urbanization has declined become the center of urbanization again, and make the population flowing to rural suburbs return to the city, Promote the development of urbanization. Suggest you go to the network to check, the network is more specific^-^
7. Disadvantages:
recently, there have been continuous reports about the rapid development of urbanization in China, saying that the level of urbanization in 2003 has reached 40.5%, which is higher than the original planned target, and that China's cities have entered a "period of accelerated development", and even some reports say that there is a "great leap forward" in urbanization. Is it a good thing to build momentum and promote the process of urbanization? Will it bring any negative effects< According to the original plan, China's urbanization level will reach 35% by 2005 and 40-42% by 2010. In other words, China has achieved the original goal of urbanization six to seven years ahead of schele. Authoritative departments put forward that China's urbanization level should reach 65% in the middle of this century, and then reach 75%
one of my questions is whether the pace of urbanization is too fast. It took 90 years for Britain to raise its urbanization level from 26% to 70%, France from 25.5% to 71.7%, and the United States from 25.7% to 75.2%. However, it will take only 10 years for us to increase from 28% in 1993 to 40.5% in 2003. That is to say, with such a speed, we can reach 60% by 2020 and 75% by 2035. In other words, we are only going through the same urbanization process in half the time of Britain, almost one third of the time of France and the United States
the second question is whether it is necessary for China to set the level of urbanization as high as that of developed countries, reaching more than 75%. In order to realize instrialization and modernization, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, and promote social and economic development, we can not do without a certain level of urbanization, which is an easy truth to understand; There is no doubt that China's urbanization level was low before the 1980s, but it is still not high enough and needs to be improved. But should the level of urbanization be the same in all countries? China's national conditions are very different from those of all the developed countries that have achieved modernization so far. Do China's urbanization standards have to be in line with them? Should there be some differences between the urbanization standards of the 21st century and those of the 19th and 20th centuries
the particularity of China is very distinct. First, there are too many people. 1.3 billion people, more than the total population of North America, Europe and Japan; Second, the available land resources are relatively poor. Although China's land area is 9.6 million square kilometers, more than two-thirds of the plateau, mountains, deserts, Gobi and arid areas that are not available and suitable for human habitation under scientific conditions are now overburdened by the available land to bear the current population, which is worse than any developed country; Third, there is a serious shortage of basic resources, such as less than one fourth of the world's fresh water per capita and less than one third of the world's cultivated land per capita. Compared with developed countries, this aspect is far worse. In view of the fact that the consumption of resources by the urban population is far greater than that of the same number of rural population, whether we must fully consider the problem that the basic resources of our country adapt to the reasonable proportion of urban and rural population distribution when we implement urbanization. Since China's basic resource situation is far less than that of developed countries, why is our urbanization level set as high as theirs? If we have 1.5 billion people in 2020, 60% of the urban population will be 900 million; In this century, the population is 1.7 billion, so 75% of the urban population is 1.275 billion. How much fresh water, how much land, how much energy, how much food, how much housing and how much transportation facilities can support such a huge urban population
urbanization means more concentrated proction and consumption, larger scale, more socialized and higher proction efficiency, and modernization. The higher the degree of urbanization, the higher the degree of modernization. This is the understanding of the significance of urbanization so far. But in the past two or three decades, with the progress of science and technology, especially the development and popularization of computer and network technology, people's understanding of urbanization standards is undergoing some new changes. Nowadays, more and more people can work far away from the central city or even at home. They can also obtain information, hold meetings, trade and complete many things. Moreover, they can greatly save time and rece a lot of logistics consumption. In addition, people have higher and higher requirements for the quality of the environment, and they are not willing to go to the big cities with serious pollution. As a result, the population in some developed countries began to disperse from big cities to small cities and from downtown areas to suburbs. Moreover, this trend will not rece the degree of modernization at all. When we are promoting urbanization in the 21st century, should we consider these new factors to avoid the detour of over concentration of population to the central city
the third question is whether too fast and excessive urbanization will cause some consequences that are difficult to reverse and correct. Now there is a feeling that China's urbanization is promoted through a strong planned economy model and strong administrative means, rather than natural development to meet the needs of the market. For example, the average rate of urbanization is more than one block per year, the degree of urbanization in which year, and the recent proposal to speed up the pace of urbanization are all typical practices of planned economy. Urbanization is more complex than any single proct or single economic index, which involves population distribution, resource allocation, environment and society. The role of administration and planning is necessary for urbanization, but it should be mainly reflected in the concentration of outstanding talents in all aspects, the formulation of scientific urban planning according to history, current situation and future, the comprehensive balance, the accurate positioning of urban functions, and the assurance of urban characteristics, rather than the emphasis on indicators and progress
the rapid and excessive urbanization may cause at least four consequences that are difficult to reverse and correct:
one is the abnormal rection of a large number of cultivated land. Cities are generally built in plain areas with good natural conditions, which are also the best agricultural areas. According to the plan, China's urbanization needs to occupy 3% - 6% of the country's land, the proportion seems small, but the area is not small, about 300000-600000 square kilometers, which is equivalent to one-third to one-half of China's total plain area. In order to occupy so much good land, how can we realize the original intention of urbanization to let the people who stay in rural areas get more arable land? In fact, e to the rapid development of urbanization, the wind of enclosure is still prevailing. With the rise of a large number of luxury factories, buildings and various "image projects", large areas of fertile land in the past have disappeared, which makes the contradiction between more farmland and less arable land more prominent. In recent years alone, the net loss of cultivated land has reached 38 million mu, resulting in a large number of landless, jobless and insecure farmers, which is also an important reason for the continuous decline of grain proction
the second is to proce serious "urban disease". Urbanization is too fast, the city is too large, too many people are concentrated in the city in a short time, which inevitably leads to a large number of unemployment, shortage of fresh water and energy supply, traffic congestion, increased crime, environmental deterioration, increased risk of various crises and other phenomena. Some experts say that urbanization does not necessarily proce "urban disease". The root causes of "urban disease" lie in the one sidedness of guiding ideology, the irrationality of instrial structure and layout, and the development mode of "low-density expansion". They put forward "development overcomes urban disease", "planning reces urban disease" and "management cures urban disease". These opinions are reasonable, but the question is whether we can achieve in practice that the guiding ideology is not one-sided, whether the planning is scientific and reasonable, and whether the management is strict. This summer, a heavy rain in Beijing paralyzed almost the whole city's traffic, while a heavy rain and gale in Shanghai caused serious traffic jams and large-scale blackouts, which exposed the problems in our urban construction and management
three is the "bubble" of real estate. At present, many cities are building houses too fast and too much, which takes up a lot of bank funds. If the supply exceeds the demand seriously, or the price exceeds the affordability of the citizens, a large number of houses will be vacant, leading to economic crisis. Experience has proved that the economic crisis caused by the real estate bubble will take many years to slow down. The fourth is the "ruins" of the city. There are two possible reasons for this: first, the above-mentioned serious oversupply of real estate, resulting in a large number of vacant buildings; The second is the declining trend of China's population in this century. According to the assumption of China's population policy, after reaching the peak of 1.7 billion, the total population will graally decline and finally reach the ideal scale of about 700 million. Now that so many large-scale cities have been built today, will there be one day when not so many people will live in them
China's urbanization, in terms of its scale, is unprecedented in human history, and may also be unprecedented. Its arousness and complexity cannot be compared with any developed country. It's not only about today, it's about tomorrow, it's about future generations. When a city is built, it cannot be easily demolished; What is lost in the process of urbanization is also difficult to recover. Our pace should be steady, we should maximize the advantages of urbanization, and try to avoid or rece the disadvantages that may be caused by carelessness and blindness.
advantages:
first, let's talk about the income. The income of large urbanized areas is certainly higher than that of small urbanized areas. Intuitively, the income of urban areas is higher than that of rural areas, such as Shanghai citizens, Many residents also live in crowded, small and dilapidated small tile roofed houses in urban villages, and many of them are unemployed at home. However, e to the advancement of urbanization, real estate developers begin to spread to the residents' houses. If they demolish the small houses, they have to pay compensation and arrange decent housing, so such residents begin to live a good life; Well off & quot; After living in a good house, the extra compensation can be put into the bank for pension and social welfare.
on the other hand, in ordinary and dirty communities, the owners of low and middle block houses (left by their ancestors) don't worry about their income at all. In the small tile roofed houses with 5 or 6 square meters in Shanghai, the monthly rent is 350-500, you know, In addition to a bed, there is no room for a table in such a house. But most people can't live in such a house. I've been to similar places. I've seen several people live in the same house, a big bed, and some of them are wives, daughters or sons. It's really surprising. Let's calculate the owner's income, As long as there are five or six such small houses, and their income has reached 2000-3000 yuan, plus they have a fixed place, they can play mahjong every day without working at all. They even feel that they are qualified to dictate in front of people from other places.
the housing price in Shanghai is a little high, and the above phenomenon has spread to the rural areas of Shanghai, which has created a short-term advantage of urban population, Such advantages are of far-reaching significance.
in contrast to the rural areas, let's take Pizhou, where I was born and raised. Especially 10 years ago, urbanization did not involve the rural areas at all. The source of income depended on breeding and planting, and instrialization was very low. To be honest, the income of many old people and vulnerable groups was zero. Even if there were wealthy businessmen in the middle, the average index was wiped out by these people, Economic indicators have suffered a great loss. Although they have not reached the point of starvation, our situation is worse than that of Africa in the eyes of big cities.
even now, such a situation still exists. Although it has changed, the basic contradiction has not been solved
recently, there have been continuous reports about the rapid development of urbanization in China, saying that the level of urbanization in 2003 has reached 40.5%, which is higher than the original planned target, and that China's cities have entered a "period of accelerated development", and even some reports say that there is a "great leap forward" in urbanization. Is it a good thing to build momentum and promote the process of urbanization? Will it bring any negative effects< According to the original plan, China's urbanization level will reach 35% by 2005 and 40-42% by 2010. In other words, China has achieved the original goal of urbanization six to seven years ahead of schele. Authoritative departments put forward that China's urbanization level should reach 65% in the middle of this century, and then reach 75%
one of my questions is whether the pace of urbanization is too fast. It took 90 years for Britain to raise its urbanization level from 26% to 70%, France from 25.5% to 71.7%, and the United States from 25.7% to 75.2%. However, it will take only 10 years for us to increase from 28% in 1993 to 40.5% in 2003. That is to say, with such a speed, we can reach 60% by 2020 and 75% by 2035. In other words, we are only going through the same urbanization process in half the time of Britain, almost one third of the time of France and the United States
the second question is whether it is necessary for China to set the level of urbanization as high as that of developed countries, reaching more than 75%. In order to realize instrialization and modernization, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, and promote social and economic development, we can not do without a certain level of urbanization, which is an easy truth to understand; There is no doubt that China's urbanization level was low before the 1980s, but it is still not high enough and needs to be improved. But should the level of urbanization be the same in all countries? China's national conditions are very different from those of all the developed countries that have achieved modernization so far. Do China's urbanization standards have to be in line with them? Should there be some differences between the urbanization standards of the 21st century and those of the 19th and 20th centuries
the particularity of China is very distinct. First, there are too many people. 1.3 billion people, more than the total population of North America, Europe and Japan; Second, the available land resources are relatively poor. Although China's land area is 9.6 million square kilometers, more than two-thirds of the plateau, mountains, deserts, Gobi and arid areas that are not available and suitable for human habitation under scientific conditions are now overburdened by the available land to bear the current population, which is worse than any developed country; Third, there is a serious shortage of basic resources, such as less than one fourth of the world's fresh water per capita and less than one third of the world's cultivated land per capita. Compared with developed countries, this aspect is far worse. In view of the fact that the consumption of resources by the urban population is far greater than that of the same number of rural population, whether we must fully consider the problem that the basic resources of our country adapt to the reasonable proportion of urban and rural population distribution when we implement urbanization. Since China's basic resource situation is far less than that of developed countries, why is our urbanization level set as high as theirs? If we have 1.5 billion people in 2020, 60% of the urban population will be 900 million; In this century, the population is 1.7 billion, so 75% of the urban population is 1.275 billion. How much fresh water, how much land, how much energy, how much food, how much housing and how much transportation facilities can support such a huge urban population
urbanization means more concentrated proction and consumption, larger scale, more socialized and higher proction efficiency, and modernization. The higher the degree of urbanization, the higher the degree of modernization. This is the understanding of the significance of urbanization so far. But in the past two or three decades, with the progress of science and technology, especially the development and popularization of computer and network technology, people's understanding of urbanization standards is undergoing some new changes. Nowadays, more and more people can work far away from the central city or even at home. They can also obtain information, hold meetings, trade and complete many things. Moreover, they can greatly save time and rece a lot of logistics consumption. In addition, people have higher and higher requirements for the quality of the environment, and they are not willing to go to the big cities with serious pollution. As a result, the population in some developed countries began to disperse from big cities to small cities and from downtown areas to suburbs. Moreover, this trend will not rece the degree of modernization at all. When we are promoting urbanization in the 21st century, should we consider these new factors to avoid the detour of over concentration of population to the central city
the third question is whether too fast and excessive urbanization will cause some consequences that are difficult to reverse and correct. Now there is a feeling that China's urbanization is promoted through a strong planned economy model and strong administrative means, rather than natural development to meet the needs of the market. For example, the average rate of urbanization is more than one block per year, the degree of urbanization in which year, and the recent proposal to speed up the pace of urbanization are all typical practices of planned economy. Urbanization is more complex than any single proct or single economic index, which involves population distribution, resource allocation, environment and society. The role of administration and planning is necessary for urbanization, but it should be mainly reflected in the concentration of outstanding talents in all aspects, the formulation of scientific urban planning according to history, current situation and future, the comprehensive balance, the accurate positioning of urban functions, and the assurance of urban characteristics, rather than the emphasis on indicators and progress
the rapid and excessive urbanization may cause at least four consequences that are difficult to reverse and correct:
one is the abnormal rection of a large number of cultivated land. Cities are generally built in plain areas with good natural conditions, which are also the best agricultural areas. According to the plan, China's urbanization needs to occupy 3% - 6% of the country's land, the proportion seems small, but the area is not small, about 300000-600000 square kilometers, which is equivalent to one-third to one-half of China's total plain area. In order to occupy so much good land, how can we realize the original intention of urbanization to let the people who stay in rural areas get more arable land? In fact, e to the rapid development of urbanization, the wind of enclosure is still prevailing. With the rise of a large number of luxury factories, buildings and various "image projects", large areas of fertile land in the past have disappeared, which makes the contradiction between more farmland and less arable land more prominent. In recent years alone, the net loss of cultivated land has reached 38 million mu, resulting in a large number of landless, jobless and insecure farmers, which is also an important reason for the continuous decline of grain proction
the second is to proce serious "urban disease". Urbanization is too fast, the city is too large, too many people are concentrated in the city in a short time, which inevitably leads to a large number of unemployment, shortage of fresh water and energy supply, traffic congestion, increased crime, environmental deterioration, increased risk of various crises and other phenomena. Some experts say that urbanization does not necessarily proce "urban disease". The root causes of "urban disease" lie in the one sidedness of guiding ideology, the irrationality of instrial structure and layout, and the development mode of "low-density expansion". They put forward "development overcomes urban disease", "planning reces urban disease" and "management cures urban disease". These opinions are reasonable, but the question is whether we can achieve in practice that the guiding ideology is not one-sided, whether the planning is scientific and reasonable, and whether the management is strict. This summer, a heavy rain in Beijing paralyzed almost the whole city's traffic, while a heavy rain and gale in Shanghai caused serious traffic jams and large-scale blackouts, which exposed the problems in our urban construction and management
three is the "bubble" of real estate. At present, many cities are building houses too fast and too much, which takes up a lot of bank funds. If the supply exceeds the demand seriously, or the price exceeds the affordability of the citizens, a large number of houses will be vacant, leading to economic crisis. Experience has proved that the economic crisis caused by the real estate bubble will take many years to slow down. The fourth is the "ruins" of the city. There are two possible reasons for this: first, the above-mentioned serious oversupply of real estate, resulting in a large number of vacant buildings; The second is the declining trend of China's population in this century. According to the assumption of China's population policy, after reaching the peak of 1.7 billion, the total population will graally decline and finally reach the ideal scale of about 700 million. Now that so many large-scale cities have been built today, will there be one day when not so many people will live in them
China's urbanization, in terms of its scale, is unprecedented in human history, and may also be unprecedented. Its arousness and complexity cannot be compared with any developed country. It's not only about today, it's about tomorrow, it's about future generations. When a city is built, it cannot be easily demolished; What is lost in the process of urbanization is also difficult to recover. Our pace should be steady, we should maximize the advantages of urbanization, and try to avoid or rece the disadvantages that may be caused by carelessness and blindness.
advantages:
first, let's talk about the income. The income of large urbanized areas is certainly higher than that of small urbanized areas. Intuitively, the income of urban areas is higher than that of rural areas, such as Shanghai citizens, Many residents also live in crowded, small and dilapidated small tile roofed houses in urban villages, and many of them are unemployed at home. However, e to the advancement of urbanization, real estate developers begin to spread to the residents' houses. If they demolish the small houses, they have to pay compensation and arrange decent housing, so such residents begin to live a good life; Well off & quot; After living in a good house, the extra compensation can be put into the bank for pension and social welfare.
on the other hand, in ordinary and dirty communities, the owners of low and middle block houses (left by their ancestors) don't worry about their income at all. In the small tile roofed houses with 5 or 6 square meters in Shanghai, the monthly rent is 350-500, you know, In addition to a bed, there is no room for a table in such a house. But most people can't live in such a house. I've been to similar places. I've seen several people live in the same house, a big bed, and some of them are wives, daughters or sons. It's really surprising. Let's calculate the owner's income, As long as there are five or six such small houses, and their income has reached 2000-3000 yuan, plus they have a fixed place, they can play mahjong every day without working at all. They even feel that they are qualified to dictate in front of people from other places.
the housing price in Shanghai is a little high, and the above phenomenon has spread to the rural areas of Shanghai, which has created a short-term advantage of urban population, Such advantages are of far-reaching significance.
in contrast to the rural areas, let's take Pizhou, where I was born and raised. Especially 10 years ago, urbanization did not involve the rural areas at all. The source of income depended on breeding and planting, and instrialization was very low. To be honest, the income of many old people and vulnerable groups was zero. Even if there were wealthy businessmen in the middle, the average index was wiped out by these people, Economic indicators have suffered a great loss. Although they have not reached the point of starvation, our situation is worse than that of Africa in the eyes of big cities.
even now, such a situation still exists. Although it has changed, the basic contradiction has not been solved
8. Also known as "re urbanization", it is a stage in the process of urbanization
the so-called re urbanization is aimed at "counter urbanization". When urbanization develops to a certain level, the adverse effects of excessive concentration begin to appear, and urban development tends to be decentralized, which eventually leads to "counter urbanization": urban population, instry and Commerce disperse to rural areas, while urban central area develops slowly, or even begins to decline
in this context, the state and the city government actively take measures to adjust the instrial structure, vigorously develop high-tech instry and the tertiary instry, and actively develop the declining downtown areas to achieve population growth in the city, resulting in the so-called re urbanization. In a word, re urbanization is to further enhance the function and connotation of urbanization.
the so-called re urbanization is aimed at "counter urbanization". When urbanization develops to a certain level, the adverse effects of excessive concentration begin to appear, and urban development tends to be decentralized, which eventually leads to "counter urbanization": urban population, instry and Commerce disperse to rural areas, while urban central area develops slowly, or even begins to decline
in this context, the state and the city government actively take measures to adjust the instrial structure, vigorously develop high-tech instry and the tertiary instry, and actively develop the declining downtown areas to achieve population growth in the city, resulting in the so-called re urbanization. In a word, re urbanization is to further enhance the function and connotation of urbanization.
9. Suburbanization and counter urbanization are different processes in the process of urbanization. Generally, the stages of urbanization are divided into the initial stage, suburban urbanization stage, counter urbanization stage and re urbanization stage
generally speaking, suburban urbanization is the proct of the initial stage of urbanization. Due to the rapid expansion of people, the scale of the city has expanded, and the suburbs have become part of the urban landscape. This is generally called a suburban city
while counter urbanization is e to the improvement of economic level, when the urbanization process is higher, the population (high income and more) tends to migrate to the suburbs. Note: there is a certain distance between the suburbs and the city, and the suburbs in the process of urbanization are adjacent to the city
the key difference between the two lies in the different causes. Suburbanization should be a benign development process of urban natural expansion and a phenomenon accompanied by economic development. Only counter urbanization should emphasize the deterioration of urban internal environment
counter urbanization: e to the increasing pressure of traffic congestion, crime growth, serious pollution and other urban problems, the urban population begins to flow to the suburbs and even to the rural areas, resulting in the "hollowing out" of the urban area and the reversal of urbanization characterized by population concentration. Suburbanization: villages and towns, development zones, instrial and mining enterprises are integrated with the city and urban and rural areas, and almost the urban and suburban areas are closely linked. From the perspective of western developed countries, the positive effects of suburbanization are very similar< First, the suburbanization alleviates the over concentration of population, housing shortage and traffic congestion in the central area of big cities, improves the working conditions of cities and promotes the further harmony of man land relationship< Second, we should pay attention to the overall coordination of regional social and economic development, and promote the coordinated layout of urban instries and departments within the scope of regional space through the formulation and implementation of sound regional planning, which is concive to giving full play to the overall functions of cities in the fields of proction, circulation, life and consumption; Third, it has improved the environmental quality of the city. However, the construction of suburbanization is not in line with China's national conditions. If it is allowed to continue to develop, it will inevitably proce a series of "urban diseases", which will eventually hinder the development of urbanization. This kind of "urban disease" is graally exposed in China.
generally speaking, suburban urbanization is the proct of the initial stage of urbanization. Due to the rapid expansion of people, the scale of the city has expanded, and the suburbs have become part of the urban landscape. This is generally called a suburban city
while counter urbanization is e to the improvement of economic level, when the urbanization process is higher, the population (high income and more) tends to migrate to the suburbs. Note: there is a certain distance between the suburbs and the city, and the suburbs in the process of urbanization are adjacent to the city
the key difference between the two lies in the different causes. Suburbanization should be a benign development process of urban natural expansion and a phenomenon accompanied by economic development. Only counter urbanization should emphasize the deterioration of urban internal environment
counter urbanization: e to the increasing pressure of traffic congestion, crime growth, serious pollution and other urban problems, the urban population begins to flow to the suburbs and even to the rural areas, resulting in the "hollowing out" of the urban area and the reversal of urbanization characterized by population concentration. Suburbanization: villages and towns, development zones, instrial and mining enterprises are integrated with the city and urban and rural areas, and almost the urban and suburban areas are closely linked. From the perspective of western developed countries, the positive effects of suburbanization are very similar< First, the suburbanization alleviates the over concentration of population, housing shortage and traffic congestion in the central area of big cities, improves the working conditions of cities and promotes the further harmony of man land relationship< Second, we should pay attention to the overall coordination of regional social and economic development, and promote the coordinated layout of urban instries and departments within the scope of regional space through the formulation and implementation of sound regional planning, which is concive to giving full play to the overall functions of cities in the fields of proction, circulation, life and consumption; Third, it has improved the environmental quality of the city. However, the construction of suburbanization is not in line with China's national conditions. If it is allowed to continue to develop, it will inevitably proce a series of "urban diseases", which will eventually hinder the development of urbanization. This kind of "urban disease" is graally exposed in China.
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