Mental and computational power
Publish: 2021-04-17 18:58:46
1. Find an article
let's put it this way: the "dark blue" that won the chess champion Kasparov in 1997 is a supercomputer, while alphago, who is going to play go with Li Shishi, is an artificial intelligence program developed by deepmind, a Google company. Let's talk about world peace. But alphago, as a program, has to run on a computer to compete with human beings. So change the question to "how many times more powerful is the computer that will play go with human beings than dark blue?"
we are still able to give an approximate answer by simple calculation. After all, in terms of measuring computer performance, we already have a fairly unified standard: the number of floating-point operations per second. For convenience, we all call it "flops" below
don't be scared away by the computer term "floating-point operation". In other words, floating-point operation is actually four arithmetic operations with decimals. For example, 1.2 plus 2.1 is a typical floating-point operation. If your primary school math teacher is not an American, then we estimate that at this moment you have already calculated the result by heart to be 3.3. But it's not that easy for computers
we know that computers operate on binary numbers composed of 0 and 1. For example, in the basic binary system, 1 is 1, 2 becomes 10, 3 is 11, 4 is 100... This operation mode allows us to assemble stable and effective computing machines with the simplest circuit components, but it also brings a problem: the number that computers can handle is only integers. If you want to express a 0.1 with 0 and 1 without any other mathematical method... Let's really talk about world peace
the solution to this problem is very simple: 0.1 can be regarded as the result of 1 divided by 10. If we want the computer to calculate a number with a decimal point, we just need to tell the CPU how many zeros are added after 1. But in this way, the computer in dealing with the decimal point, there are several more steps. So the speed of floating-point operation has become the standard to measure the performance of computer
take dark blue, which beat human beings in chess, for example, its computing power is 11.38 gflops, which means that dark blue can calculate 11.38 billion times of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division with decimals per second. ENIAC, the first general-purpose computer that helped the United States design and manufacture atomic bombs ring World War II, had only 300 flops
How about the performance of dark blue today? Three words: weak explosion. As far as the CPU used in PC is concerned, as early as 2006, Intel's first generation core 2 has steadily surpassed dark blue. This does not include the effect bonus brought by GPU in the graphics card. The performance of the most common integrated graphics card today has exceeded 700 gflops. If you really want to compete in performance, dark blue, the supercomputer of the last century, even if you are in a group, you may not be able to choose the laptop in front of you alone
what kind of performance level has today's supercomputers reached? Tianhe-2 is the fastest supercomputer in the world. Its floating-point computing capacity has reached 33.86 PFlops. In other words, dark blue needs to grow to 300000 times its own performance to be comparable to tianhe-2
however, for dark blue, such comparison is too unfair. Because even in those days, dark blue was not the fastest supercomputer. In contrast, only through the computers used by Google alphago can we compare the amazing development of our computers in the past 20 years
according to a paper published by the Google team in nature, alphago initially "trained" Ai to play go on a Google computer. According to the description in the paper, Google uses this computer to make alphago's go level close to that of European champion fan Hui. However, in addition to mentioning that the computer is equipped with 48 CPUs and 8 GPUs, the paper does not even mention the performance of the computer. Fortunately, alphago runs on the cloud computing platform. We only need to compare the computer data of our competitors, and then we can get the general information
for example, in December last year, Alibaba cloud opened its high-performance computing services to the public. According to Alibaba cloud's description, the single floating-point computing capability of these computers is 11 tflops, and they can also be used to train AI to learn by themselves. If Google's computer performance is close to that of Alibaba cloud, then the hardware driven by alphago has a performance at least 1000 times that of dark blue
but the story is not over yet. Alphago is not only a "stand-alone" version. In order to achieve higher computing power, Google has also connected alphago to a network of 1202 CPUs. After networking, alphago's computing power has increased by 24 times, jumping from the "stand-alone version" not to the level of the second stage of the career to the level of the fifth stage of the career
so how many times more powerful is alphago than dark blue? It's estimated that you've got the answer: 25000 times. From this point of view, we can also see how complicated go is. It takes 20 years to improve the performance of the computer before it can defeat human beings in chess and then sit in front of the top human players on the go board. But in the final analysis, alphago's most important achievement is not to use computers with excellent performance, but to make programs think, learn and improve in a human way for the first time. So in the next few days, no matter who wins or loses, we are witnessing the beginning of a new era
of course, don't forget to pay attention to Sina Technology. We will be at the front to welcome you to the first dawn of this new era.
let's put it this way: the "dark blue" that won the chess champion Kasparov in 1997 is a supercomputer, while alphago, who is going to play go with Li Shishi, is an artificial intelligence program developed by deepmind, a Google company. Let's talk about world peace. But alphago, as a program, has to run on a computer to compete with human beings. So change the question to "how many times more powerful is the computer that will play go with human beings than dark blue?"
we are still able to give an approximate answer by simple calculation. After all, in terms of measuring computer performance, we already have a fairly unified standard: the number of floating-point operations per second. For convenience, we all call it "flops" below
don't be scared away by the computer term "floating-point operation". In other words, floating-point operation is actually four arithmetic operations with decimals. For example, 1.2 plus 2.1 is a typical floating-point operation. If your primary school math teacher is not an American, then we estimate that at this moment you have already calculated the result by heart to be 3.3. But it's not that easy for computers
we know that computers operate on binary numbers composed of 0 and 1. For example, in the basic binary system, 1 is 1, 2 becomes 10, 3 is 11, 4 is 100... This operation mode allows us to assemble stable and effective computing machines with the simplest circuit components, but it also brings a problem: the number that computers can handle is only integers. If you want to express a 0.1 with 0 and 1 without any other mathematical method... Let's really talk about world peace
the solution to this problem is very simple: 0.1 can be regarded as the result of 1 divided by 10. If we want the computer to calculate a number with a decimal point, we just need to tell the CPU how many zeros are added after 1. But in this way, the computer in dealing with the decimal point, there are several more steps. So the speed of floating-point operation has become the standard to measure the performance of computer
take dark blue, which beat human beings in chess, for example, its computing power is 11.38 gflops, which means that dark blue can calculate 11.38 billion times of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division with decimals per second. ENIAC, the first general-purpose computer that helped the United States design and manufacture atomic bombs ring World War II, had only 300 flops
How about the performance of dark blue today? Three words: weak explosion. As far as the CPU used in PC is concerned, as early as 2006, Intel's first generation core 2 has steadily surpassed dark blue. This does not include the effect bonus brought by GPU in the graphics card. The performance of the most common integrated graphics card today has exceeded 700 gflops. If you really want to compete in performance, dark blue, the supercomputer of the last century, even if you are in a group, you may not be able to choose the laptop in front of you alone
what kind of performance level has today's supercomputers reached? Tianhe-2 is the fastest supercomputer in the world. Its floating-point computing capacity has reached 33.86 PFlops. In other words, dark blue needs to grow to 300000 times its own performance to be comparable to tianhe-2
however, for dark blue, such comparison is too unfair. Because even in those days, dark blue was not the fastest supercomputer. In contrast, only through the computers used by Google alphago can we compare the amazing development of our computers in the past 20 years
according to a paper published by the Google team in nature, alphago initially "trained" Ai to play go on a Google computer. According to the description in the paper, Google uses this computer to make alphago's go level close to that of European champion fan Hui. However, in addition to mentioning that the computer is equipped with 48 CPUs and 8 GPUs, the paper does not even mention the performance of the computer. Fortunately, alphago runs on the cloud computing platform. We only need to compare the computer data of our competitors, and then we can get the general information
for example, in December last year, Alibaba cloud opened its high-performance computing services to the public. According to Alibaba cloud's description, the single floating-point computing capability of these computers is 11 tflops, and they can also be used to train AI to learn by themselves. If Google's computer performance is close to that of Alibaba cloud, then the hardware driven by alphago has a performance at least 1000 times that of dark blue
but the story is not over yet. Alphago is not only a "stand-alone" version. In order to achieve higher computing power, Google has also connected alphago to a network of 1202 CPUs. After networking, alphago's computing power has increased by 24 times, jumping from the "stand-alone version" not to the level of the second stage of the career to the level of the fifth stage of the career
so how many times more powerful is alphago than dark blue? It's estimated that you've got the answer: 25000 times. From this point of view, we can also see how complicated go is. It takes 20 years to improve the performance of the computer before it can defeat human beings in chess and then sit in front of the top human players on the go board. But in the final analysis, alphago's most important achievement is not to use computers with excellent performance, but to make programs think, learn and improve in a human way for the first time. So in the next few days, no matter who wins or loses, we are witnessing the beginning of a new era
of course, don't forget to pay attention to Sina Technology. We will be at the front to welcome you to the first dawn of this new era.
2. The way of definition is similar,
the karma of good and evil has the power to proce bitter and happy fruit, which is called karma
there is no word "mental force" in Buddhist dictionaries. Similarity is understood as mental force
the heart of good and evil has the power to proce bitter and happy fruits, which is called mental power
in my opinion, Conceptually speaking, although the definitions are similar, the narrative angles are different
the narratives of mind and karma are different. Mind is viewed from the perspective of cause, while karma is viewed from the perspective of effect.
the karma of good and evil has the power to proce bitter and happy fruit, which is called karma
there is no word "mental force" in Buddhist dictionaries. Similarity is understood as mental force
the heart of good and evil has the power to proce bitter and happy fruits, which is called mental power
in my opinion, Conceptually speaking, although the definitions are similar, the narrative angles are different
the narratives of mind and karma are different. Mind is viewed from the perspective of cause, while karma is viewed from the perspective of effect.
3. I am a 26-year-old girl with schizophrenia, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. She has a history of 13 years. She received professional treatment 8 years ago and has been taking western medicine up to now. Now I'm still taking a lot of Western medicine. Now take mainly aripiprazole, carbamazepine tablets, clozapine and lorazepine tablets. In the past, I had a lot of psychological problems, as well as serious anxiety, worry and fear, resulting in heartache and tiredness. My mental strength and energy consumption were extremely severe, and I was half tired of doing nothing in a day, either physically or mentally. But now, through my efforts, my psychological problems have been basically solved, and my mental pressure and psychological pressure have disappeared, as well as my anxiety, worry and fear. However, I am equally distressed and tired, and my mental strength and energy are also consumed extremely severely. No matter physical or mental, one day nothing to do or half tired. Every day when the mental energy consumption reaches the limit, there will be fatigue, mental haggard, melancholy, extremely painful, sad, tired of the world, empty and boring, lonely, do not want to live. Why am I like this? It used to be because of psychological problems and other problems, but now these problems are gone, still like this. Why on earth is this? How good is my illness? How far is it from recovery? What can I do to solve the above problems
4. According to Marxist philosophy, practice is the way of human existence and development, so a person with development potential must be a practitioner
practice includes three aspects: thinking, doing and mental state. Together, it is called subjective initiative. Whether man is transforming himself or the outside world, he must go through these three activities, and none of them is indispensable
thinking ability is the aspect of thinking, and normal intelligence is enough; Mental force is the concrete action under the guidance of consciousness; Willpower is the state of mind.
practice includes three aspects: thinking, doing and mental state. Together, it is called subjective initiative. Whether man is transforming himself or the outside world, he must go through these three activities, and none of them is indispensable
thinking ability is the aspect of thinking, and normal intelligence is enough; Mental force is the concrete action under the guidance of consciousness; Willpower is the state of mind.
5. Xinli plays with his heart and doesn't teach Bruce Lee what he learns outside, but Bruce Lee still tells him what he understands. Bruce Lee is a good man.
6. It's not a matter of one day to make your will firm.
look at what you said, if you want to make yourself stronger, you must have made up your mind to change yourself, improve yourself, and improve yourself. You must have experienced some frustrations before you made up your mind. First of all, Congratulations! Second, you need to know that although you have a clear understanding, coupled with methods and approaches, you may not be able to achieve the degree you want, but you need to know that as long as you have change and progress, you are successful. Let yourself stick to this idea without end, Only today's self surpasses yesterday's self is success.
now, I'll tell you several ways to improve your strength. 1. Sports promotion. As we all know, sports is the best way to exercise human spirit and body. This is also the spirit advocated by the Olympic Games. I won't repeat it any more. Specifically, you can choose one or two hobbies from physical exercise as the way to exercise your will. Here I suggest you run, preferably long-distance, Do not underestimate this exercise. Once you are determined to do it, do it well. Don't you want to be more determined? The road is under your feet. Let go and run! No matter wind and rain, spring, summer, autumn and winter, seemingly simple sports, as long as you can adhere to a year or six months, you will find that you benefit a lot, and are likely to fall in love with this sport? Then you will not run because you want to exercise your will, but because you have strong will and confidence to run tomorrow. In addition, practicing calligraphy or brush painting is also a good choice. After a long time, you will be able to understand the essence of it. It is suggested that you hang your handwriting in your bedroom or study, It is not only your masterpiece, but also the affirmation of your confidence and will. 2. Psychological control promotion method. For example, you planned to go to a teacher's lecture tomorrow, but your friend asked you to go shopping. Now that you have decided to attend the lecture, and you think it is more valuable, you might as well try to insist on your idea. You can go shopping when you have time, You always have time. Why not? More times, you will be more firm, my will listen to me! 3. Psychological suggestion promotion method. This is also about psychology, but it's different from deliberate control. For example, if you hang your favorite sayings in the room, even if you don't write your own brush words, it's also a warning and warning to yourself. When I was in school, I hung my own brush words "why not sweep the whole world if you don't sweep the whole room" on the dormitory wall, In addition, if you want to do something, you may as well tell your friends and let them know. In this way, even if your friends don't supervise and urge you, you have a feeling that you must complete it. After you finish, you must share your success with your friends, Then you will be stronger and more confident. It's all about making yourself stronger by implication. In addition, you can list the things you want to accomplish in the book. Each thing corresponds to a reward, which can be a piece of clothing or a bag of food. You cross out every thing you complete, Then give yourself a small reward according to the reward. In this way, you will also strengthen your belief in doing things.
the above methods are just my personal summary, not necessarily so clear, but also a truth. As long as you stick to what you want to do and what you can do, you will succeed and make more progress! I hope you can make persistent efforts!
look at what you said, if you want to make yourself stronger, you must have made up your mind to change yourself, improve yourself, and improve yourself. You must have experienced some frustrations before you made up your mind. First of all, Congratulations! Second, you need to know that although you have a clear understanding, coupled with methods and approaches, you may not be able to achieve the degree you want, but you need to know that as long as you have change and progress, you are successful. Let yourself stick to this idea without end, Only today's self surpasses yesterday's self is success.
now, I'll tell you several ways to improve your strength. 1. Sports promotion. As we all know, sports is the best way to exercise human spirit and body. This is also the spirit advocated by the Olympic Games. I won't repeat it any more. Specifically, you can choose one or two hobbies from physical exercise as the way to exercise your will. Here I suggest you run, preferably long-distance, Do not underestimate this exercise. Once you are determined to do it, do it well. Don't you want to be more determined? The road is under your feet. Let go and run! No matter wind and rain, spring, summer, autumn and winter, seemingly simple sports, as long as you can adhere to a year or six months, you will find that you benefit a lot, and are likely to fall in love with this sport? Then you will not run because you want to exercise your will, but because you have strong will and confidence to run tomorrow. In addition, practicing calligraphy or brush painting is also a good choice. After a long time, you will be able to understand the essence of it. It is suggested that you hang your handwriting in your bedroom or study, It is not only your masterpiece, but also the affirmation of your confidence and will. 2. Psychological control promotion method. For example, you planned to go to a teacher's lecture tomorrow, but your friend asked you to go shopping. Now that you have decided to attend the lecture, and you think it is more valuable, you might as well try to insist on your idea. You can go shopping when you have time, You always have time. Why not? More times, you will be more firm, my will listen to me! 3. Psychological suggestion promotion method. This is also about psychology, but it's different from deliberate control. For example, if you hang your favorite sayings in the room, even if you don't write your own brush words, it's also a warning and warning to yourself. When I was in school, I hung my own brush words "why not sweep the whole world if you don't sweep the whole room" on the dormitory wall, In addition, if you want to do something, you may as well tell your friends and let them know. In this way, even if your friends don't supervise and urge you, you have a feeling that you must complete it. After you finish, you must share your success with your friends, Then you will be stronger and more confident. It's all about making yourself stronger by implication. In addition, you can list the things you want to accomplish in the book. Each thing corresponds to a reward, which can be a piece of clothing or a bag of food. You cross out every thing you complete, Then give yourself a small reward according to the reward. In this way, you will also strengthen your belief in doing things.
the above methods are just my personal summary, not necessarily so clear, but also a truth. As long as you stick to what you want to do and what you can do, you will succeed and make more progress! I hope you can make persistent efforts!
7. elaborate
8. We usually use the ground as the reference frame. We can imagine that the ground is stationary, or in a short distance, the ground motion is regarded as the uniform linear motion, that is, the inertial reference frame. It is on this premise that Newton summed up the law of motion. If the reference frame is variable speed, that is, non inertial reference frame, Newton's law can not be directly applied, so people imagine the "inertial force" to solve the application problem of Newton's law. Inertial centrifugal force is the imaginary force in non inertial frame, and centrifugal force is the real force in inertial frame. Here is an example of uniform circular motion
9. It's not serious
10. These are two diseases. Angina pectoris is a kind of coronary heart disease. If it is unstable angina pectoris, it needs to be hospitalized. Heart failure is a kind of syndrome that many heart diseases (including coronary heart disease) develop to late stage and lead to heart pumping failure. Heart failure and coronary heart disease are both heart diseases. Heart disease is a vague concept, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease, heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy and so on.
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