The essence of human being is decentralization
Publish: 2021-04-17 05:09:36
1. Decentralization was originally a concept in Web2.0, which was later quoted by communication science. Its concept can be simply explained as: it weakens the "Information Center" in the traditional information communication pyramid, and makes the "audience" in the original communication become a new source of information, and everyone is the center. For example, Xinhua news agency, Xinhuanet, renmin.com, New York Times, sina.com, AOL, Yahoo, etc. are all "information centers" in the traditional sense. Nowadays, with the rise of blog, microblog and SNS, these information platforms that netizens spontaneously maintain have become new information centers. No matter from that point of view, the pattern that everyone on the network is the center has been basically formed.
2. It can be transferred by the will of the people around, not by the central opinion. Constantly make changes to achieve longer-term goals.
3.
The essence of man is his sociality
Although Kant and Hegel pointed out that the essence of human beings should be human sociality, the sociality they said was still based on transcendental rational principles or absolute ideas. According to Marxist theory of human nature, the essential attribute of man is not his natural attribute, but his social attribute We can't talk about human nature without certain social relations. Human beings make tools of proction and engage in proctive labor in certain social relations. Therefore, generally speaking, human nature, as Marx said, is the sum of all social relations. In class society, class relations play a leading role in all kinds of social relations, so human nature has class nature. Marxist theory of human nature has laid the foundation of socialist ecation theory 
extended materials:
there were different views of human nature in the history of Chinese philosophy and ecation, and different views of ecation were derived. Mencius advocated good human nature; The "conscience" and "ability" without learning are the beginning of all virtues. The task of ecation is just to "rest assured" and restore man's innate nature
Xunzi advocated that human nature is evil, and the reason why people can change from evil to good is the result of accumulated learning and acquired efforts. Gaozi advocates that human nature has no distinction between good and evil, and emphasizes human nature. Yang Xiong believes that human nature has good and evil, and the key to good or evil lies in learning. Dong Zhongshu and Han Yu advocated the theory of three grades of human nature, and divided human nature into three grades, which showed that human's good and evil originated from nature and expressed in emotion4. Marx said: human nature is the sum of all kinds of social relations
Marxist theory on human nature
Marx and Engels absorbed all the excellent cultural achievements in the history of human thought, especially the rational core of Hegel's dialectics and Feuerbach's materialism, Put forward the scientific judgment about the essence of human. Marx opposed the abstract understanding of human nature, and advocated understanding human from the reality of specific indivials. In his opinion, when examining the essence of human beings and understanding human beings, "our starting point is the people who are engaged in practical activities... But not the people who are in some illusory isolated and fixed state, but the people who are in the development process of reality, which can be observed through experience and carried out under certain conditions" (selected works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 1, people's publishing house, 1995, P. 73). In this way, human beings are regarded not only as natural beings, but also as social beings“ Man created religion, not religion created man Religion turns human nature into fantasy reality, because human nature has no real reality. Man is not something that lives outside the world abstractly. People are people, the world, the country and the society. " The complete works of Marx and Engels, Vol.1, people's publishing house, 1979, p.452) finally, Marx made a scientific conclusion of human nature in the outline of Feuerbach: "human nature is not the inherent abstract of a single person. In reality, it is the sum of all social relations. " Selected works of Marx and Engels, Vol.1, people's publishing house, 1995, P.56) this classic expression of Marxism on the issue of human nature is not only a scientific judgment on human nature, but also provides a scientific way of thinking for the investigation of human nature. This passage contains profound meaning. Specifically, it can be understood from the following aspects< Human nature is realistic and concrete.
there is a common fundamental mistake in the theory of human nature and human nature before the emergence of Marxism, which is to talk about human nature and human nature without the specific historical conditions and specific social relations. Starting from the analysis of Feuerbach, Marx criticized the abstract theory of human nature of historical idealism, completely denied the sociality, class nature and historicity of killing people. Starting from this abstract, general and isolated indivial, Marx summed up the essence of human being as the "abstract thing that a single indivial has". Marx does not deny that human beings have some commonalities, but opposes the abstraction of the commonalities and the study of human nature without the specific historical conditions and social relations. As Marx pointed out when criticizing Feuerbach: "Feuerbach did not criticize the essence of this reality, so he had to: (1) put aside the process of history, fix religious feelings as independent things, and assume that there is an abstract - isolated - human indivial 2) Therefore, essence can only be understood as "class", as an internal, silent universality that naturally connects many indivials. " Selected works of Marx and Engels, Vol.1, people's publishing house, 1995, P.56)
2. Human nature is determined by social relations
from the perspective of historical materialism, Marxism first puts forward the proposition that social relations determine human nature, which provides a scientific way of thinking for us to understand human nature. Marxism holds that labor creates human beings. At the same time, in the process of labor and in the activities of transforming nature, human beings are not separated and isolated from each other, but form certain social relations. It is in the social relations that human nature is formed. Social relationship is a complex system. According to Lenin's understanding, social relations can be divided into two types: material social relations and ideological social relations, which are multi-level and multi-faceted. Material social relations generally refer to the economic relations formed in the proction of material means of living, that is, the relations of proction, including the relations of proction, distribution, exchange and consumption. Ideological social relations refer to those based on material social relations, including political, legal, moral and religious relations. In class society, the relations of proction are mainly embodied in class relations. Therefore, in class society, human nature has distinct class nature. As Marx said, everyone is "the personification of economic category, the undertaker of certain class relations and interests." No matter how detached an indivial is from various relations subjectively, he is always the proct of these relations in the social sense "(complete works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 23, people's publishing house, 1972, P. 12). Everyone is born in a certain social relationship. Only in social relationship can he be a person in the real sense. Otherwise, once he is divorced from social relationship and loses his social attribute, he will be like a "wolf child" in human form. No matter how developed brain and sound body he has, he can not have human nature
3. The sum of all social relations is the organic unity of many social relations. The first is to show that the connection between various social relations is not mechanical, but organic. They influence, restrict and infiltrate each other, forming a crisscross unity. The essence of human is "the sum of all social relations", which reflects that human essence is the organic unity of various social relations, rather than the simple addition of various social relations or the repetition of certain social relations. This requires us to grasp the essence of human beings from the organic connection of various social relations in a systematic and comprehensive way. As Marx said, "society is not composed of indivials, but the sum of the connections and relationships between these indivials." Marx and Engels complete works, Vol.46, people's publishing house, 1979, p.220)
the second meaning refers to that various social relations are not parallel and equal in the organic and unified connection, they play different roles in determining human nature. Among all kinds of social relations, material relations, especially proction relations, are the most basic and important. They determine and restrict all other social relations, so they are also of the most important significance to human nature< The essence of human is historical and developing.
the essence of human is not only abstract, but also not immutable. It develops with the development of history. This is because social relations are not fixed, but develop and change with the contradictory movement of social proctive forces and proction relations“ The social relations by which people proce, that is, social relations of proction, develop and change with the change and development of material means of proction and proctive forces. The relations of proction, taken together, constitute the so-called social relations, the so-called society, a society at a certain stage of historical development, and a society with unique characteristics. " The complete works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 6, people's publishing house, 1961, P. 487) therefore, human nature, as "the sum of all social relations", must be historical and developing. As Marx said, the essence of human is "changed historically in every era". So far, human society has gone through five social forms of change, the "sum" of social relations has also undergone significant changes, different social forms of social relations determine the nature of different people< Human nature is the material undertaker of human social nature, but it is not human nature.
Marxism believes that human nature is "the sum of all social relations". It does not mean to deny the natural attribute factors contained in human nature, but emphasizes that social attribute is the fundamental difference between human nature and animal nature and divinity, Thus, we can draw a clear line with the old materialism. Therefore, Marxism recognizes and attaches importance to man's natural attributes, and holds that man's natural attributes are the material undertaker, foundation and premise of man's social attributes. Without natural attributes, that is, physiological structure, appetite, sexual desire and other biological instincts, there is no human survival and development. However, the essence of human beings mainly embodies the fundamental characteristics of the distinction between human beings and animals. In this sense, human beings are not only natural beings, but also social beings. Therefore, the social attribute of human beings is the essential attribute of human beings. In addition, although people's social attributes are based on natural attributes, the natural attributes of people in history and reality are all baptised by their social attributes and contain corresponding social contents. The biological instinct of human survival and reproction is different from that of animals. For example, human beings not only have appetite, but also have food culture. Human sexual desire is also related to the feelings between the two sexes, which leads to family. The reason for this difference lies in the fact that human social attribute injects social content into natural attribute. Therefore, if we deny that man's nature lies in his social attribute and regard man's natural attribute as his essential attribute, we will confuse man with animals and society with nature.
Marxist theory on human nature
Marx and Engels absorbed all the excellent cultural achievements in the history of human thought, especially the rational core of Hegel's dialectics and Feuerbach's materialism, Put forward the scientific judgment about the essence of human. Marx opposed the abstract understanding of human nature, and advocated understanding human from the reality of specific indivials. In his opinion, when examining the essence of human beings and understanding human beings, "our starting point is the people who are engaged in practical activities... But not the people who are in some illusory isolated and fixed state, but the people who are in the development process of reality, which can be observed through experience and carried out under certain conditions" (selected works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 1, people's publishing house, 1995, P. 73). In this way, human beings are regarded not only as natural beings, but also as social beings“ Man created religion, not religion created man Religion turns human nature into fantasy reality, because human nature has no real reality. Man is not something that lives outside the world abstractly. People are people, the world, the country and the society. " The complete works of Marx and Engels, Vol.1, people's publishing house, 1979, p.452) finally, Marx made a scientific conclusion of human nature in the outline of Feuerbach: "human nature is not the inherent abstract of a single person. In reality, it is the sum of all social relations. " Selected works of Marx and Engels, Vol.1, people's publishing house, 1995, P.56) this classic expression of Marxism on the issue of human nature is not only a scientific judgment on human nature, but also provides a scientific way of thinking for the investigation of human nature. This passage contains profound meaning. Specifically, it can be understood from the following aspects< Human nature is realistic and concrete.
there is a common fundamental mistake in the theory of human nature and human nature before the emergence of Marxism, which is to talk about human nature and human nature without the specific historical conditions and specific social relations. Starting from the analysis of Feuerbach, Marx criticized the abstract theory of human nature of historical idealism, completely denied the sociality, class nature and historicity of killing people. Starting from this abstract, general and isolated indivial, Marx summed up the essence of human being as the "abstract thing that a single indivial has". Marx does not deny that human beings have some commonalities, but opposes the abstraction of the commonalities and the study of human nature without the specific historical conditions and social relations. As Marx pointed out when criticizing Feuerbach: "Feuerbach did not criticize the essence of this reality, so he had to: (1) put aside the process of history, fix religious feelings as independent things, and assume that there is an abstract - isolated - human indivial 2) Therefore, essence can only be understood as "class", as an internal, silent universality that naturally connects many indivials. " Selected works of Marx and Engels, Vol.1, people's publishing house, 1995, P.56)
2. Human nature is determined by social relations
from the perspective of historical materialism, Marxism first puts forward the proposition that social relations determine human nature, which provides a scientific way of thinking for us to understand human nature. Marxism holds that labor creates human beings. At the same time, in the process of labor and in the activities of transforming nature, human beings are not separated and isolated from each other, but form certain social relations. It is in the social relations that human nature is formed. Social relationship is a complex system. According to Lenin's understanding, social relations can be divided into two types: material social relations and ideological social relations, which are multi-level and multi-faceted. Material social relations generally refer to the economic relations formed in the proction of material means of living, that is, the relations of proction, including the relations of proction, distribution, exchange and consumption. Ideological social relations refer to those based on material social relations, including political, legal, moral and religious relations. In class society, the relations of proction are mainly embodied in class relations. Therefore, in class society, human nature has distinct class nature. As Marx said, everyone is "the personification of economic category, the undertaker of certain class relations and interests." No matter how detached an indivial is from various relations subjectively, he is always the proct of these relations in the social sense "(complete works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 23, people's publishing house, 1972, P. 12). Everyone is born in a certain social relationship. Only in social relationship can he be a person in the real sense. Otherwise, once he is divorced from social relationship and loses his social attribute, he will be like a "wolf child" in human form. No matter how developed brain and sound body he has, he can not have human nature
3. The sum of all social relations is the organic unity of many social relations. The first is to show that the connection between various social relations is not mechanical, but organic. They influence, restrict and infiltrate each other, forming a crisscross unity. The essence of human is "the sum of all social relations", which reflects that human essence is the organic unity of various social relations, rather than the simple addition of various social relations or the repetition of certain social relations. This requires us to grasp the essence of human beings from the organic connection of various social relations in a systematic and comprehensive way. As Marx said, "society is not composed of indivials, but the sum of the connections and relationships between these indivials." Marx and Engels complete works, Vol.46, people's publishing house, 1979, p.220)
the second meaning refers to that various social relations are not parallel and equal in the organic and unified connection, they play different roles in determining human nature. Among all kinds of social relations, material relations, especially proction relations, are the most basic and important. They determine and restrict all other social relations, so they are also of the most important significance to human nature< The essence of human is historical and developing.
the essence of human is not only abstract, but also not immutable. It develops with the development of history. This is because social relations are not fixed, but develop and change with the contradictory movement of social proctive forces and proction relations“ The social relations by which people proce, that is, social relations of proction, develop and change with the change and development of material means of proction and proctive forces. The relations of proction, taken together, constitute the so-called social relations, the so-called society, a society at a certain stage of historical development, and a society with unique characteristics. " The complete works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 6, people's publishing house, 1961, P. 487) therefore, human nature, as "the sum of all social relations", must be historical and developing. As Marx said, the essence of human is "changed historically in every era". So far, human society has gone through five social forms of change, the "sum" of social relations has also undergone significant changes, different social forms of social relations determine the nature of different people< Human nature is the material undertaker of human social nature, but it is not human nature.
Marxism believes that human nature is "the sum of all social relations". It does not mean to deny the natural attribute factors contained in human nature, but emphasizes that social attribute is the fundamental difference between human nature and animal nature and divinity, Thus, we can draw a clear line with the old materialism. Therefore, Marxism recognizes and attaches importance to man's natural attributes, and holds that man's natural attributes are the material undertaker, foundation and premise of man's social attributes. Without natural attributes, that is, physiological structure, appetite, sexual desire and other biological instincts, there is no human survival and development. However, the essence of human beings mainly embodies the fundamental characteristics of the distinction between human beings and animals. In this sense, human beings are not only natural beings, but also social beings. Therefore, the social attribute of human beings is the essential attribute of human beings. In addition, although people's social attributes are based on natural attributes, the natural attributes of people in history and reality are all baptised by their social attributes and contain corresponding social contents. The biological instinct of human survival and reproction is different from that of animals. For example, human beings not only have appetite, but also have food culture. Human sexual desire is also related to the feelings between the two sexes, which leads to family. The reason for this difference lies in the fact that human social attribute injects social content into natural attribute. Therefore, if we deny that man's nature lies in his social attribute and regard man's natural attribute as his essential attribute, we will confuse man with animals and society with nature.
5. Human body is just a carrier of life. His real life is not in this space, but can pass through space. What kind of shell life injects into, it will become what kind of shape life, but this kind of shell, in our space, is born from the mother
Why become human? It is because of the formation of selfishness and greed, they have done a lot of non original things, that is, wrong things, which can only be ended in such an environment, which forms the marriage of human beings
life in the human space, can only feel three-dimensional space and one-dimensional time, get rid of that is not the case at all
my answer for the landlord you are imagination, for me is not necessarily imagination, for example, how many people understand Nietzsche, understand Einstein? Just like insects can never imagine the existence of birds in three dimensions (not irony), but the source of the answer is different from what we usually learn
human brain? If you think that the structure and function of the human brain is what you have learned, why don't you think that the definition of human is also what is described in books and dictionaries? Don't you come here because you can't find the ideal answer? Have you considered the definition of death in modern human beings? From heart activity to brain activity, is the current definition the truth? Do you know why some of the twins grow up in the same environment and some of them are selfish? But now you can't think about more complicated and advanced problems about the human brain, which is the essence< In addition, I am a doctor of biology. This is not another meaning. We just want to show that we can't be enslaved and restricted by the knowledge we have learned. If you ask this kind of question, it's a kind of thinking that can't be cultivated by modern science. You need someone who has fundamentally solved the thinking method to explain it. Do you still want to find the answer from the book?
Why become human? It is because of the formation of selfishness and greed, they have done a lot of non original things, that is, wrong things, which can only be ended in such an environment, which forms the marriage of human beings
life in the human space, can only feel three-dimensional space and one-dimensional time, get rid of that is not the case at all
my answer for the landlord you are imagination, for me is not necessarily imagination, for example, how many people understand Nietzsche, understand Einstein? Just like insects can never imagine the existence of birds in three dimensions (not irony), but the source of the answer is different from what we usually learn
human brain? If you think that the structure and function of the human brain is what you have learned, why don't you think that the definition of human is also what is described in books and dictionaries? Don't you come here because you can't find the ideal answer? Have you considered the definition of death in modern human beings? From heart activity to brain activity, is the current definition the truth? Do you know why some of the twins grow up in the same environment and some of them are selfish? But now you can't think about more complicated and advanced problems about the human brain, which is the essence< In addition, I am a doctor of biology. This is not another meaning. We just want to show that we can't be enslaved and restricted by the knowledge we have learned. If you ask this kind of question, it's a kind of thinking that can't be cultivated by modern science. You need someone who has fundamentally solved the thinking method to explain it. Do you still want to find the answer from the book?
6. Human nature is an important concept in philosophy, which is the sum of all social relations based on practice< According to Marxism, the fundamental mark that distinguishes human beings from other animals lies in human creative proctive labor practice, which is the basis for the formation of human nature. Specifically, human nature can be understood from the following three aspects:
first, the natural attribute of human beings is not human nature, The nature of man lies in his sociality. The natural attribute shows the commonality between man and other animals. Only human's social attribute can distinguish man from other animals. Human's social attribute refers to the characteristics of human's social life, such as human's economic, political, ideological and cultural tendencies, needs and desires. It is the proct of certain social relations< Second, the essence of human beings is the sum of all social relations. The social relations that determine the essence of human beings are not single, but multifaceted, including economic, political and ideological relations, as well as family and kinship relations, etc, The sociality of human being is mainly manifested as class nature. To fully grasp the nature of human being, we must make a comprehensive study of human being in various social relations based on proction relations< Third, human nature is concrete and historical. The historical variability of social relations between people determines the concrete historicity of human nature. In short, human nature can not be found outside the real social life. Human nature exists in the real, perceptible and developing social relations, The scientific explanation of human nature is a revolutionary change realized by Marxist historical materialism.
first, the natural attribute of human beings is not human nature, The nature of man lies in his sociality. The natural attribute shows the commonality between man and other animals. Only human's social attribute can distinguish man from other animals. Human's social attribute refers to the characteristics of human's social life, such as human's economic, political, ideological and cultural tendencies, needs and desires. It is the proct of certain social relations< Second, the essence of human beings is the sum of all social relations. The social relations that determine the essence of human beings are not single, but multifaceted, including economic, political and ideological relations, as well as family and kinship relations, etc, The sociality of human being is mainly manifested as class nature. To fully grasp the nature of human being, we must make a comprehensive study of human being in various social relations based on proction relations< Third, human nature is concrete and historical. The historical variability of social relations between people determines the concrete historicity of human nature. In short, human nature can not be found outside the real social life. Human nature exists in the real, perceptible and developing social relations, The scientific explanation of human nature is a revolutionary change realized by Marxist historical materialism.
7. The problem of human nature is too big to be explained from the perspectives of physics, biology, philosophy, etc.
even from the perspective of philosophy, each theoretical system deces different conclusions
I learn from existentialism, and I understand it from Sartre's point of view.
Sartre said: man is not the sum of all he has, but the sum of all he does not have. This view clarifies that human nature is the sum of all possibilities< In fact, it is not difficult to understand that two children are born at the same time. Their essence is the same. There are unlimited possibilities for them to become artists, politicians, thinkers, scientists, entrepreneurs and so on. If after 40 years, one of the two children becomes a politician and the other a scientist. It means that they realize one of them in the essence of infinite possibility. But at that moment, did human nature change? No, even after 40 years, people are still the sum of infinite possibilities, because in another 20 years, that scientist will be a politician, and a politician will be a scientist. Whether it can be realized is not certain, but the possibility is always there. This is the existentialist view of human nature
this is my point of view, but you should know that this is not the truth, any philosophical system is not the truth, just choose a dective way to look at the problem. In fact, we can never explore the truth of human nature. What we need to do is to find a dective way to support our life. This is the wisdom of applied philosophy!
even from the perspective of philosophy, each theoretical system deces different conclusions
I learn from existentialism, and I understand it from Sartre's point of view.
Sartre said: man is not the sum of all he has, but the sum of all he does not have. This view clarifies that human nature is the sum of all possibilities< In fact, it is not difficult to understand that two children are born at the same time. Their essence is the same. There are unlimited possibilities for them to become artists, politicians, thinkers, scientists, entrepreneurs and so on. If after 40 years, one of the two children becomes a politician and the other a scientist. It means that they realize one of them in the essence of infinite possibility. But at that moment, did human nature change? No, even after 40 years, people are still the sum of infinite possibilities, because in another 20 years, that scientist will be a politician, and a politician will be a scientist. Whether it can be realized is not certain, but the possibility is always there. This is the existentialist view of human nature
this is my point of view, but you should know that this is not the truth, any philosophical system is not the truth, just choose a dective way to look at the problem. In fact, we can never explore the truth of human nature. What we need to do is to find a dective way to support our life. This is the wisdom of applied philosophy!
8. In modern psychology, thinking is understood as "the psychological process of exploring and discovering new things, which is restricted by society and closely related to speech, Thinking is a process of indirectly summarizing and reflecting reality in the analysis and synthesis of reality. Thinking is proced by perceptual knowledge on the basis of practical activities and goes far beyond the boundary of perceptual knowledge. "
some people also say that" thinking is the generalization and indirect reflection of human brain on objective reality, and it reflects the essence and internal regularity of things. "
however, Although there are different descriptions of the meaning of thinking in various psychological literatures, there are no essential differences in detailed analysis. To sum up their descriptions, there are no more than two aspects, one is to reflect, the other is to be conscious. This is because the human brain is a highly organized special material, the most complex material known so far, and the organ of thinking, In this sense, human brain and animal brain are the same, reflecting only the indivial attributes of things, indivial things and their external relations, belonging to perceptual knowledge; Consciousness refers to a significant difference between human brain and animal brain. Human brain can proce consciousness (knowledge already exists in the brain and the habit of consciously absorbing knowledge), while animals have no consciousness. Therefore, the brain equipped with consciousness can reflect the common and essential attributes of a kind of things and the internal and inevitable relationship between things, This is the direct essence of thinking
for example, we often see wind and rain, which is just the perception of these natural phenomena (animals can also do it), but if we want to study why it is windy and rain, and connect these phenomena with blowing, fans, water droplets on glass windows, water pipe "sweating", water droplets on kettle lid and so on, It is found that they are all the results of "air convection" or "liquefaction of water vapor when it is cold". Then they have gone deep into the interior of things and are thinking about the causal relationship
for another example, in the understanding of triangles, perception can only reflect the shape and size of various triangles, while thinking can abandon the non essential characteristics such as the specific shape and size of triangles, and generalize the common and essential characteristic that any triangle has three sides and three angles. Therefore, human thinking realizes the transformation from phenomenon to essence, The transformation from sensibility to rationality makes it reach the rational cognition of objective things, which constitutes the advanced stage of human cognition< To sum up, the essence of thinking is the reflection of conscious mind to objective things
"conscious mind" means a brain with knowledge and a habit of consciously absorbing knowledge. From the perspective of thinking, "reflection of objective things" is not a reflection of the surface phenomena of objective things, but a reflection of the internal relations and essential attributes of objective things, Otherwise, there may be confusion in understanding, because generality is not limited to thinking, perception and representation also have generality; Indirectness is not limited to thinking, imagination is indirect reflection, so thinking is the reflection of the internal relations and essential attributes of objective things; The way of reflection is not intuitive and scattered, but indirect and generalized.
some people also say that" thinking is the generalization and indirect reflection of human brain on objective reality, and it reflects the essence and internal regularity of things. "
however, Although there are different descriptions of the meaning of thinking in various psychological literatures, there are no essential differences in detailed analysis. To sum up their descriptions, there are no more than two aspects, one is to reflect, the other is to be conscious. This is because the human brain is a highly organized special material, the most complex material known so far, and the organ of thinking, In this sense, human brain and animal brain are the same, reflecting only the indivial attributes of things, indivial things and their external relations, belonging to perceptual knowledge; Consciousness refers to a significant difference between human brain and animal brain. Human brain can proce consciousness (knowledge already exists in the brain and the habit of consciously absorbing knowledge), while animals have no consciousness. Therefore, the brain equipped with consciousness can reflect the common and essential attributes of a kind of things and the internal and inevitable relationship between things, This is the direct essence of thinking
for example, we often see wind and rain, which is just the perception of these natural phenomena (animals can also do it), but if we want to study why it is windy and rain, and connect these phenomena with blowing, fans, water droplets on glass windows, water pipe "sweating", water droplets on kettle lid and so on, It is found that they are all the results of "air convection" or "liquefaction of water vapor when it is cold". Then they have gone deep into the interior of things and are thinking about the causal relationship
for another example, in the understanding of triangles, perception can only reflect the shape and size of various triangles, while thinking can abandon the non essential characteristics such as the specific shape and size of triangles, and generalize the common and essential characteristic that any triangle has three sides and three angles. Therefore, human thinking realizes the transformation from phenomenon to essence, The transformation from sensibility to rationality makes it reach the rational cognition of objective things, which constitutes the advanced stage of human cognition< To sum up, the essence of thinking is the reflection of conscious mind to objective things
"conscious mind" means a brain with knowledge and a habit of consciously absorbing knowledge. From the perspective of thinking, "reflection of objective things" is not a reflection of the surface phenomena of objective things, but a reflection of the internal relations and essential attributes of objective things, Otherwise, there may be confusion in understanding, because generality is not limited to thinking, perception and representation also have generality; Indirectness is not limited to thinking, imagination is indirect reflection, so thinking is the reflection of the internal relations and essential attributes of objective things; The way of reflection is not intuitive and scattered, but indirect and generalized.
Hot content