How to calculate the magnetic force
Lorentz force F = QVB
Definition
railway train, referred to as railway locomotive, commonly known as
EMU
train < sup > [1] < / sup >, refers to the vehicles running on the railway track, usually composed of multiple cars< Sup > [2] < / sup >
the most important mechanical means of transportation in human history, which was called steam locomotive in the early days, had independent rail running. According to the load, railway trains can be divided into freight cars and passenger cars, as well as passenger cars with both
History of development
in 1781, the train pioneer
diesel locomotive
George Stephenson was born into a family of British miners. Until the age of 18, he was illiterate. Despite the ridicule of others, he sat in the classroom with his seven or eight year old children. In 1810, he began to make steam locomotives. In 1817, when Stephenson decided that he was in charge of the construction of the railway line from Liverpool to Manchester, he would take on the task of transportation entirely by steam locomotive. But conservative railway owners doubt the ability of steam locomotives. They proposed that a tractor fixed on the side of the railway should be used to pull the train. In order to make people fully believe in the performance of the train, Stephenson made the "rocket" locomotive with good performance. The outstanding performance of this locomotive finally changed the skeptics' attitude, and Liverpool Manchester railway became the first railway line in the world to be completely transported by steam engine. p> In 1804, a British mining technician named derivisk first used Watt's steam engine to build the world's first steam locomotive. This is a single cylinder steam engine, which can pull five cars, and its speed is 5 to 6 kilometers per hour. The real steam locomotive, the train, was invented by Stephenson. At that time, this kind of car used coal or firewood as fuel, so people called it
"train", which is still in use today
the first coal-fired steam locomotive to use coal-fired steam power has a big disadvantage, that is, it must set up coal and water adding facilities along the railway, and also spend a lot of time in operation to add coal and water to the locomotive. These are very uneconomic. At the end of the 19th century, many scientists turned to electric and fuel locomotives
EMU
the world's first real on track steam train was designed by conwall's engineer Charlie livisck. Its train has four power wheels. It was tested on February 22, 1840. When it was empty, its speed was 20 kilometers per hour. When it was loaded, its speed was 8 kilometers per hour (equivalent to the speed of a person walking fast). Unfortunately, the weight of the train crushed the tracks
In 1879, the German Siemens electric company developed the first electric locomotive, weighing about 954kg, which only performed once in a Berlin trade exhibition. On October 27, 1903, the first practical electric locomotive developed by Siemens and general electric company was put into use In 1894, Germany successfully developed the first gasoline diesel locomotive. It has been applied to railway transportation, and opened a new era for diesel locomotives. However, this kind of locomotive burns gasoline, which costs too much and is not easy to be popularized In 1924, Germany, the United States, France and other countries successfully developed diesel locomotives, which are widely used in the world In 1941, Switzerland successfully developed a new type of oil turbine locomotive, which uses diesel as fueltrain picture < sup > [3] < / sup >
with simple structure, small vibration and good operation performance, it is widely used in instrial countries
since the decade of the 21st century, all countries have made great efforts to develop high-speed trains, such as the high-speed train from Paris to Lyon in France, with a speed of 300 km / h; For the high-speed train from Tokyo to Osaka in Japan, it is more than 300 km. People are still not satisfied with such a high-speed train. France, Japan and other countries took the lead in developing maglev trains. China has also built the world's first commercial maglev train line in Shanghai, from Longyang Road subway station to Pudong airport. This kind of train is suspended on the track and can reach a maximum speed of 500-600 km / h
2 turning principle
the bogie of the train is stuck on the track and runs along the track. When turning, the bogie turns to let the train continue to run along the track. The outer rail is higher than the inner rail when turning
3 power
the first trains were pulled by ropes or horses. By the 19th century, most trains were driven by steam locomotives. After 1940s, steam locomotives were graally replaced by cleaner and less labor-intensive diesel locomotives, and then electric locomotives and multiple units appeared
train < sup > [4] < / sup >
the initial investment of electrified railway is very large, but it is the lowest operating cost per mile. Therefore, only high flow lines are suitable for electrification. Electrified trains may use overhead cables or third rails for power collection
the efficiency of power locomotive is calculated by dividing the unit kilowatt (kw) of power by the ton of tractable weight, which is called traction capacity ratio. The efficiency of steam locomotive is the lowest, followed by diesel locomotive (electric transmission is more efficient than hydraulic transmission), and electric locomotive or electric locomotive is relatively more economical. Because you don't need to consume extra kinetic energy to pull the engine that generates power
the order of traction kinetic energy ratio from small to large is: (passenger aircraft, motorcycles, ordinary family cars, trucks running on roads, agricultural tractors, full trailer,) steam locomotive, diesel hydraulic locomotive, diesel electric locomotive, electric locomotive, diesel oil EMU rental, high-speed rail EMU, electric EMU (passenger ship, fishing boat, oil tanker)
if the cost of unit fuel or unit power is considered to operate the rail vehicles, the small formation is used for interval operation, which has the best economic benefit of energy use, that is, 4 cars in one formation. It is most efficient to use the commuter electric train that stops at every station< Sup > [2] < / sup >
4 railway sources
rail cars
trains and railways are inseparable "brothers" today
the locomotive, or steam locomotive, was invented by British inventor Stephenson in 1825. There is a locomotive, there is a train. But did you know that the invention of railway was more than half a century earlier than that of train
as early as the middle of the 16th century, the British iron and steel instry rose, and mining was carried out everywhere. However, at that time, the transportation of mines was still very backward. Iron ore depends on horses and people, so the labor efficiency is very low. The boss of a company, in order to transport more iron ore, thought of a way: lay two logs from the mountain to the slope, so that the distance between them is the same, and put them one by one to the foot of the mountain. When the bucket car full of ore slid down the two logs, the people on the mountain yelled: "attention, the car is coming down." The people at the foot of the mountain also answered loudly, "the car is here, OK!" This is the early wood track
the wooden track is easy to make, and it is also very easy to transport heavy objects from top to bottom, so it is popular for a time. However, if the wooden track is used on the flat ground, the effect is not great and the labor saving is not much. Moreover, this kind of wooden track is not rable and has great wear and tear
In 1767, someone tried to use pig iron as track instead of wood track. People call it railway. The railway track is much smaller than the wood track. It is directly placed on the ground. The wheels of the bucket car are also made of iron. It makes a sound when it is pushed. It also saves energy in transporting coal and delivering goods. However, the contents of the cart should not be too heavy. Once, a car loaded too much and pressed the rail to the ground. As a result, the car overturned and nearly hurt people What about
? It seems that the bearing capacity of the ground must be solved, and the length of the rail must also be considered. It was in the process of solving these problems that the later railway came into being
the train is very heavy. Some people say that if the weight is distributed on the sleepers, and then the sleepers are distributed on the "track bed", and then the force on the track bed is evenly distributed on the subgrade, the force will become much smaller. After such a transfer process, the contact area increases graally, the pressure per unit area decreases correspondingly, and the subgrade will not be crushed
this design idea is very scientific. It can be said that today's railway is still built according to this principle
5 diesel locomotives
locomotive classification
DF8B diesel locomotives
(1) by purpose: trunk diesel locomotives, including freight diesel locomotives and passenger diesel locomotives; Shunting diesel locomotive and shunting diesel locomotive with small operation; Instrial and mining diesel locomotive; Diesel locomotive for local railway
(2) according to the transmission mode, it can be divided into electric drive, hydraulic drive and mechanical drive diesel locomotive. Electric drive diesel locomotive can be divided into DC drive, AC drive and AC drive diesel locomotive. Hydraulic transmission diesel locomotive can be divided into ordinary hydraulic transmission, hydraulic mechanical transmission and hydraulic reversing diesel locomotive. The latter is called hydraulic reversing diesel locomotive for short (3) according to railway gauge: standard gauge, wide gauge and narrow gauge diesel locomotive. The standard gauge is 1435mm; There are four kinds of wide gauge: 1520mm, 1600mm, 1665mm and 1676mm; There are 19 kinds of narrow gauge from 597mmto 1219mm, and the typical ones are 600mm, 762mm, 900mm, 1000mm and 1067mm. DF5 diesel locomotive (shunting machine)
two kinds of gauge locomotives are generally called meter gauge locomotives
(4) according to the number of main diesel engines installed on locomotives: single unit diesel locomotive and double unit diesel locomotive (5) according to whether multiple locomotive can be implemented, non multiple locomotive and multiple locomotive can be divided (6) according to the structure of running gear: frame diesel locomotive and bogie diesel locomotive (7) according to the number of Locomotive Axles: two axle, three axle, four axle, five axle, six axle and eight axle diesel locomotives
(8) according to locomotive axle type: A-A, a0-a0, B-B, b0-b0, b-b-b, B0-B0-B0, C-C, C0-C0, D-D, d0-d0, a01a0-a01a0, aaa-b axle diesel locomotive
(9) according to the number of cabs: single cab, double cab and no cab
composition of locomotive. Note: most internal combustion engines for railway locomotives are diesel engines. Diesel locomotive consists of the following parts: diesel engine, main transmission device, auxiliary transmission device, car body (including cab), running gear and auxiliary systems. The auxiliary system of locomotive includes: fuel system, oil system, cooling water system, preheating system, air braking system and other air systems, control system, lighting system, charging system, detection system, diagnosis system, display and recording system, etc
transmission device
1, electric transmission
DC transmission, AC / DC transmission and AC / DC / AC (AC) electric transmission. Dongfeng, Dongfeng 2 and Dongfeng 3 locomotives are DC drive locomotives; The electric diesel locomotives developed after Dongfeng 4 are all AC and DC electric locomotives. Since 1999, some AC drive locomotives have appeared one after another. The successful ones are Dongfeng 4dj from Dalian factory and Dongfeng 8CJ from Qishuyan factory. Domestic electric locomotives are all named Dongfeng * type, while imported ones are nd * type. Application of electric locomotive in China
2 Jizhong Energy Group Co., Ltd.
3 Shandong Energy Group Co., Ltd.
4 Shanxi coal transportation and Marketing Group Co., Ltd.
5 Shanxi Coking Coal Group Co., Ltd.
6 Henan coal chemical instry group Co., Ltd.
7 Yangquan Coal Instry (Group) Co., Ltd.
8 Kailuan (Group) Co., Ltd.
4 />9 Shanxi Lu'an Mining (Group) Co., Ltd.
10 Datong Coal Mine Group Co., Ltd.
Introction to the distribution of coal mines in China
China is rich in coal resources, with complete varieties and wide distribution. There are coal resources in all 32 provinces (districts, cities) except Shanghai, but the regional distribution is not balanced. The overall characteristics are more in the north and less in the south, more in the West and less in the East, and most abundant in Shanxi and Northwest China. According to the 2006 national mineral resources reserve report issued by the Ministry of land and resources, by the end of 2006, the national coal reserves were 1159.779 billion tons, 826.299 billion tons, 333.48 billion tons and 182.539 billion tons
in terms of geographical distribution, the reserves in the north of Qinling Dabie Mountains are about 910 billion tons, accounting for about 90.0% of the total reserves in China; The reserves distributed in the west of Taihang Xuefeng mountain are about 875 billion tons, accounting for about 87% of the total reserves in China. Among them, the reserves in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia are about 645.9 billion tons, accounting for about 64% of the total reserves in China. The reserves in the northwest self-sufficient region are about 140.5 billion tons, accounting for about 14%. The reserves in the southwest provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Chongqing are about 90.3 billion tons, accounting for about 9% The reserves of Beijing Tianjin Hebei, East China and Central South provinces are about 126.6 billion tons, accounting for 13% of the total reserves in China; In particular, the ten most economically developed provinces and cities in the east of China (including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong and Guangdong) have only 56.8 billion tons of verified resources, accounting for about 5.7% of the total amount of the country
according to regional distribution, North China is 193084 million tons, accounting for 57.87%, central China is 14868 million tons, accounting for 4.46%, and South China is 1125 million tons, accounting for 0.34%; East China 25.375 billion tons, accounting for 7.60%; Northeast China 14.453 billion tons, accounting for 4.33%; Northwest China 55.739 billion tons, accounting for 16.70%; Southwest China 29.035 billion tons, accounting for 8.70%.
Rong Hong, a pioneer of modern Chinese ecation for studying abroad, is a pioneer and pioneer of China's modernization. He experienced the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Westernization Movement, the reform movement of 1898 and the revolution of 1911. He took saving the country through ecation, instry and politics as his ty and sought for the innovation of Chinese society. Among them, the most outstanding contribution is to create a precedent for overseas ecation< In November 1828, Rong Hong was born in a poor family in Nanping Township, Xiangshan County (now Nanping Town, Zhuhai City). He was a child and enrolled in Macau west school. At the age of 14, he enrolled in Macau Morrison school and later moved to Hong Kong with the school. In 1847, Mr. Brown, the principal of the school, took him to Monson school in Massachusetts; He was admitted to Yale University in 1850 and graated with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in 1854. He became the first Chinese student who graated from an American University in modern Chinese history
after graation, Rong Hong returned to serve the country and sought ways to save the country. During the heyday of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement, he visited the leaders of the Taiping Army and put forward the policy program of learning from the west to make the country rich and strong. Since 1863, he joined the Westernization Movement and successively served under Zeng Guofan, governor of Liangjiang and Ding Richang, governor of Jiangsu. In 1864, Rong Hong took 30000 taels of silver and spent more than a year to purchase more than 100 kinds of machines from the United States and put them in Shanghai Jiangnan manufacturing Bureau (now Jiangnan Shipyard). This is the first time for China to introce foreign advanced machinery and equipment on a large scale
he adheres to the national stand and upholds national interests everywhere. During his 20 years of involvement in the Westernization Movement, he has always regarded organizing young people to study abroad and training Chinese scientific and technological talents as his lifelong pursuit of saving the nation. In 1867, he submitted his plan of studying abroad to the premier's Yamen, but there was no reply. In 1870, he played together with Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang again. The following year, he was approved by the imperial court: from 1872 to 1875, 120 students (40 of them were children from Xiangshan County) went to the United States to study. Chen Lanbin and Rong Hong were appointed as the principal and vice members of the "children's overseas study bureau" respectively. In 1875, Chen Lanbin and Rong Hong respectively served as the principal and Deputy envoys of China to the United States. Rong Hong was also in charge of international student affairs. In 1881, because of the opposition of the Conservatives in the Qing Dynasty, the international student office was abolished. At that time, among the 120 children who went to the United States, except for Zhan Tianyou and Ou yanggeng, who had officially graated from University, the rest were still studying in large and medium schools and had to terminate their studies and return home. Rong Hong's plan to send overseas students was terminated. It is gratifying that all 120 students are able to clean themselves up and win honor for their country after returning home. In the early 20th century, these students made great contributions to China's railway, foreign affairs, postal, telegraph, customs, national defense and higher ecation< On April 12, 1912, Rong Hong died in the United States at the age of 84. As he was dying, what he was concerned about was the prosperity of his motherland. He said to the two children around him, "go home!" The New York Times and other newspapers in the United States all reported on Rong Hong, and his friends in the United States commented on him: "every nerve fiber in his body is patriotic from head to toe..."
Rong Hong was the first official to study abroad, leaving a glorious page in the history of modern Chinese ecation< Huang Kuan (1828-1878) was a famous minister and a native of Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. In 1850, he went to the University of Edinburgh in England to study medicine, and completed his five-year undergraate course with excellent results. After that, he continued to study for master's degree in pathology and anatomy. Two years later, he obtained a master's degree, becoming the first foreign student in China to graate from a British university and obtain a master's degree
after returning to China in 1857 as the first master of medicine in China, he first set up a clinic in Hong Kong and moved back to Guangzhou the next year to engage in medical and medical ecation in Guangzhou with graation energy. He opened the first western medicine clinic hosted by Chinese in Guangzhou. Because of his profound knowledge, skillful medical skills and noble medical ethics, many Chinese and foreign people came to see a doctor. Because he was Chinese, he won the trust of local compatriots and promoted the popularity of Western medicine in Guangzhou. By 1859, his clinic had 80 beds. Since 1859, he has trained four Chinese Western medicine students in his own clinic. After 1860, he was appointed to be Li Hongzhang's medical consultant. Only half a year later, he resigned and continued to devote himself to his medical and medical ecation
in January 1859, American doctor John Kerry founded Boji hospital (formerly known as Guangzhou new Doulan medical bureau) in Guangzhou, which is one of the oldest and most influential missionary hospitals in China. John Carson was the president of the hospital for a long time. Huang Kuan is also deeply admired and valued by John. After the opening of Boji hospital, Huang Kuan often went to Boji hospital to assist Jia John in his work, such as consultation of difficult diseases and implementation of major operations. Many overseas Chinese living in Guangdong think that Huang Kuan's medical skills are better than many European and American doctors, and they have come to him for treatment. During the operation, John was assisted or operated by Huang Kuan. Since 1863, Boji hospital began to recruit western medicine students, and Huang Kuan participated in the teaching work of training Chinese students to learn western medicine. In 1866, Nanhua medical school was officially attached to the hospital, which was the first missionary medical school in China to systematically train western medicine, recruiting male students. Huang Kuan and Jia John, the president of the college, are the main teaching tasks. Huang Kuan teaches anatomy, physiology and surgery. When he wrote textbooks and handouts, Jia John always turned to Huang Kuan for help when he encountered the problem of medical vocabulary which was difficult to translate. He studied carefully with him until he found the most accurate vocabulary. In 1876, the school expanded laboratory equipment and established a herbarium. In 1879, three girls were enrolled for the first time. School basic theory course for three years, and then clinical practice. Their hard work has trained the first generation of Western medicine talents for China. Moreover, through their hard work, western medicine, including its hospital system, medical technology and medicine, medical ecation, medical research and medical publicity, has spread in China< On October 15, 1878, Huang Kuan died of overwork in his prime of life. In addition to Rong Hong's proper praise for Huang Kuan, John Kerry's evaluation of Huang Kuan is: "Huang Kuan can be regarded as a symbol of cultural exchanges between China and Britain and a model of friendship between the Chinese and British people."< Tang baoe was born in Shanghai on March 14, 1878. Clan name zongliu, word Xiufeng (Xiufeng), ancestral home Tangjia village, Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province (now Tangjiawan Town, Zhuhai City). Tang baoe is the 21st descendant of ziyingfang of the Tang nationality. He is the nephew of Tang Shaoyi, who belongs to ziyingfang together with Tang Shaoyi. Tang baoe's grandfather, Tang yongri, was a poor man. Tang baoe's father, Tang zhaohang, whose name is Zhiyun, went out to work in a foreign company because of his poor family. He soon became a comprador. Later, he became a member of the "comprador family" and "tea family" of the Tang nationality in Shanghai, and participated in a number of commercial activities with Tang Tingshu and others in Shanghai
Tang zhaohang has 13 sons and 11 daughters, and Tang baoe is the fourth. Among Tang zhaohang's many children, many of them went abroad to study, and their descendants spread all over the world. Besides Tang baoe, Tang Baochao (clan name: Tang Zongbin) is also famous
in 1872, Rong Hong advocated and organized the government to send overseas students to the United States, which was the first time for them to study abroad at government expense. Later, the Qing government sent children to study in Europe. In 1894, ring the Sino Japanese War of 1894, the Qing government was defeated and began to wake up suddenly. There were advocates of learning from Japan's Meiji Reform in the government and the opposition. They regarded studying in Japan as an important way to become rich and powerful, and there was a proposal to send overseas students to Japan< In 1896, Tang baoe returned from Shanghai to study as a scholar. It was the first time that the Prime Minister of the Qing Dynasty selected students to study in Japan. Tang baoe was selected and sent to Japan in March 1896. This is the first batch of overseas students sent to Japan by Chinese government. There are 13 students in this group. Tang baoe, 18, is the youngest of them< After graating from Yile college in 1899, Tang baoe was appointed Deputy Consul of Changchu consulate in Japan by the Qing government at the age of 21. Two years later, in 1901, Tang baoe was transferred to be a member of the Japanese Embassy in Tokyo. Because he spoke Japanese fluently, he worked as an interpreter whenever officials of the Qing Dynasty visited Japan
while working as a translator in the Japanese Embassy, Tang baoe also studied international law in the Department of State Communications Administration of Waseda special school in Tokyo, and also served as a lecturer of Hongwen college. After graating from a special school in 1903, Tang baoe was promoted to Waseda University, which was upgraded from a special school. He studied in the Ministry of politics and economy. He graated in 1905. He was the first Chinese student to obtain a bachelor's degree in Japan. At the same time, he graated from China, as well as Jin bangping, who went to Japan first
after graating from Waseda University, Tang baoe returned home and made little progress in his official career. After quitting politics in November 1924,
1. The characteristics of human tourism resources are obvious, and the natural tourism resources are relatively scarce
Tianjin is one of the four municipalities directly under the central government of China, an open international port city along the coast, and the largest economic and Trade Center in northern China. It is not only a famous historical and cultural city in China, a tourist city with rich resources and profound connotation, but also an international port city full of modern vitality. Tianjin is rich in human tourism resources and has its unique characteristics“ From Qin and Han history to Shaanxi, from Ming and Qing history to Beijing, and from modern history to Tianjin. ". Tianjin is the epitome of modern Chinese history. There are many precious historical sites, former residences of celebrities and multi-national buildings. For example, Dagukou fort, Tianhou palace, le temple, Shiqu garden, Huo Yuanjia's former residence, Shijia courtyard and ancient church all embody the modern characteristics of Tianjin. The form of Tianjin concession is complete and the architectural styles are diverse, which is prominently shown as the well preserved small western style buildings on the "five roads", which is known as the "architectural museum". The existing former residences and style buildings of celebrities have distinctive national characteristics and traces of the integration of Chinese and Western cultures. These historical sites truly record the track of social development and evolution in Tianjin and even in China. They are the epitome and powerful witness of modern urban history and modern Chinese history, and they are also effective resources to promote the development of tourism in Tianjin. In addition, Tianjin's unique folk organ: Yangliu youth painting, clay figurine Zhang's clay figurine, relish food, Tianjin opera, Tianjin People's hospitality, all attract domestic and foreign tourists
although Tianjin is close to the Bohai Sea and has coastal artificial baths, amusement parks and resorts in the East, it does not have obvious advantages in the Bohai Rim tourism area. In contrast, the coastal scenery of Beidaihe, Qing and Dalian is more attractive to the tourists who yearn for the sea. The north is rich in natural tourism resources. For example, Panshan national scenic spot, Huangyaguan Great Wall, Jiulongshan National Forest Park, Baxianshan National Nature Reserve, Cuiping Lake scenic spot and other scenic spots dot the north gate of Tianjin. In addition, Haihe scenic line has also added the style of an international metropolis to Tianjin. However, compared with other regions with rich natural resources in China, Tianjin's natural tourism resources are not well-known and small in scale, which makes it difficult to form a regional comparative advantage< In order to create a good tourism environment and conditions, the construction of urban infrastructure should be relatively developed, especially the transportation instry closely related to passenger transport. Tianjin has now formed a port centered land, sea and air transportation system. There are more than 300 bus routes in the urban area; The completion of the light rail will connect the coastal development zone with the urban area more closely; The newly-built modern land stickers have changed people's travel mode and eased the urban traffic pressure; The half-hour journey of Beijing Tianjin urban rail will add more convenience to the exchanges between the two cities; In 2007, 17 international luxury cruise ships came to Tianjin port; Tianjin Binhai International Airport is one of the first-class air ports in China. At present, there are more than 30 routes at home and abroad
Tianjin has a population of more than 10 million, ranking 16th in the latest world urban population ranking. It covers an area of 11919.7 square kilometers, with a population density of more than 900 people / square kilometers, and the urban population density is even higher. The problems in the development of big cities also exist in Tianjin: traffic congestion, housing shortage, three wastes pollution, insufficient urban green area, urgent need to improve the urban ecological environment and residents' quality. Although Tianjin has done a lot of work in urban construction and transformation, and has made remarkable achievements, it is still far from the goal of a modern international tourism city, and its charm needs to be further strengthened
3. Among the characteristic tourism, coastal tourism is the most eye-catching, but the overall brand effect is not prominent. In 2007, the tourism department further explored the city's tourism resources to create a cultural tourism destination with distinctive characteristics in the north and even in the whole country. The city's 12 tourism theme plates and 7 tourism gathering areas surrounded by river, sea, mountain and lake heritage folk tourism, launched a series of tourism activities, In particular, the coastal tourism project has achieved fruitful results. According to the survey, the coastal area received 7.1215 million tourists, with a comprehensive tourism income of 5.988 billion yuan, an increase of 15.7% and 13.2%, ranking among the top in the whole area. However, the tourism instry is a fully competitive instry with the characteristics of low market access and poor concentration. The fierce competition of tourism yellow pages leads to the loss of some enterprises. Due to the lack of expansion and development, Tianjin's long context, many special natural geography, rich and colorful tourism resources have not been fully utilized, and Tianjin's tourism brand has not been established and highlighted< The second plenary session of the ninth session of Tianjin municipal Party committee put forward the idea of building three tourism systems: urban tourism, leisure tourism and business exhibition tourism. The establishment of the guidelines has made clear the direction of Tianjin tourism, but the city tourism image should be further strengthened, striving to play its own characteristics, forming a landmark, and reshaping a distinctive image in the public mind
the internal structure of Tianjin tourism instry needs to be improved in scale and adjusted in level. Compared with other provinces and cities in China, there are fewer large-scale tourism backbone enterprises with low influence. However, the tourism enterprises of one province and city play a leading role in driving the tourism development of the city. Compared with Beijing and Shanghai, the strength of travel agencies and the number of hotels have a certain distance, and there is also a small gap in the scale of scenic spot enterprises. However, the limitation of scale restricts the development of tourism instry, and cannot form the benefit of instrial amplification< Secondly, the Countermeasures of tourism development in Tianjin
1. Strengthen the construction of urban tourism environment and create an international tourism atmosphere
in the tourists' personal experience, the general environment of urban tourism will greatly affect the tourists' perception and overall evaluation of urban tourism. Therefore, the construction of urban tourism environment is as important as the development of tourism resources, and even can be regarded as an attractive urban tourism resource. But the general air quality, the poor quality of urban health environment, the lack of hospitality of residents, the weak sense of service, and the low taste of the city are the true portrayal of Tianjin's tourism environment. Tourism environment has become an important factor restricting the development of international tourism in Tianjin. Therefore, Tianjin should attach great importance to the construction of urban comprehensive environment, strengthen environmental management, urban greening and universal ecation, and constantly improve the environmental quality, so as to make the urban comprehensive environment show full hospitality, realize the hospitality of style, facilities, citizens and ecology, and turn Tianjin into a city that can enter, stay, appreciate, enjoy and enjoy A memorable international tourist destination
2. Highlight the brand of multi-cultural compatibility, and do a good job in the development and utilization of tourism resources
Tianjin culture contains palace culture, water transport culture, port culture, folk culture and foreign culture, which has the characteristics of far compatibility. The rich connotation of these cultures and the beautiful picture of Jingu culture will make Tianjin tourism market unique and fascinating. Efforts to transform cultural resources into distinctive tourism resources and ultimately build a city brand are the focus of strategic adjustment of our city. In 2007, Tianjin municipal government held a municipal tourism work conference, emphasizing "developing tourism, making full use of various tourism resources, deeply developing a series of tourism procts, creating cultural tourism brands such as" Tianjin in modern China ", speeding up the construction of tourist attractions, scenic spots and leisure bases, expanding regional tourism cooperation, and cultivating tourism as an important instry." This has further pointed out the direction for the sound and rapid development of Tianjin's tourism
there are many kinds of tourism resources and great potential for development and utilization. The development of tourism resources should take the construction of coastal urban tourism as the goal, highlight the characteristics of famous historical and cultural cities and modern port cities, and vigorously promote the development and construction of 12 tourism blocks of "seeing Tianjin in modern China". At present, eight tourism blocks have been basically completed: "old City Jinyun", "Yangliu ancient town", "old residence of Puyi", "charm of European continent", "small station training", etc "Jinwei cradle", "Yiao style", "Dagu cloud"; Through the protection and repair of the original tourism resources and cultural relics of the eight tourism plates, as well as the construction of new landscapes such as embankments, parks and sculptures, the development of Haihe River will form eight distinctive scenic areas or sightseeing belts with the theme of "seeing Tianjin in modern China" and one Haihe River as the main axis, reflecting the political, economic, cultural and cultural development of modern Tianjin The history of architecture and international communication. There are four sections that are being further improved and launched: "Westernization tracing", "Oriental Paris", "Rhine town" and "Financial Street". The new achievements of Tianjin's urban development and construction should be transformed into new tourism procts in a timely manner. With "new Tianjin, new style and new landscape" as the publicity theme, eight series of tourism procts, including Haihe new look tour, coastal scenery tour, mountain and wild scenic spot tour, red memory Tour, famous Museum Expo tour, famous residence tour, famous street leisure tour and folk culture tour, should be integrated and launched
3. Establishing the concept of international tourism and cultivating the image of international tourism metropolis
concept internationalization is the most important aspect of the international tourism system. Only when we are open-minded and have a sense of international development can we promote the development of Tianjin's tourism instry. Tianjin should strive to realize the uniqueness of its city and tourism management. On the premise of comprehensive consideration of the world competition pattern and development trend, Tianjin should identify and shape the strategic key advantages that affect the current and future urban tourism competitiveness from the perspective of internationalization. In addition, it is necessary to form a sense of great tourism, great linkage and great benefit, strengthen horizontal cooperation, develop Tianjin's tourism instry with its own resources, traffic location, market potential and historical and cultural conditions, strengthen writing with Beijing and Dalian, exchange information, share tourist resources, complement each other's advantages, and strive to realize the dislocation development of tourism with Beijing and Bohai rim
tourism image is a new field of urban tourism development, and it is difficult for a city without a unique and integrated tourism image to attract tourists for a long time. Tianjin has not yet formed a distinctive city tourism image, and has no competitive advantage in the domestic and international tourism market. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the overall planning of Tianjin's tourism, accurately position, establish a unique image of the city's tourism, and avoid the decline of the city's tourism attraction e to the high degree of functional homogeneity. Tianjin's "11th Five Year Plan" tourism development plan puts forward the positioning of "distinctive coastal city tourism and leisure center city" and the overall image slogan of "Vientiane Tianjin, leisure city", which basically summarizes the characteristics of Tianjin's tourism. However, it still needs to deeply explore the positioning differences between Tianjin and other internationally famous tourism cities such as Hong Kong, Dalian and Hangzhou, Emphasis on uniqueness and sensationalism
4. Optimize the structure of tourism instry and take the road of group development
with the expansion of tourism instry scale and the change of tourist source structure of tourism market in Tianjin, the development of tourism instry in Tianjin has entered a transformation period“ During the Eleventh Five Year Plan period, Tianjin's tourism instry should stride forward to a big and strong tourism city. Tianjin's tourism instry stands at a new starting point and faces a new situation,
indivial recipes are also unnecessary. For example, the motorcycle drawings are in the Quartermaster of each camp in the north wind tundra, and the bullet or bow and arrow recipes are in the team ICC.
the other one is the robot drawing giveth, It's a drawing obtained by dismantling the corpses of mechanical monsters above level 71. Dismantling is like mining. You can directly right-click the corpses that have been picked up, and you don't need to learn other skills and tools
their main procts are: DTII fixed belt conveyor, TD75 belt conveyor, DJ large angle belt conveyor, sand mobile conveyor and other mine conveyors