Decentralization of new communication revolution

1. 1、 The motivation of media technology progress: human beings pursue the infinity of time and space

according to the media bias view of Innis, the media system must have two conditions to complete the communication mission of information, knowledge and culture: the synchronic transmission of information in the field of space, and the historical inheritance and accumulation of information in the field of time. Any medium is a material entity, so it will inevitably exist in a certain form in a certain time and space, and show its own unique nature. Books, magazines, newspapers, photos and stone tablets are the media that occupy space. Radio, telephone, walkie talkie and wireless communication are the media of time. Movies, TV and computers are the media of time and space

from the perspective of communication process, information transmission goes through the time course and space range from the disseminator to the receiver. From the perspective of the time nature of media, the time that media can keep information is long or short, and the speed of information dissemination is fast or slow. For example, compared with the former, TV transmission is faster than printing transmission and has the advantage of time; Compared with the latter, TV communication is shorter than print communication, which is not easy to preserve and has no time advantage. From the perspective of the spatial nature of media, the space that can carry information varies from large to small, and the regional coverage of information varies from large to small

communication is a kind of information sharing activity, which is carried out in a certain social relationship, and is also the embodiment of a certain social relationship. Communication is not only the connecting body of human space, but also makes information spread thousands of miles without being obstructed by mountains, rivers and oceans; It is also the connectome of human time, so that information will not be worn by the vicissitudes of time and spread for thousands of years. However, in order to build a "continuous bridge" of time and space between social members, communication is constrained by limited life, social relations and other factors. Therefore, the time and space of specific communication is limited relative to the boundless and endless of the whole material world

in reality, human nature is the sum of all social relations. People living in a narrow space of social activities can only be one-sided indivials; Only those who live in the broadest space of social communication can achieve all-round development. As an intermediary of information exchange, media is a necessary and universal condition for human beings to obtain social relationship resources. Since the day of human beings, media is the indispensable material basis of human proction, life and struggle for survival, and it constantly promotes social development and indivial self satisfaction, self-awareness and self-improvement. Therefore, the space-time condition of communication determines the richness of social relations, thus determines the all-round development and freedom of human beings. However, as a specific person in the material world, e to the constraints of time and energy of life body, social specific proctivity and proction relations, the time and space that human beings have is quite limited, and the limitation of time and space hinders the breadth and depth of human communication, so that the sociality of human beings can not be publicized. In order to survive and develop, human beings must strive to overcome and overcome the limitation of time and space. It is necessary to explore and master the "necessity" of time and space in order to obtain the "freedom" of time and space. Engels said: "freedom is to control ourselves and the external nature according to the understanding of the inevitability of nature."[ 2]

the development history of media technology shows that the process of media technology revolution is the process of human breaking the shackles of time and space. As early as the 1960s, McLuhan, a Canadian communication scientist, put forward the famous conclusion that "media is the extension of human body" in his book "the extension of human being: a general theory of media". In McLuhan's eyes, books are the extension of eyes, radio is the extension of ears, telephone is the extension of ears and voice (mouth), electronic technology is the extension of central nervous system. In a word, it thinks that the medium is the extension of our human physiology and nervous system, which constitutes a series of interactive world. In our opinion, media is not so much the extension of human body as the extension of time and space of human body. As McLuhan said in his other book "media is information", oral media is limited by the physical factors of listening, which leads to people have to live in a narrow space: tribal groups; social groups; After the appearance of written and printed media, the time and space of media were expanded, human beings began to live separately, and the original tribal society disintegrated; After the emergence of electronic media, it has brought a wider range of social groups into a communication system with its advantages of wide range, fast speed and strong sense of scene, forming a "global village" similar to tribal groups but with a wide geographical range. It can be seen that the progress of media technology provides a prerequisite for human beings to move forward from the "Kingdom of necessity" of time and space to the "Kingdom of freedom"

McLuhan also put forward the famous assertion that "media is information", which holds that it is not the content transmitted by media, but the media itself that is profoundly changing people's way of life and the basic structure of society. It means the change of human scale, step or type caused by any progress of media form, which is the "information" that media form brings to human society in addition to transmitting media content. The essence of this proposition is to emphasize that media form is far more important than media content. Most people think that the media is only the form, only the carrier of information, knowledge and content, it is empty, negative and static. However, he believes that the media has a strong reaction to information, knowledge and content. It is positive and dynamic and has a significant impact on information. It determines the clarity and structure of information. Some people don't think so. They think that media only carry the form and shell of content. The habitual thinking pattern blocks the insight and innovative thinking, and people turn a blind eye to and listen to the revolutionary power in the form of media<

the second and fifth media technology progress and the extension of human time and space

in the history of human media technology, there have been five media technology revolutions, and the great role of each media revolution has epoch-making significance. It has not only changed the feeling, touching, seeing and hearing of human beings in the past, but also profoundly influenced what human beings think, think and do today. In the pre language era, our ancestors could only rely on non-verbal media such as action, expression, roar and mark. After labor created human language, oral media set off the first revolution in the history of human media. With language, the experience of indivial human beings can be exchanged and shared by members of society, and the knowledge of the previous generation can also be passed on to the next generation. With language, human beings have stepped out of the barrier of animal signal transmission and embarked on the road of human spiritual communication. The emergence of spoken language has undoubtedly accelerated the evolution and development of human society. Until today, spoken language is still the most basic, commonly used and flexible means of communication. But oral English has its limitations: first, e to the limitation of human energy, oral English can only be transmitted and communicated in a very short distance and in a short time. Second, the phonetic symbols used in spoken language are fleeting, which are limited by time and space

the emergence of words is the second milestone in the history of human media development. Words overcome the transience of sound language, and can keep information for a long time; Words can transmit information to distant places, breaking the space limit of phonetic language

before the advent of printing media technology, e to the bulky media, difficulties in reproction and monopoly of communication, cultural knowledge was only in the hands of a few people, and writing media such as bamboo slips, silk books and official newspapers were only circulated in the upper class. The invention of printing media technology has brought about the third media technology revolution in human society and led human communication into a new era of mass communication. Printing communication has won time and space for its advantages of light weight and easy preservation

in the fourth media technology revolution of mankind, the electronic media with radio and television as the main body has not only greatly broken through the limitation of time and space, making information spread rapidly, but also broke away from the shackles of the essential material transportation in the printing media, opening up a convenient, efficient, cost-effective air channel for information dissemination. In particular, with the satellite transmission of radio and television, this kind of communication is no longer the usual mass communication, but ubiquitous, cross-border and even global communication“ After more than a century of development of electronic technology, we have extended our central nervous system on a global scale and eliminated space-time on our planet. "[ 3]

the emergence of network media and the progress of network technology set off the fifth revolution of media. Network is a high-speed information exchange system that connects countries, departments and indivials in the world, such as electronic technology, computer technology, network technology, communication technology, information technology, space technology and video technology. Network media has a very wide range of communication time and space, which can spread information to all target audiences in all countries and regions covered by the Internet. Moreover, e to the hypertext format and mutual hyperchain of network media, its internal information space is huge, which is not limited by the broadcast time of radio and television and the space of newspaper layout. In the traditional sense, social relations are generally established on the basis of blood relationship, geographical relationship and business relationship. People's communication process is controlled by people's social status, social identity and social role. Network media transcends the limitation of time and space. People of different stages, nationalities, regions and languages have direct or indirect communication in the network, breaking through the limitations of previous point-to-point communication and realizing various communication forms of one-to-one, one to many, many to many and many to one, The exchange of any content at the same time enhances people's openness and sociality, and forms a more free interpersonal relationship and a more comprehensive and rich social relationship.

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4. Good role, Revolution: I think it is the struggle caused by the intensification of the contradiction between the new social role and the old social role, and then to achieve the social system satisfied by the new role. Of course, the revolution has both success and failure (such as Paris Commune), and the new role has both good and bad (such as Adolf Hitler's revolution)
bad effects: social chaos, all kinds of "revolutionaries" peeping, proctivity decline or even pause, etc (temporary, of course)

5. "Revolution" originates from "reincarnation" and "reversion". This seemingly contradictory proposition is actually nothing new. The etymology of revolution is derived from astronomy, which means that a star returns to its original starting point after one revolution in orbit. It is in this sense that the term revolution is used in de revolutionibus orbium coelestium by Copernicus. However, as early as 15 centuries before Copernicus, Cicero had already used conversion, which also came from astronomy and contained the meaning of cycle, to refer to the political turmoil in the world. Polibius has also used the word anakykloois, which is almost a Greek version of revolution. Behind this precocious revolutionary idea is the developed political theory of ancient Greece and Rome. From Plato, Aristotle to Polibius, the circulation of monarchy, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy and mob graally formed a cycle, which dominated the ancients' understanding of all kinds of "revolutions" in the world.

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7. There are many kinds of new media, including
portal, e-mail, search engine, virtual community, online games, blog, Wiki, podcast, SMS,
mobile TV, Internet TV, digital TV, mobile newspaper, online magazine, etc
some of them belong to new media forms, some belong to new media software, new media hardware and new media service methods

What are the characteristics of communication
1. Full time communication. The timeliness of information dissemination has four development stages: timing, instant, real-time and full-time. Full time dissemination means that information can be released at any time

2. Global communication. With less and less regional and spatial restrictions, only equipment and transmission signals are needed to release information

3. Communication is no longer a matter for institutions and media units. Every citizen can participate in it. Anyone can be a reporter or editor

4. Full speed propagation. The communication speed is faster than that of the old media, so the communication activities can be carried out at the same time of the event

5. All media communication. The dissemination of information is not only words or pictures, but also audio, video and other tactile channels

6. Omni channel communication. Client diversification, such as computers, mobile phones, SMS can be information release

7. Full interactive communication. All users have the opportunity to participate in a series of activities such as news clue collection, interview and distribution, and can post comments afterwards

8. Decentralized communication. There is no such situation as "front page headlines". Different audiences can choose a lot of topics for discussion. On the other hand, it also shows that new media makes news diversified

9. Information dissemination is no longer a relatively fixed mode of using words, different news publishers can use their own language habits to spread

10. Self purification propagation. Although in the dissemination process of new media, the area of negative information dissemination is four times of positive information, but the general grapevine will have relevant personnel to clarify, so the misunderstanding can be effectively contained.

8. Internet gives us social progress:
Internet is influencing our social life and changing our traditional ideas at an unprecedented speed< There is no doubt that the Internet is a technological revolution in the first place. The Internet has not only changed our way of consumption, but also revolutionized China's proction, manufacturing and commercial circulation e to the in-depth promotion of e-commerce. The emergence of network community has constructed a completely equal, open and decentralized platform for us. Everyone can become a "communicator" instead of a passive "receiver". We are glad to find that we also have the ability to "create public opinion", so a discourse Carnival born in the network swept across the country

the events that the traditional media can't report, are unwilling to report and don't report are constantly spread and magnified in the network, and the network public opinion has begun to deeply affect the political life. However, there is a sharp contrast between the "open-minded online community" and the "traditional media adhering to the propaganda caliber". From this point of view, the Internet is not just a technological revolution. Technological revolution, political revolution and social revolution cannot be separated. In fact, the Internet is promoting profound changes in all aspects of Chinese social life

the following is the information of Xie Wen, former president of Yahoo China, which I hope will be helpful to you
1. The Internet will greatly promote people's Liberation

reporter: as far as the impact of the Internet on China is concerned, we will not talk more about the pure technical aspect this time, but I think we can first clarify what new revolutions the Internet has brought to some deeply rooted concepts in the technological era< Xie Wen: I think the most fundamental thing is the so-called "decentralization". The biggest difference between the Internet and the previous communication system, communication system and media system is that it has no center. Every node and every member are equal in terms of technology and logic. People interact with each other, not broadcast, which has a profound impact

reporter: what you said about decentralization actually has something to do with promoting indivial values since the age of enlightenment. The whole western enlightenment has been advocating this kind of indivial subject consciousness. Technology, especially Internet technology, to some extent, promotes what western enlightenment advocates. The value of the Internet, in the deep-rooted sense of collectivism in Chinese cultural tradition, is more positive< Xie Wen: at that time, the US Department of defense designed the Internet to ensure that the Soviet missile would not blow up the communication center, and the system would collapse. Therefore, it was required that all participants in the system would not be damaged by another point. To put it bluntly, it's a bit like our society. What you do and what I do don't interfere with each other. But TV, radio and newspapers all have their own centers. If I don't broadcast TV and I don't sell newspapers, you can't read them. The Internet is not. It is a completely open and equal system that can be cut in from any angle. The virtual network world is more equal and open than our real world, and more inclined to vulnerable groups

reporter: just as you mentioned equality, it is also a very diverse and different field< Xie Wen: since everyone can participate and the opportunity is equal, there are endless actors and actresses who make their own voices on the Internet and try to exist in the network world in the way they like. The network world presented to us is diversified and centreless

reporter: with the in-depth development of Internet technology, people may rethink the relationship between people, people and countries, people and various organizations< Xie Wen: in real society, there must be an organized, hierarchical and hierarchical structure. Why are there so many levels in the real society? It is because of the limitation of time and space that cities and various organizations appear in order to be effective. In real life, if everyone is personalized, you can't find the information or service you need. On the Internet, it is precisely because of the removal of physical space and time, so it naturally presents a one-step approach

reporter: this kind of one-step technology has pushed people's Liberation to a relatively thorough level in practical effect< Xie Wen: it's partial, but it's not the liberation of human beings in the real and complete sense. It makes the digital image of human beings and the information they are willing to convey to others more convenient and cost-effective. In real society, the difference between the rich and the poor still exists. It will not be eliminated because of the Internet world, but it will come step by step

reporter: the cost of exchange is very low, and the goal of equality should be realized more and more quickly
on the Internet, the first is self-existence, then self-expression, self display, and then interaction with other people, which greatly reces the trouble and loss in the real society before the Internet, thus greatly improving the efficiency of people's survival and communication< Xie Wen: now the general trend is that with the emergence of new generations, the Internet has penetrated into people's lives, and its impact on social life is rapidly expanding

reporter: over the years, I have been observing some people, especially some so-called public intellectuals. From the beginning of their access to the Internet to the last 10 years, their state, understanding and vision have made great progress. And this kind of progress is not only from the external integration of resources, I see more of their internal progress< Xie Wen: because the way has changed. For example, a murder case caused by steamed bread transformed Chen Kaige. Originally, I thought that I could have a good relationship with a number of oligarchs and the media and create an image through my own public relations. But I didn't expect that a little person like Hugo would have a look. When everyone's blogs and posts exploded, Chen Kaige protested very angrily at first, and finally became very low-key and pragmatic. In the past, elites controlled the media and the channels of speech. They could live in the environment they imagined. Now it is impossible. Things like this have a considerable restructuring effect on the whole society< Reporter: but we can still feel that in such a bureaucratic and bureaucratic society, the wishful thinking of control is deeply rooted< Xie Wen: This is a process. For example, you young people may always feel slow. For those of us who are older and experienced, I feel a general trend. Compared with other countries and societies, I think the Internet has a substantial and huge role in the modernization, opening up and reform of Chinese society

in the process of modernization, Chinese society has just caught up with the technological progress and the emergence of the Internet. We have to be thankful that it is this time that makes our cost much lower than that of some other countries and regions at a similar stage in the process of modernization and opening up< Xie Wen: before I went abroad, in the early 1980s, we were basically isolated from the world. Our limited information is transmitted through some indirect ways, and the concept of the external world is completely fragmented, even distorted and outdated. With the Internet, people in their 20s now see the world. As long as you are willing to see it, you will get a much more complete, fuller and timely picture of the world, and the cost is close to zero. Now it's really possible that "if a scholar doesn't go out, he will know the world."

now it has become the traditional media and is advancing with the pace of network media, which is a change of discourse power. In the past, the media was a bit of the subconscious of the elite, but now it is the behavior of Internet users that guides what people should look at and pay attention to. This kind of centerlessness, which brings the elite to the ground, forms a social foundation for China's modernization and democratization. There are no sacred idols or topics that can't be discussed. This kind of social automatic adjustment makes the whole society appear more healthy

reporter: but with the support of Pan technology theory, are there any problems you are worried about in this process< Xie Wen: This is similar to the concept of market economy, as long as it is fully open, equal competition and survival of the fittest. He has a reason to live. Elite ideas and serious articles will automatically go where they should go. Of course, there may be a situation, that is, who has mastered the platform, who has mastered the technology better, earlier and faster, he may have a greater voice and influence in a certain period of time. But it's better than in the past

reporter: maybe this kind of worry seems too far away. Western philosophers are also thinking about the problems brought about by the so-called era of technological domination< Xie Wen: I don't think the Internet is great in technology. It is far from the high technology of software instry. Of course, there must be some problems here. When information flows fully, everyone can participate, and the cost of information communication and interaction is close to zero, should there be certain rules of the game<

reporter: the recent mass incidents have basically taken place at the county level. The Internet application in these places is relatively weak. On the surface, there is some dislocation between them, but it is this dislocation that opens a new space for our thinking and action< Xie Wen: there is no causal relationship between the two. You can't say that more social unrest is spread by the Internet, and you can't say that it's not easy to have an accident without the Internet. According to later reports, the Weng'an incident belonged to the local government, regardless of the people's interest demands, but it turned out that the fire was burning. In fact, it had nothing to do with the Internet

so I think, as a social tool, the Internet has indeed changed the way of human life, but this process is still controlled by people, the existing social structure and social forces, so don't look at problems passively, passively and contradictively. The more money flows, the better the market economy will be. Similarly, the more information flows, the healthier the society will be<

4. The Internet will promote the reform of China

reporter: at the beginning, you put forward a concept called decentralization. Later, we talked about the impact of the Internet itself on the structure of reality. On the other hand, the whole political ecology and interest ecology, generally speaking, are still a unified structure, which is not absolute and solid, but a relatively elastic one with a lot of toughness. If we consider the impact of the Internet on China's real structure for a long time, how much will the trend of Internet decentralization bring to the current social structure