On purchasing power
Publish: 2021-04-17 19:04:33
1. B..
calculation method: the total price of goods (100 billion) divided by the number of currency circulation (2 times) = the amount of money needed in circulation (50 billion)
the amount of money circulation is 50 billion.
the amount of money circulation in the title is 50 billion, which is the same as the amount of money circulation needed. The purchasing power is 1 yuan.
well, it seems that it is very confusing
let's put it this way The issue of 100 billion currency is twice the amount of money issued this time. Then the answer is 500 (required issue) / 1000 (actual issue) = 0.5
calculation method: the total price of goods (100 billion) divided by the number of currency circulation (2 times) = the amount of money needed in circulation (50 billion)
the amount of money circulation is 50 billion.
the amount of money circulation in the title is 50 billion, which is the same as the amount of money circulation needed. The purchasing power is 1 yuan.
well, it seems that it is very confusing
let's put it this way The issue of 100 billion currency is twice the amount of money issued this time. Then the answer is 500 (required issue) / 1000 (actual issue) = 0.5
2. The sum of principal and interest can be obtained on the maturity date of deposit, which is 41000 yuan. But at that time, e to the decline of money purchasing power e to inflation, the calculation formula of money purchasing power is: money purchasing power index = 1 / CPI. Assuming that the money purchasing power in 2010 is 1, then the money purchasing power at maturity is 1 / 1.033, so 41000 * (1 / 1.033) = 39690
3. There are two kinds: absolute purchasing power parity and relative purchasing power parity
absolute purchasing power parity
refers to the equilibrium exchange rate between domestic and foreign currencies, which is equal to the ratio of purchasing power or price level of domestic and foreign currencies. If RA is the exchange rate of domestic currency to foreign currency, PN is the domestic price index, and Pb is the foreign price index,
RA = PA / Pb or PA = Pb * RA
absolute purchasing power parity is static because it is determined by the exchange rate at a certain time point
relative purchasing power parity
from a dynamic point of view, it is considered that the relative change of the purchasing power of different countries' currencies is the decisive factor of exchange rate change. If ro represents the exchange rate of the domestic base period, RT represents the exchange rate after time change, PA (o) and PA (T) represent the domestic base period and the price index after time change, Pb (o) and Pb (T) represent the foreign base period and the price index after time change, then
RT / Ro = PA (T) Pb (o) / Pb (T) Pb (o)
absolute purchasing power parity
refers to the equilibrium exchange rate between domestic and foreign currencies, which is equal to the ratio of purchasing power or price level of domestic and foreign currencies. If RA is the exchange rate of domestic currency to foreign currency, PN is the domestic price index, and Pb is the foreign price index,
RA = PA / Pb or PA = Pb * RA
absolute purchasing power parity is static because it is determined by the exchange rate at a certain time point
relative purchasing power parity
from a dynamic point of view, it is considered that the relative change of the purchasing power of different countries' currencies is the decisive factor of exchange rate change. If ro represents the exchange rate of the domestic base period, RT represents the exchange rate after time change, PA (o) and PA (T) represent the domestic base period and the price index after time change, Pb (o) and Pb (T) represent the foreign base period and the price index after time change, then
RT / Ro = PA (T) Pb (o) / Pb (T) Pb (o)
4. Hypothesis: in China, buy a dozen (10 per plan) meat buns, the unit price is 5 yuan, equivalent to US $0.64; In Japan, buy a dozen meat buns, the unit price is 1100 yen, equivalent to US $9.17; In the United States to buy a dozen meat mplings, the unit price is $5
in order to easily compare the purchasing power of countries in the world, the US dollar system is generally adopted at present<
If:
the United States sells 4 million dozen meat buns a day, and its GDP of purchasing power meat buns is US $20 million
Japan sells 1 million dozen meat buns a day, and the actual GDP of meat buns at current price is 9.17 million US dollars. However, compared with the United States, the actual consumption of meat buns is only 25% of that of the United States, so it is only 5 million US dollars when converted into GDP of purchasing power meat buns
China sells 30 million dozen meat buns a day, and the actual GDP of meat buns at current price is 19.2 million US dollars. However, compared with the United States, the actual consumption of meat buns is 7.5 times that of the United States, so it should be 150 million US dollars when converted into GDP of purchasing power meat buns< According to the IMF's report in September 2006, the world's top four purchasing power GDP in 2005:
1
2. China is 9412.4 billion US dollars, the second largest in the world
3. Japan is the third largest country in the world with 3910.7 billion US dollars
4. India ranks fourth in the world with us $3633.4 billion
from the above data, in terms of total purchasing power GDP, China has left Japan far behind India, which is 2.59 times that of India and 2.41 times that of Japan. Compared with the United States, it is rapidly approaching, which is 76.66% of the United States
although the data for 2006 are not available yet, according to the preliminary statistics of the China Bureau of statistics, the real growth rate is 10.7%, while the nominal growth rate is 15%. Therefore, it can be predicted that China's total purchasing power GDP in 2006 will exceed US $10500 billion, which will reach more than 82% of that of the United States, further widening the gap with Japan and India< It is further predicted that China's purchasing power GDP in 2010 will exceed that of the United States
here, compare the total purchasing power GDP of Japan and India
in 2005, Japan's total purchasing power GDP was only 7.6% higher than India's, while India's real economic growth in 2006 was more than 9%, while Japan's was only 2%. Therefore, India's GDP in 2006 may surpass Japan's and rank third in the world
in order to easily compare the purchasing power of countries in the world, the US dollar system is generally adopted at present<
If:
the United States sells 4 million dozen meat buns a day, and its GDP of purchasing power meat buns is US $20 million
Japan sells 1 million dozen meat buns a day, and the actual GDP of meat buns at current price is 9.17 million US dollars. However, compared with the United States, the actual consumption of meat buns is only 25% of that of the United States, so it is only 5 million US dollars when converted into GDP of purchasing power meat buns
China sells 30 million dozen meat buns a day, and the actual GDP of meat buns at current price is 19.2 million US dollars. However, compared with the United States, the actual consumption of meat buns is 7.5 times that of the United States, so it should be 150 million US dollars when converted into GDP of purchasing power meat buns< According to the IMF's report in September 2006, the world's top four purchasing power GDP in 2005:
1
2. China is 9412.4 billion US dollars, the second largest in the world
3. Japan is the third largest country in the world with 3910.7 billion US dollars
4. India ranks fourth in the world with us $3633.4 billion
from the above data, in terms of total purchasing power GDP, China has left Japan far behind India, which is 2.59 times that of India and 2.41 times that of Japan. Compared with the United States, it is rapidly approaching, which is 76.66% of the United States
although the data for 2006 are not available yet, according to the preliminary statistics of the China Bureau of statistics, the real growth rate is 10.7%, while the nominal growth rate is 15%. Therefore, it can be predicted that China's total purchasing power GDP in 2006 will exceed US $10500 billion, which will reach more than 82% of that of the United States, further widening the gap with Japan and India< It is further predicted that China's purchasing power GDP in 2010 will exceed that of the United States
here, compare the total purchasing power GDP of Japan and India
in 2005, Japan's total purchasing power GDP was only 7.6% higher than India's, while India's real economic growth in 2006 was more than 9%, while Japan's was only 2%. Therefore, India's GDP in 2006 may surpass Japan's and rank third in the world
5. The calculation method is the same as that of GDP calculated by exchange rate, but the currency needs to be revalued, and the currency needs to be re measured by real parity purchasing power. For example, if the exchange rate between us dollar and RMB is 6:1, China's GDP in 2013 is about 9 trillion yuan, but the real purchasing power of RMB is relatively high. If the real purchasing power is 4:1, China's GDP is about 12 trillion yuan.
6. The nth power of 1000 / (1 + B-A)
7.
If it is n consecutive years, the average annual CPI is p. suppose the capital of this year is K
Then, the specific calculation formula is:k * (1 + P) ^ n
where ^ N symbol means n power. If the formula is brought into the problem setting, it is
5000 * (1 + 3%) ^ 10 = 6719.6 yuan in 10 years, which is equal to the purchasing power of 5000 yuan this year
In essence, the purchasing power of money is how much money can buy in the market, which must be determined by the marketif there is no competition, the two sides can allocate the cooperation surplus in the whole reciprocal space according to various transaction prices
However, competition will rece the remaining transaction price space, so that a part of the reciprocal space will not be considered in game pricing; When the competition intensifies, the pricing space will shrink and converge to the auction equilibrium price. The existence of money intensifies the competition and makes the transaction price close to the equilibrium price 
extended data:
example: interest rate 3%, interest tax 5%, how much is 30000 yuan after one year
answer: interest = 10000 * 2.25% * (1-20%) = 180 yuan
is equivalent to annual interest rate = 180 / 10000 = 1.8%
CPI = 3%
then the effective interest rate = 1.8% - 3% = - 1.2%
then the interest e = 10000 * - 1.2% = - 120 yuan
then one year later, the money becomes = 10000-120 = 9880 yuan
8. Many people have discussed how much one or two silver is worth. Now many people have no idea. In particular, taking the contemporary TV series as an extreme, there are such absurd plots as two steamed buns and a bowl of soup for five taels of silver, and a young grandmother loses ten million taels of silver in a gamble, which shows how ignorant and careless the current Chinese creators are. We should know that the annual revenue of the national treasury reached two million taels ring the Wanli period, And it is only after Zhang Juzheng's reform that the National Treasury's income is rich. Even masters such as Jin Yong did not seem to have a deep study on the monetary value of silver. We should all remember that Guo Jing met Huang Rong for the first time and was slaughtered by her. As a result, "I'll check out later. It's a total of 1927 yuan and 4 cents.". After reading some ancient books, we can find that the currency value of one or two silver is actually quite high
in a dream of Red Mansions, grandma Liu sighs that a small family can live for a year when she sees a crab meal of 24 Liang silver in Jia's house. You know, grandma Liu's family was also middle-class at that time. She had a house and land and could afford to hire a girl worker. She went to Jia's house for the first time and got 20 Liang silver. Thank you very much It is also mentioned in the history of the Ming Dynasty that the proper salary (basic salary) of the seven grade magistrate for one year is only 45 liang of silver. In the period of archery, in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, the circulation of silver was still lower than that of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and its value could only be higher. No matter how rare a delicacy it was, it seemed too much
because the monetary value of silver in different dynasties is different, the value of ancient coins is generally calculated by the method of exchange of equivalents. For Chinese people, the livelihood commodity that has not changed for a thousand years is rice. The following uses the record of rice price in Taiping period as the standard to make a rough calculation, which can roughly get the answer to the monetary value of silver
according to historical records, in the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, one or two silver could buy two stones of rice of ordinary quality. At that time, one stone was about 94.4kg, and one or two silver could buy 188.8kg of rice, that is 377.6kg. At present, the rice eaten by ordinary families in China ranges from 1.5 yuan to 2 yuan per catty. Based on the middle price of 1.75 yuan, we can calculate that one or two silver of Ming Dynasty is 660.8 yuan. Although the story of a dream of Red Mansions is based on the Qing Dynasty, the living conditions of the story are based on the Ming Dynasty. Taking the silver value of the Ming Dynasty as an example, Granny Liu got more than 13000 yuan in New Year's fee. Of course, she was very happy; Guo Jing, on the other hand, paid more than 12000 yuan for a meal. It's exaggerating to be in such a small place as Zhangjiakou. Guo Jing is stupid, but he was born in poverty. He can't be ignorant of the value of money, and Huang Rong can't be slaughtered by the shop owner
if you get one or two pieces of silver in the Tang Dynasty, the purchasing power is even higher. During the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the material civilization was extremely rich. A bucket of rice was only sold for 5 Wen. Usually one or two silver was converted into 1000 Wen copper (also known as Guanyi), and you could buy 200 Dou of rice. Ten Dou was a stone, that is 20 stones. In Tang Dynasty, a stone was about 59 kg. Today, the price of ordinary rice is 1.75 yuan per Jin, and one or two silver is equivalent to 4130 yuan of purchasing power. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the price of rice rose to 10 Wen / Dou, which is also one or two silver = 2065 yuan
the biggest problem lies in the Song Dynasty. The main reason is that the coin system of the Song Dynasty was extremely chaotic, and its records were also full of contradictions. In the Song Dynasty, "money" was the currency in circulation. Because of the rapid development of social economy and the unprecedented development of instry and commerce, the demand for money was also unprecedented. Moreover, the output and import of silver were not high. At that time, there was no government macro-control and management organization like the central bank, which caused a very chaotic situation. We know that in the general Dynasty, 1000 yuan is the same, which is equal to one or two silver, but it is not the case in the Song Dynasty The history of the Song Dynasty and xuzitongjian both mentioned that since the Zhenzong Dynasty, the silver price has been rising because the silver stock was too small to catch up with the economic development. Basically, more than 2000 copper coins were used as silver. Moreover, the "money law" of the Song Dynasty was very chaotic. There were copper money, iron money, lead and tin money in circulation at the same time. Each state had the right to cast money by itself, and there was also the situation of private money casting. The size of money was different, the composition was not suitable, and the value was changeable. It was very chaotic to "make money at any time". In Sichuan and Shaanxi areas, there are iron coins, ten for a copper coin. The money in the south of the Yangtze River is not the same as that in the north of the Yangtze River. It's also uncertain how much money there is in the past. There are 800 or 850 for the past, 480 for the past, and 770 for the future. Moreover, it's totally a muddle headed account for each state to "do as it pleases for private use."
according to the records of "before Xi and Feng dynasties, rice and stone were no more than six or seven hundred" in the history of the Song Dynasty and "thirty articles for each bucket (meter)" in the official records of the Song Dynasty, the price of rice in the Taiping period was one stone 600-300 (one stone or two silver from around the Jingkang rebellion to the early Southern Song Dynasty, which was not in the normal calculation range). One liang of silver is equivalent to nearly 924-1848 RMB yuan, based on 66 kg of Songshi The stone of Song Dynasty is 96 Jin, which is equivalent to 1 liang of silver (672-1344 yuan). Assuming that the price of silver in the Southern Song Dynasty was not much different from that in the Northern Song Dynasty, Guo Jing invited Huang Rong to eat at least more than 13000 yuan and more than 30000 yuan. No wonder the little girl was so moved
it should be added that before the Song Dynasty, the total amount of silver was too small and its value was too high, and it had not yet become a currency in circulation (think about it, take a note with a face value of more than 2000 yuan to buy things in the market...), which only existed in the imperial reward and accounting settlement, such as tax, state payment (such as the amount of "silver silk" sent to Jin and Xixia), In fact, before Ming Dynasty, copper money was used in market circulation (paper money appeared in some areas of Northern Song Dynasty). Silver became the currency in circulation only after the foreign trade was active in Ming and Qing Dynasties and a large number of foreign silver poured in. But why do many people think that silver is always the currency in circulation? I think it is mainly because of the prevalence of novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which describe the former dynasties according to the common sense of life at that time, such as Shuihu, Jinpingmei, Sanyan Erpai and so on. The value of silver in these works is based on the price of silver in Ming Dynasty, which is different from the original literature, Guan, Yan and Erpai Baht and other monetary units are mixed together, and have a great influence on later generations. Therefore, most of the historical novels and martial arts novels written by modern people with the background of ancient China, such as "shediao", also describe the ancient currency as "silver". But after all, modern people are far away from people in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and they have less understanding of the monetary system and the actual purchasing power of silver in the former dynasties, so they often have sky high prices of steamed bread, wine and vegetables. Serious readers or viewers, out of curiosity about the ancient economic situation, should have a clear understanding of the value of silver. 1 * 10 = forget it
in a dream of Red Mansions, grandma Liu sighs that a small family can live for a year when she sees a crab meal of 24 Liang silver in Jia's house. You know, grandma Liu's family was also middle-class at that time. She had a house and land and could afford to hire a girl worker. She went to Jia's house for the first time and got 20 Liang silver. Thank you very much It is also mentioned in the history of the Ming Dynasty that the proper salary (basic salary) of the seven grade magistrate for one year is only 45 liang of silver. In the period of archery, in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, the circulation of silver was still lower than that of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and its value could only be higher. No matter how rare a delicacy it was, it seemed too much
because the monetary value of silver in different dynasties is different, the value of ancient coins is generally calculated by the method of exchange of equivalents. For Chinese people, the livelihood commodity that has not changed for a thousand years is rice. The following uses the record of rice price in Taiping period as the standard to make a rough calculation, which can roughly get the answer to the monetary value of silver
according to historical records, in the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, one or two silver could buy two stones of rice of ordinary quality. At that time, one stone was about 94.4kg, and one or two silver could buy 188.8kg of rice, that is 377.6kg. At present, the rice eaten by ordinary families in China ranges from 1.5 yuan to 2 yuan per catty. Based on the middle price of 1.75 yuan, we can calculate that one or two silver of Ming Dynasty is 660.8 yuan. Although the story of a dream of Red Mansions is based on the Qing Dynasty, the living conditions of the story are based on the Ming Dynasty. Taking the silver value of the Ming Dynasty as an example, Granny Liu got more than 13000 yuan in New Year's fee. Of course, she was very happy; Guo Jing, on the other hand, paid more than 12000 yuan for a meal. It's exaggerating to be in such a small place as Zhangjiakou. Guo Jing is stupid, but he was born in poverty. He can't be ignorant of the value of money, and Huang Rong can't be slaughtered by the shop owner
if you get one or two pieces of silver in the Tang Dynasty, the purchasing power is even higher. During the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the material civilization was extremely rich. A bucket of rice was only sold for 5 Wen. Usually one or two silver was converted into 1000 Wen copper (also known as Guanyi), and you could buy 200 Dou of rice. Ten Dou was a stone, that is 20 stones. In Tang Dynasty, a stone was about 59 kg. Today, the price of ordinary rice is 1.75 yuan per Jin, and one or two silver is equivalent to 4130 yuan of purchasing power. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the price of rice rose to 10 Wen / Dou, which is also one or two silver = 2065 yuan
the biggest problem lies in the Song Dynasty. The main reason is that the coin system of the Song Dynasty was extremely chaotic, and its records were also full of contradictions. In the Song Dynasty, "money" was the currency in circulation. Because of the rapid development of social economy and the unprecedented development of instry and commerce, the demand for money was also unprecedented. Moreover, the output and import of silver were not high. At that time, there was no government macro-control and management organization like the central bank, which caused a very chaotic situation. We know that in the general Dynasty, 1000 yuan is the same, which is equal to one or two silver, but it is not the case in the Song Dynasty The history of the Song Dynasty and xuzitongjian both mentioned that since the Zhenzong Dynasty, the silver price has been rising because the silver stock was too small to catch up with the economic development. Basically, more than 2000 copper coins were used as silver. Moreover, the "money law" of the Song Dynasty was very chaotic. There were copper money, iron money, lead and tin money in circulation at the same time. Each state had the right to cast money by itself, and there was also the situation of private money casting. The size of money was different, the composition was not suitable, and the value was changeable. It was very chaotic to "make money at any time". In Sichuan and Shaanxi areas, there are iron coins, ten for a copper coin. The money in the south of the Yangtze River is not the same as that in the north of the Yangtze River. It's also uncertain how much money there is in the past. There are 800 or 850 for the past, 480 for the past, and 770 for the future. Moreover, it's totally a muddle headed account for each state to "do as it pleases for private use."
according to the records of "before Xi and Feng dynasties, rice and stone were no more than six or seven hundred" in the history of the Song Dynasty and "thirty articles for each bucket (meter)" in the official records of the Song Dynasty, the price of rice in the Taiping period was one stone 600-300 (one stone or two silver from around the Jingkang rebellion to the early Southern Song Dynasty, which was not in the normal calculation range). One liang of silver is equivalent to nearly 924-1848 RMB yuan, based on 66 kg of Songshi The stone of Song Dynasty is 96 Jin, which is equivalent to 1 liang of silver (672-1344 yuan). Assuming that the price of silver in the Southern Song Dynasty was not much different from that in the Northern Song Dynasty, Guo Jing invited Huang Rong to eat at least more than 13000 yuan and more than 30000 yuan. No wonder the little girl was so moved
it should be added that before the Song Dynasty, the total amount of silver was too small and its value was too high, and it had not yet become a currency in circulation (think about it, take a note with a face value of more than 2000 yuan to buy things in the market...), which only existed in the imperial reward and accounting settlement, such as tax, state payment (such as the amount of "silver silk" sent to Jin and Xixia), In fact, before Ming Dynasty, copper money was used in market circulation (paper money appeared in some areas of Northern Song Dynasty). Silver became the currency in circulation only after the foreign trade was active in Ming and Qing Dynasties and a large number of foreign silver poured in. But why do many people think that silver is always the currency in circulation? I think it is mainly because of the prevalence of novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which describe the former dynasties according to the common sense of life at that time, such as Shuihu, Jinpingmei, Sanyan Erpai and so on. The value of silver in these works is based on the price of silver in Ming Dynasty, which is different from the original literature, Guan, Yan and Erpai Baht and other monetary units are mixed together, and have a great influence on later generations. Therefore, most of the historical novels and martial arts novels written by modern people with the background of ancient China, such as "shediao", also describe the ancient currency as "silver". But after all, modern people are far away from people in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and they have less understanding of the monetary system and the actual purchasing power of silver in the former dynasties, so they often have sky high prices of steamed bread, wine and vegetables. Serious readers or viewers, out of curiosity about the ancient economic situation, should have a clear understanding of the value of silver. 1 * 10 = forget it
9. Take the purchase of rice as an example. Compared with 1000 yuan in 2014 and 2006, it has shrunk to 576 yuan, and 100 yuan has shrunk to 57.6 yuan.
10. Although it is reasonable to calculate GDP by purchasing power, its disadvantages are also obvious. It is beneficial to low wage developing countries and conceals the huge intangible assets and technological value accumulated by technologically developed countries. As a result, when calculated by purchasing power, China's GDP is completely equal to or even more than that of the United States. How is that possible? To be realistic, the United States is still the number one, and we still have to work hard to catch up for many years.
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