Decentralization of US imaging reconnaissance satellite
Publish: 2021-04-18 04:44:02
1.
there are 500 satellites in the world, of which the United States accounts for more than half, and the United States has more than 100 military satellites , moreover, the United States has been particularly successful in military research in this field . This shows that the US aerospace technology is very powerful
the United States has formed a three in one reconnaissance and early warning satellite system consisting of imaging reconnaissance satellites, electronic reconnaissance satellites and missile early warning satellites, which no country can catch up with. China does not have electronic reconnaissance satellites now, and there is still a gap between China and the United States in satellite system capability, Grasp the trend of technology and strive to advance head on
2.
Although keyhole-12 satellite has many advantages, it also has a disadvantage common to all optical imaging and photographic reconnaissance satellites, that is, it can't see through the clouds. During the cold war, most of the territory of the Soviet Union and other areas of interest to the United States were often covered by clouds, so it was always a problem for intelligence gathering
the radar imaging photographic reconnaissance satellite can make up for the deficiency that the optical imaging photographic reconnaissance satellite can not carry out reconnaissance all day and all day, and has a certain penetration ability, so it can identify camouflage and find underground military facilities. It also has a large width, so it has a high time resolution, which is of great significance for comprehensive observation of theater and reconnaissance of global military dynamics. However, its resolution is lower than that of the optical photographic reconnaissance satellite, and some northern latitudes of Siberia cannot be observed. Therefore, from the current technical level, the combination of the two is the best preparation
in this war, e to many sandstorms in Iraq, and in order to confuse the US military's sight, Iraq ignited many oil wells and proced a lot of smoke, so the application of keyhole-12 will be affected to a certain extent, but the US "Lacrosse" radar photo reconnaissance satellite can shine brilliantly
"Lacrosse" radar imaging photographic reconnaissance satellite was launched by the United States on December 2, 1988. Today, only the United States has such reconnaissance satellites
3. Reconnaissance satellites can be divided into four categories: photographic reconnaissance satellites, electronic reconnaissance satellites, missile early warning satellites and ocean surveillance satellites
the photographic reconnaissance satellite uses the camera, camera or other imaging device installed on the satellite to take photos on the ground to obtain information. The acquired information is usually recorded on film or magnetic recorder, and the information is collected or received by radio transmission image through recovery cabin. After processing, the nature of the target is judged and identified, and its geographical location is determined
electronic reconnaissance satellites are mainly used for radio signal reconnaissance. The satellite is equipped with radio receiving and monitoring equipment, which is mainly used to intercept the transmission signals of radar, communication and other systems, and to detect the position, frequency and other parameters of the other party's radar and radio station
missile early warning satellite is a kind of reconnaissance satellite whose specific target is missile launching. The satellite is equipped with an infrared detector, which is used to detect the infrared radiation of the engine plume when the enemy missile is flying, and cooperate with the television camera to judge the missile's flight direction timely and accurately, and give an alarm quickly. Missile early warning satellites generally operate in geostationary orbit, and are composed of several satellites to form an early warning network
ocean surveillance satellites are mainly used to detect, track, identify and monitor ships and submarines on the sea. The satellites are equipped with radar, radio receiver, infrared detector and other reconnaissance equipment. The orbit of the satellite is generally about 1000 km in a nearly circular orbit, and the ocean monitoring network is composed of several satellites
what we usually call reconnaissance satellite generally refers to photographic reconnaissance satellite, which can be divided into visible (infrared) photographic reconnaissance satellite and radar photographic reconnaissance satellite
in fact, the image of a photographic reconnaissance satellite is no different from the image we usually take with a camera. It is composed of many invisible image points, similar to the pixels of a digital camera. The smaller the image point is, the smaller the size of the recognizable detail is. Ground resolution is an important index to measure the technical level of photographic reconnaissance satellite. Generally speaking, the ground resolution is the minimum distance between two objects that can be distinguished in a photograph. It does not represent the minimum size of the object on the ground that can be identified from the photograph. A target with a size of about 0.3 meters is only an image point in a photo with a ground resolution of 0.3. No matter how many times the photo is enlarged, it is only an image point. Generally speaking, the minimum size that can identify the target from the photo should be equal to 5 ~ 10 times of the ground resolution, i.e. 1.5 ~ 3M
according to different usage of satellite photos, different requirements are put forward for ground resolution, which is divided into four levels. The first level is discovery, which refers to roughly knowing the shape of the target and only judging whether the target exists or not from the photos; The second level is recognition, which means that the target can be identified in detail, such as a person or a car, a cannon or an aircraft; The third is confirmation, which can distinguish the targets in detail and indicate their types from the same kind of targets, such as whether the vehicle is a truck or a bus, and whether the house is a civilian house or a military barracks; The fourth is description, which can know the specific shape of the target in more detail and recognize the characteristics and details of the target. For example, it can point out the types of aircraft and automobiles and the equipment on ships. Among these four levels, the ground resolution required by "discovery" is the lowest, and the ground resolution required by "description" is the highest
at present, the most advanced photographic reconnaissance satellite in the world is KH-12 "advanced keyhole" visible light reconnaissance satellite of the United States, whose resolution has reached 0.1 ~ 0.15m, known as "extreme orbit platform". However, this is only its highest resolution, which can't be achieved in most of the time. First of all, the KH-12 satellite operates in the sun synchronous orbit of 322 km perigee and 966 km apogee. To achieve the highest resolution, it needs to reach the perigee of the satellite, while in other parts of the orbit, the ground resolution will decline; Secondly, satellites need to have excellent visibility ring reconnaissance. Dense fog, smoke and clouds will greatly rece the reconnaissance effect, or even make it impossible to use at all.
the photographic reconnaissance satellite uses the camera, camera or other imaging device installed on the satellite to take photos on the ground to obtain information. The acquired information is usually recorded on film or magnetic recorder, and the information is collected or received by radio transmission image through recovery cabin. After processing, the nature of the target is judged and identified, and its geographical location is determined
electronic reconnaissance satellites are mainly used for radio signal reconnaissance. The satellite is equipped with radio receiving and monitoring equipment, which is mainly used to intercept the transmission signals of radar, communication and other systems, and to detect the position, frequency and other parameters of the other party's radar and radio station
missile early warning satellite is a kind of reconnaissance satellite whose specific target is missile launching. The satellite is equipped with an infrared detector, which is used to detect the infrared radiation of the engine plume when the enemy missile is flying, and cooperate with the television camera to judge the missile's flight direction timely and accurately, and give an alarm quickly. Missile early warning satellites generally operate in geostationary orbit, and are composed of several satellites to form an early warning network
ocean surveillance satellites are mainly used to detect, track, identify and monitor ships and submarines on the sea. The satellites are equipped with radar, radio receiver, infrared detector and other reconnaissance equipment. The orbit of the satellite is generally about 1000 km in a nearly circular orbit, and the ocean monitoring network is composed of several satellites
what we usually call reconnaissance satellite generally refers to photographic reconnaissance satellite, which can be divided into visible (infrared) photographic reconnaissance satellite and radar photographic reconnaissance satellite
in fact, the image of a photographic reconnaissance satellite is no different from the image we usually take with a camera. It is composed of many invisible image points, similar to the pixels of a digital camera. The smaller the image point is, the smaller the size of the recognizable detail is. Ground resolution is an important index to measure the technical level of photographic reconnaissance satellite. Generally speaking, the ground resolution is the minimum distance between two objects that can be distinguished in a photograph. It does not represent the minimum size of the object on the ground that can be identified from the photograph. A target with a size of about 0.3 meters is only an image point in a photo with a ground resolution of 0.3. No matter how many times the photo is enlarged, it is only an image point. Generally speaking, the minimum size that can identify the target from the photo should be equal to 5 ~ 10 times of the ground resolution, i.e. 1.5 ~ 3M
according to different usage of satellite photos, different requirements are put forward for ground resolution, which is divided into four levels. The first level is discovery, which refers to roughly knowing the shape of the target and only judging whether the target exists or not from the photos; The second level is recognition, which means that the target can be identified in detail, such as a person or a car, a cannon or an aircraft; The third is confirmation, which can distinguish the targets in detail and indicate their types from the same kind of targets, such as whether the vehicle is a truck or a bus, and whether the house is a civilian house or a military barracks; The fourth is description, which can know the specific shape of the target in more detail and recognize the characteristics and details of the target. For example, it can point out the types of aircraft and automobiles and the equipment on ships. Among these four levels, the ground resolution required by "discovery" is the lowest, and the ground resolution required by "description" is the highest
at present, the most advanced photographic reconnaissance satellite in the world is KH-12 "advanced keyhole" visible light reconnaissance satellite of the United States, whose resolution has reached 0.1 ~ 0.15m, known as "extreme orbit platform". However, this is only its highest resolution, which can't be achieved in most of the time. First of all, the KH-12 satellite operates in the sun synchronous orbit of 322 km perigee and 966 km apogee. To achieve the highest resolution, it needs to reach the perigee of the satellite, while in other parts of the orbit, the ground resolution will decline; Secondly, satellites need to have excellent visibility ring reconnaissance. Dense fog, smoke and clouds will greatly rece the reconnaissance effect, or even make it impossible to use at all.
4.
A reconnaissance satellite that uses photoelectric remote sensor to photograph the ground to obtain military information. It is one of the earliest and fastest developing satellites with the largest number of launches and the most mature technology. The remote sensors on the satellite mainly include visible light camera, infrared camera, multispectral or hyperspectral camera, TV camera, imaging radar and scanner. The target information is recorded on the film or in the satellite recorder. The film is recovered from the ground or the image information transmitted by radio is received. After processing, the nature of the target is judged and recognized, and its geographical location is determined
According to the different ways of information transmission to the ground, photographic reconnaissance satellites can be divided into return type and transmission typeaccording to the different image remote sensors, it can be divided into optical type and radar type
according to different uses, it can be divided into general survey type and detailed survey type
The main development trend of photographic reconnaissance satellite is to improve the ground resolution, time resolution, reconnaissance image width, moving target indication ability and so on. The United States and the Soviet Union / Russia launched a large number of photographic reconnaissance satellites With the development of satellite technology, optical remote sensing technology, information transmission technology and image processing technology, the performance of photographic reconnaissance satellite has been greatly improved. Due to the long operation time of satellite orbit, wide reconnaissance coverage, unrestricted flight by national boundaries and no life safety problem of pilots, most manned aircraft have been replaced by satellites in the United States to carry out photo reconnaissance missionsphoto reconnaissance satellite
5. In August 1960, the United States successfully launched the world's first reconnaissance satellite keyhole-1 (also known as discoverer-13) optical imaging reconnaissance satellite, which opened the prelude to the military use of space< On August 10, 1960, the United States launched the discoverer 13 experimental reconnaissance satellite. On August 11, the discoverer 13, under the command and control of the ground, ejected a sealed capsule containing photographic film, re entered the atmosphere, and successfully recovered at sea
from the 14th satellite to the end of 1972, 145 missions have been carried out, including 102 successful missions. The following major missions have been completed: secretly photographing all missile facilities of the Soviet Union; It makes clear that the rumored "missile gap" between the United States and the Soviet Union does not exist; In the "Cuban Missile Crisis", President Kennedy was provided with an accurate estimate of the number of Soviet nuclear weapons; The construction, launching and service of new Soviet submarines were tracked; They monitored the implementation of the first phase Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty by the Soviet Union, etc.
from the 14th satellite to the end of 1972, 145 missions have been carried out, including 102 successful missions. The following major missions have been completed: secretly photographing all missile facilities of the Soviet Union; It makes clear that the rumored "missile gap" between the United States and the Soviet Union does not exist; In the "Cuban Missile Crisis", President Kennedy was provided with an accurate estimate of the number of Soviet nuclear weapons; The construction, launching and service of new Soviet submarines were tracked; They monitored the implementation of the first phase Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty by the Soviet Union, etc.
6. First of all, it is certain that China is developing anti military reconnaissance satellite technology
secondly, among many anti satellite technologies, "space graffiti" is a relatively simple and practical technology with less risk. The so-called "space graffiti" means that our satellite ejects a mass of "obstacles" near the orbit of the enemy satellite. When the enemy satellite passes by, this mass of "obstacles" will block its imaging lens and make it temporarily lose its reconnaissance function. However, this group of "obstacles" will not cause essential damage to enemy satellites (for example, "obstacles" will be removed automatically after enemy reconnaissance satellites leave our reconnaissance area). Therefore, this is a technical solution with the best of both worlds
in addition, in the past, it was rumored that China used laser weapons to irradiate a country's reconnaissance satellite, blinding it. In fact, this possibility is very small. Although laser weapons have the potential to attack satellites, they require high technology and are vulnerable to weather and other natural factors. Moreover, if the control is not good, the laser weapons will cause permanent damage to the satellites of other countries, which will be regarded as hostile (attack) behavior by the other party and may trigger war. Therefore, the risk of doing so is usually unbearable~
secondly, among many anti satellite technologies, "space graffiti" is a relatively simple and practical technology with less risk. The so-called "space graffiti" means that our satellite ejects a mass of "obstacles" near the orbit of the enemy satellite. When the enemy satellite passes by, this mass of "obstacles" will block its imaging lens and make it temporarily lose its reconnaissance function. However, this group of "obstacles" will not cause essential damage to enemy satellites (for example, "obstacles" will be removed automatically after enemy reconnaissance satellites leave our reconnaissance area). Therefore, this is a technical solution with the best of both worlds
in addition, in the past, it was rumored that China used laser weapons to irradiate a country's reconnaissance satellite, blinding it. In fact, this possibility is very small. Although laser weapons have the potential to attack satellites, they require high technology and are vulnerable to weather and other natural factors. Moreover, if the control is not good, the laser weapons will cause permanent damage to the satellites of other countries, which will be regarded as hostile (attack) behavior by the other party and may trigger war. Therefore, the risk of doing so is usually unbearable~
7.
1. Fast speed:
if it is a reconnaissance satellite in low earth orbit, it can fly about seven or eight kilometers per second, and it can circle the earth in about an hour and a half. The speed of reconnaissance satellites is hundreds of times faster than that of trains and cars, and more than ten times faster than that of supersonic aircraft
for example, it's only half a minute from Beijing to Tianjin, three minutes to Shanghai and five minutes to Lhasa. Not only timely reconnaissance, but also ensure continuity. Generally, long-lived reconnaissance satellites can stay in the air for more than two years, ring which time they can detect the continuous changes of targets
2. Wide range:
compared with the satellite, the plane and the satellite have the same 20 degree angle of view. The plane with an altitude of 3000 meters can see the range of 1 square kilometer on the ground, and the satellite with an altitude of 300 kilometers can see the range of 10000 square kilometers on the ground, with a difference of more than 10000 times
some people have calculated that it will take 10 years to take 1 million photos of China on a high-altitude plane; If you take pictures by satellite, you only need to take more than 500 pictures, which will take you a few days
3. Less restrictions:
detective satellites have the freedom to transcend national boundaries, but not the dispute of violating airspace. Mountain, sea, desert, Gobi, dense forest, where people can't reach, can't stop satellites from reconnaissance
4. Strong analysis ability:
detective satellite has advanced ultra multi spectral imaging technology. In order to improve the ability of detecting camouflage and blurred targets, hundreds of narrow spectral channels are used to obtain high resolution
Theultra multispectral remote sensor has fine spectral resolution, which can directly analyze the material composition of the target from the remote sensing data, so as to effectively distinguish the target
5. Military operations are of great significance:
detective satellites are equipped with electronic reconnaissance equipment, which is used to detect the position and characteristics of radar and other radio equipment, and intercept the other party's telemetry, communication and other confidential information
electronic reconnaissance satellite is specially used to detect the position and signal characteristics of the other party's early warning, air defense, anti missile and other radars. It can also determine the position of the other party's military communication and radio station, provide data for the national strategic bombers, ballistic missiles and cruise missiles to carry out penetration and attack tasks, and can also be used to detect the other party's command and communication signals ring military exercises and intercept them
source of reference: People's daily.com
8.
Photographic reconnaissance satellite is a man-made earth satellite that uses space remote sensing equipment with optical imaging to conct reconnaissance and obtain military information. The commonly used remote sensing equipment includes visible light camera, TV camera, infrared camera, multispectral camera and microwave remote sensing equipment
The first photographic reconnaissance satellite in the world is discoverer-1, which was successfully launched on February 28, 1959“ Discoverer 1 is an experimental reconnaissance satellite. On August 10, 1960, the United States launched the discoverer 13 experimental reconnaissance satellite. On August 11, "discoverer" 13, under the command and control of the ground, ejected a sealed capsule containing photographic film, loaded into the atmosphere, and successfully recovered at sea. This is the first roll of photographic film recovered from space With the development of satellite technology, optical remote sensing technology, information transmission technology and image processing technology, the performance of photographic reconnaissance satellite has been greatly improved. Due to the long operation time of satellite orbit, wide reconnaissance coverage, unrestricted flight by national boundaries and no life safety problem of pilots, most manned aircraft have been replaced by satellites in the United States to carry out photo reconnaissance missions9. At present, the United States has more than 50 satellites of various types, which shoulder direct or indirect reconnaissance tasks. In the Gulf War in 1991, the United States used more than 30 satellites to continuously detect and monitor the movements of Iraqi forces, providing a large amount of accurate information for the highest command authority of the United States and the US forces in the Gulf; In March 1999, when the NATO group headed by the United States launched a military attack on the fry, the satellite reconnaissance force also played a key role. The space satellite reconnaissance system of the United States mainly includes four types of professional reconnaissance satellites: photographic reconnaissance, electronic reconnaissance, missile early warning and ocean surveillance, and other auxiliary reconnaissance satellites such as global positioning satellites, meteorological observation satellites and geodesic satellites. The United States has regarded this kind of reconnaissance system as an important part of its strategic weapon system< As an important means of space reconnaissance, the photographic reconnaissance satellite is known as the "eye" in space. The main photographic reconnaissance satellites currently used by the United States are the 5th generation kh-11, the 6th generation KH-12 "keyhole" reconnaissance satellites and the "Lacrosse" radar imaging satellites, which were launched at the end of 1988
kh-11 and KH-12 "keyhole" photographic reconnaissance satellites have advanced digital image transmission capability. They use high-resolution digital imaging technology and advanced optical remote sensing equipment, and the space shuttle can inject fuel on the orbit. They can change the altitude or even the plane of the orbit at any time, so that they can fly over the reconnaissance area as soon as possible and carry out reconnaissance tasks“ Keyhole photography does not use film, but uses a special digital camera to capture the ground scene image, which is then sent back to the national image interpretation center in Washington through the satellite data system, and restored to a high-resolution field image. It takes only one and a half hours or less from the satellite image taken in orbit to the ground interpretation personnel to see the image. Therefore, this kind of satellite has the ability of near real-time reconnaissance“ Keyhole satellite is 19.5 meters long, 13.5 tons in weight, two meters in diameter, and has a working life of 1000 days. It can take multispectral images with a ground resolution of 1.5-3 meters. Compared with kh-11 satellite, the image resolution of KH-12 satellite is higher, up to 100 mm, and its working life is extended to more than six years
"Lacrosse" radar imaging reconnaissance satellite is developed by the United States on the basis of KH-12. The satellite is equipped with advanced synthetic aperture radar, which overcomes the shortcomings of visible light photographic reconnaissance satellite that can not take pictures at night and rainy days, and can carry out all-weather real-time reconnaissance“ The ground resolution of lacrosse satellite is very high, and it can find and identify ground mobile military targets such as jeeps, tanks, missile transporters and so on. In order to further strengthen the space reconnaissance capability, the US Defense Department also plans to form a constellation of four KH-12 and four Lacrosse satellites in the near future, so as to carry out uninterrupted reconnaissance in various hot spots around the world<
"maritime espionage" -- ocean surveillance satellite
ocean surveillance satellite is a surveillance satellite launched to grasp the large-area maritime activities of the target country or target area. It uses advanced TV camera, infrared detector, electronic reconnaissance receiver, radar and other remote sensing equipment to observe the activities of ships and fleets on the sea, detect submarines and track them<
the ocean surveillance satellite currently used in the United States is called "Baiyun", which is a kind of signal intelligence satellite. It was developed in 1968 and put into operation in April 1976. It is mainly used for monitoring and reconnaissance of electromagnetic wave signals transmitted by naval ships, and also for detecting some land-based radio signals. It has the ability of tracking and positioning, and can carry out all-weather and all-time reconnaissance and surveillance. The effective distance of the monitoring signal can reach 3200 km. During the Gulf War, more than 10 satellites of this type flew over the theater at least once a day to detect and locate the reconnaissance targets in the Persian Gulf and the border area between Iran and Kuwait, providing the US military with maritime and part of land-based signal intelligence
the U.S. military believes that future maritime conflicts and operations are more and more likely, so it is of great significance to comprehensively, timely and accurately grasp the maritime situation of the theater for better deployment and deployment of limited U.S. forces. In addition, the U.S. military believes that because many Third World countries and regional powers are competing to develop conventional powered submarines and nuclear attack submarines, it is of vital importance to accurately grasp the enemy's situation and sea conditions in the target sea area to ensure the safety of the U.S. aircraft carrier battle group and other ship formations<
"long ears in space" -- electronic reconnaissance satellite, also known as electronic intelligence satellite, is called "ears" in space. At ordinary times, its main task is to obtain important information in military communication: to determine the precise position, signal characteristics and operating range of enemy's air defense radar and anti missile radar, so as to improve the penetration ability of its own strategic missiles and bombers; Determine the location and signal characteristics of enemy military radio stations in order to destroy them in wartime
in a sense, the intelligence information grasped by the electronic reconnaissance satellite can more accurately reflect the enemy's military mobilization, weapon test and equipment, and understand its strategic intention. In the Gulf War, the U.S. military used 15 electronic reconnaissance satellites, including "wine bottle", "shepherd's cabin" and "folding chair". When flying over the Gulf area, these satellites intercepted and monitored Iraq's communication intelligence, reconnoitered and located the performance data of Iraqi army's communication and radar facilities, so as to have a more comprehensive grasp of Iraq's military activities
at present, the most important electronic reconnaissance satellite of the United States, the "wine bottle" satellite, also known as the "mentor", is the third generation of electronic reconnaissance satellite of the United States, which is mainly used to intercept and collect communications and electronic intelligence information“ The satellite weighs about 2.5 tons and is equipped with a large antenna with a diameter of more than 90 meters, which can cover larger areas and intercept more and weaker electronic signals. At present, the United States has two "wine bottle" satellites working in synchronous orbit. In the future, the "wine bottle" satellite will graally replace the second generation of "shepherd's cabin" and "folding chair" electronic reconnaissance satellites< Missile early warning satellite, also known as defense support program satellite, is an important part of the US strategic early warning system and a proct of the US Soviet cold war. In the 1960s, the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, competed to develop and deploy strategic nuclear weapons. In order to forecast the incoming missiles in time, the United States and the Soviet Union successively established their own early warning satellite systems from the late 1960s to the 1970s
early warning satellites are usually used to monitor missile tests and satellite launches. Most early warning satellites are also equipped with nuclear explosion detection devices, which can detect all kinds of radiation and radiation energy proced by nuclear explosion and evaluate nuclear explosion. In wartime, it can be used to evaluate the attack effect, and in peacetime, it can be used to monitor nuclear tests and supervise the implementation of nuclear treaties
the missile early warning satellite can monitor the earth's surface all the year round, and detect and locate it according to the weak signal sent out at the moment of missile launch, so it has the ability of "seeing the minute". According to the assessment of the American Society of scientists, the satellite can provide 25-30 minutes of early warning time for intercontinental ballistic missiles launched into the United States. The first missile early warning satellite of the United States was launched in November 1970 and has now developed to the third generation
the missile early warning satellite is equipped with infrared sensors, "Smith" infrared telescope, 6000 infrared detection units, visible light television cameras, nuclear explosion detectors, etc., and has a certain anti destruction ability. In general, the early warning satellite is in a synchronous or near synchronous orbit with a high distance from the earth, and uses an infrared telescope to scan the earth's surface. After the ballistic missile is launched, a strong infrared ray is emitted from the tail of the rocket. After satellite detection, an alarm is sent to the ground immediately. Through multiple detections, it can calculate the trajectory of the missile and calculate the target to be attacked. During the Gulf War, the United States used two missile warning satellites to win valuable time for Patriot missiles to intercept Scud missiles.
kh-11 and KH-12 "keyhole" photographic reconnaissance satellites have advanced digital image transmission capability. They use high-resolution digital imaging technology and advanced optical remote sensing equipment, and the space shuttle can inject fuel on the orbit. They can change the altitude or even the plane of the orbit at any time, so that they can fly over the reconnaissance area as soon as possible and carry out reconnaissance tasks“ Keyhole photography does not use film, but uses a special digital camera to capture the ground scene image, which is then sent back to the national image interpretation center in Washington through the satellite data system, and restored to a high-resolution field image. It takes only one and a half hours or less from the satellite image taken in orbit to the ground interpretation personnel to see the image. Therefore, this kind of satellite has the ability of near real-time reconnaissance“ Keyhole satellite is 19.5 meters long, 13.5 tons in weight, two meters in diameter, and has a working life of 1000 days. It can take multispectral images with a ground resolution of 1.5-3 meters. Compared with kh-11 satellite, the image resolution of KH-12 satellite is higher, up to 100 mm, and its working life is extended to more than six years
"Lacrosse" radar imaging reconnaissance satellite is developed by the United States on the basis of KH-12. The satellite is equipped with advanced synthetic aperture radar, which overcomes the shortcomings of visible light photographic reconnaissance satellite that can not take pictures at night and rainy days, and can carry out all-weather real-time reconnaissance“ The ground resolution of lacrosse satellite is very high, and it can find and identify ground mobile military targets such as jeeps, tanks, missile transporters and so on. In order to further strengthen the space reconnaissance capability, the US Defense Department also plans to form a constellation of four KH-12 and four Lacrosse satellites in the near future, so as to carry out uninterrupted reconnaissance in various hot spots around the world<
"maritime espionage" -- ocean surveillance satellite
ocean surveillance satellite is a surveillance satellite launched to grasp the large-area maritime activities of the target country or target area. It uses advanced TV camera, infrared detector, electronic reconnaissance receiver, radar and other remote sensing equipment to observe the activities of ships and fleets on the sea, detect submarines and track them<
the ocean surveillance satellite currently used in the United States is called "Baiyun", which is a kind of signal intelligence satellite. It was developed in 1968 and put into operation in April 1976. It is mainly used for monitoring and reconnaissance of electromagnetic wave signals transmitted by naval ships, and also for detecting some land-based radio signals. It has the ability of tracking and positioning, and can carry out all-weather and all-time reconnaissance and surveillance. The effective distance of the monitoring signal can reach 3200 km. During the Gulf War, more than 10 satellites of this type flew over the theater at least once a day to detect and locate the reconnaissance targets in the Persian Gulf and the border area between Iran and Kuwait, providing the US military with maritime and part of land-based signal intelligence
the U.S. military believes that future maritime conflicts and operations are more and more likely, so it is of great significance to comprehensively, timely and accurately grasp the maritime situation of the theater for better deployment and deployment of limited U.S. forces. In addition, the U.S. military believes that because many Third World countries and regional powers are competing to develop conventional powered submarines and nuclear attack submarines, it is of vital importance to accurately grasp the enemy's situation and sea conditions in the target sea area to ensure the safety of the U.S. aircraft carrier battle group and other ship formations<
"long ears in space" -- electronic reconnaissance satellite, also known as electronic intelligence satellite, is called "ears" in space. At ordinary times, its main task is to obtain important information in military communication: to determine the precise position, signal characteristics and operating range of enemy's air defense radar and anti missile radar, so as to improve the penetration ability of its own strategic missiles and bombers; Determine the location and signal characteristics of enemy military radio stations in order to destroy them in wartime
in a sense, the intelligence information grasped by the electronic reconnaissance satellite can more accurately reflect the enemy's military mobilization, weapon test and equipment, and understand its strategic intention. In the Gulf War, the U.S. military used 15 electronic reconnaissance satellites, including "wine bottle", "shepherd's cabin" and "folding chair". When flying over the Gulf area, these satellites intercepted and monitored Iraq's communication intelligence, reconnoitered and located the performance data of Iraqi army's communication and radar facilities, so as to have a more comprehensive grasp of Iraq's military activities
at present, the most important electronic reconnaissance satellite of the United States, the "wine bottle" satellite, also known as the "mentor", is the third generation of electronic reconnaissance satellite of the United States, which is mainly used to intercept and collect communications and electronic intelligence information“ The satellite weighs about 2.5 tons and is equipped with a large antenna with a diameter of more than 90 meters, which can cover larger areas and intercept more and weaker electronic signals. At present, the United States has two "wine bottle" satellites working in synchronous orbit. In the future, the "wine bottle" satellite will graally replace the second generation of "shepherd's cabin" and "folding chair" electronic reconnaissance satellites< Missile early warning satellite, also known as defense support program satellite, is an important part of the US strategic early warning system and a proct of the US Soviet cold war. In the 1960s, the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, competed to develop and deploy strategic nuclear weapons. In order to forecast the incoming missiles in time, the United States and the Soviet Union successively established their own early warning satellite systems from the late 1960s to the 1970s
early warning satellites are usually used to monitor missile tests and satellite launches. Most early warning satellites are also equipped with nuclear explosion detection devices, which can detect all kinds of radiation and radiation energy proced by nuclear explosion and evaluate nuclear explosion. In wartime, it can be used to evaluate the attack effect, and in peacetime, it can be used to monitor nuclear tests and supervise the implementation of nuclear treaties
the missile early warning satellite can monitor the earth's surface all the year round, and detect and locate it according to the weak signal sent out at the moment of missile launch, so it has the ability of "seeing the minute". According to the assessment of the American Society of scientists, the satellite can provide 25-30 minutes of early warning time for intercontinental ballistic missiles launched into the United States. The first missile early warning satellite of the United States was launched in November 1970 and has now developed to the third generation
the missile early warning satellite is equipped with infrared sensors, "Smith" infrared telescope, 6000 infrared detection units, visible light television cameras, nuclear explosion detectors, etc., and has a certain anti destruction ability. In general, the early warning satellite is in a synchronous or near synchronous orbit with a high distance from the earth, and uses an infrared telescope to scan the earth's surface. After the ballistic missile is launched, a strong infrared ray is emitted from the tail of the rocket. After satellite detection, an alarm is sent to the ground immediately. Through multiple detections, it can calculate the trajectory of the missile and calculate the target to be attacked. During the Gulf War, the United States used two missile warning satellites to win valuable time for Patriot missiles to intercept Scud missiles.
10. The United States began to launch military satellites in the early 1960s, and has launched hundreds of them so far. These satellites play an important role in reconnaissance, surveillance, early warning, communication and meteorology. During the Kosovo war, the U.S. military used an electronic reconnaissance satellite system composed of eight satellites, including the "wine bottle" geostationary orbit satellite, "ferret" - D Polar Orbit Satellite and "folding chair" large elliptical orbit satellite, and an imaging reconnaissance satellite system composed of 10-12 satellites, including KH-12, "Lacrosse", "Helios" - L and other small satellites, 16 ocean surveillance satellite systems and more than 30 satellites such as "national defense support program" (DSP) have provided a large amount of intelligence information for the US military
the number of military satellites launched by the United States accounts for about half of the number of satellites launched by the United States. There are a large number and a wide range of these satellites, which are mainly divided into six categories in terms of performance, namely reconnaissance satellites, missile early warning satellites, ocean surveillance satellites, communication satellites, geodesic and mapping satellites and national defense meteorological satellites< The imaging reconnaissance satellite has developed to the sixth generation since the first imaging reconnaissance satellite of the United States was launched in 1960. At present, there are five imaging reconnaissance satellites in orbit, namely three KH-12 and two lacrosse, for military reconnaissance to improve time resolution. Compared with the previous KH series, KH-12 satellite can flexibly change the surface curvature of the main lens with the change of the observation field environment under the control of the computer by using the advanced adaptive optics imaging technology, so as to effectively compensate the observation image distortion caused by the atmospheric influence. KH-12 satellite has enough fuel on board to realize orbit maneuver. It has not only optical / near infrared imager, but also thermal infrared imager, which can be used to monitor underground nuclear explosion or other underground facilities. As the only military radar imaging satellite in the world, lacrosse uses synthetic aperture radar technology. When the radar works in X-band, it can complete all-weather reconnaissance of ground targets in cloud, rain, fog, dark and smoke environment. When the radar works at 20-90 MHz, the wavelength of the radar is meter level, the diffraction penetration ability is strong, and it has certain recognition ability for false targets, camouflaged targets and underground facilities
because of the huge amount of data transmitted by the imaging reconnaissance satellite, and to prevent the data from being intercepted by other countries, it is necessary to rely on the data relay satellite to achieve high-capacity and high-speed real-time data relay. The data relay satellite deployed by the US National Reconnaissance Office does not collect image intelligence or signal intelligence, but is used to relay the data acquired by the reconnaissance satellite. The new relay satellite weighs about 3000-4000 kg and has a service life of 7 years. In addition to the data relay equipment, the satellite is also equipped with an infrared warning system for detecting the launch of ballistic missiles
in addition, the U.S. military also uses the high-resolution commercial satellites launched to realize the reconnaissance of ground targets, such as the discovery of North Korea's missile launch base by using the Ikonos-2 satellite< Electronic reconnaissance satellite, also known as electronic intelligence satellite, is mainly used to intercept the transmission signals of radar and communication systems, detect the nature, location and activity of enemy military electronic systems, and test and equipment of new weapons. Because the orbit of the electronic reconnaissance satellite is high, especially the geostationary orbit electronic reconnaissance satellite, the ground signal it receives is 1 / 5l00 of the low orbit satellite, so it is necessary to use a large receiving antenna with high sensitivity, so it is also called "large antenna". Since 1962, the United States began to launch electronic reconnaissance satellites, which has developed to the fourth generation (see Table 1). Up to now, nearly 100 electronic reconnaissance satellites have been launched, including detailed survey type, special type, general survey type, synchronous type, large elliptical orbit type and new polar orbit type< (1) census type electronic reconnaissance satellite. This kind of satellite can detect all kinds of radio signals and radar pulse signals in a large area, and has positioning function, and can measure its working frequency and scanning mode< (2) synchronous electronic reconnaissance satellite. Now there are mainly two kinds of vortex and bottle. Vortex is mainly used to intercept diplomatic and military communication signals, radar signals and telemetry signals for new missile test. Wine bottle has strong signal processing ability for high frequency signal and ultra-high frequency signal, which is used to intercept missile telemetry signal, radar signal, microwave communication and wireless telephone< (3) large elliptical orbit electronic reconnaissance satellite. The al satellite network is used to intercept military activity signals and detect anti missile radar and space tracking radar. In 1985 and 1987, the United States launched the bugle to conct electronic reconnaissance in the Arctic region of the former Soviet Union and obtained a large amount of information
(4) new polar orbit electronic reconnaissance satellite. It was launched in April 1992. In addition to the electronic reconnaissance receiver, it also carried an infrared remote sensor which can be used for missile early warning. It is composed of six satellites< The United States began to develop missile early warning satellites in 1958 and began to implement the national defense support program (DSP) in the late 1960s to monitor the launch of strategic and tactical missiles. The satellite is in geosynchronous orbit, with five satellites networking, of which three are working and two are standby. It can provide 25-30 minutes early warning time for incoming intercontinental ballistic missiles and 10-15 minutes for submarine launched ballistic missiles. The detection sensitivity of the latest satellite dsp-13 of the system is greatly improved, and the infrared radiation of military aircraft plume can be detected. At the same time, after the improvement, the US ground system can receive and process the information of multiple satellites at the same time. Within a few seconds after the enemy's tactical missile is launched, it can transmit the missile launch time, location, the expected time of attacking and reaching the target to the theater command. Its processing speed is much faster than the system used in the 1991 Gulf War, that is, it can send an early warning to the theater command 30 seconds after the Scud missile is launched< (3) ocean surveillance satellite (NOSs) the United States began to develop ocean surveillance satellite in 1968. The satellite is equipped with an electronic intelligence receiver, which can detect a wide range of ship radar and radio signals on the sea, and determine the size and movement of the fleet. It is characterized by large detection area, long working life and near real-time information transmission. The program was launched in the late 1960s and the last group of satellites will be launched in 1995. Since then, it has been replaced by the space-based wide area surveillance system (sbwass)
L. NOSs program
the NOSs constellation of the United States is composed of one main satellite (NOSs satellite) and three sub satellites (SSU). After the main satellite entered orbit, three sub satellites were ejected. The sub satellites are distributed around the main satellite at intervals of tens of kilometers. Triangulation technology is used to locate ships on the sea and transmit data to the main satellite. The orbit of the satellite is similar to that of the main satellite. During the Gulf War, NOSs not only detected the signal of Iraq's Flying Eagle radar, but also detected the movement of Iraq's small radar monitoring balloon network< Sbwas
2. Sbwas
different from NOSs, it is an imaging reconnaissance satellite system. At first, it was operated by two systems, sbwas Navy type and sbwas Air Force Army type. Later, the two systems were merged into one system, sbwas combined type, which was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of defense. Sbwass Navy type system is composed of three triplet satellites (see Table 2). Each satellite is equipped with high sensitivity infrared cameras. The main reconnaissance targets are the enemy's surface fleet and submarines. In addition, it also concts reconnaissance on aircraft. Its main feature is that the infrared CCD has high sensitivity, enough ability to detect surface ships and submarines, and all-weather reconnaissance. Sbwass Air Force Army type system is composed of three singleton satellites, which aims to carry out strategic air defense. The main reconnaissance object is enemy aircraft. In addition, it can also conct reconnaissance on surface ships. Sbwass combined satellite is called Olympic satellite, which has entered the stage of evaluation and verification< Military satellite communication system provides secure and anti-jamming command and communication support for wartime basic needs. The satellite of the system adopts microwave frequency band communication, which is used to contact the highest decision-making level of the country with military leaders and issue nuclear war orders when a nuclear war breaks out. It can connect warships, submarines, aircraft, ground vehicles and indivial portable receivers. Now there are mainly military Star 2. The United States is speeding up the development of the third generation military star, and plans to launch Pathfinder in December 2004 as the transition of the third generation military star< Defense Satellite Communication System (DSCs)
this system is an ultra-high frequency communication system that transmits command and control information for battlefield commanders, and has the ability of anti nuclear attack and anti-jamming. It was first launched in 1982, with five satellites networking. The latest third generation national defense satellite communication system satellite dscs-3 weighs about 1230 kg and has an orbit altitude of 35880 km. It is planned to launch four satellites from early 2000 to May 2003
3. Polar military satellite communication system
this system can ensure the polar communication ability of the warfighter. The first satellite in orbit was launched at the end of 1997. It weighs 213 kg and has an altitude of 40708 km
4. Fleet communication satellite system
fleet communication satellite system is used for UHF Communication of the US Air Force and navy. The system will be replaced by UHF satellite
5. UHF successor satellite (UFO)
UHF successor satellite is a new generation of US military communication satellite, which is used for UHF and UHF Communication. The characteristic of the system is that the communication capacity of the system is nearly double that of the fleet communication satellite system. At the same time, it also shows the transition of US military satellite reconnaissance system from strategic application to tactical application< Global positioning system (GPS)
GPS is the second generation satellite navigation system of the United States, which adopts al frequency time ranging navigation system, and can provide 24-hour uninterrupted three-dimensional navigation and positioning services to users anywhere in the world and near earth space. GPS navigation satellite releases military and civil navigation information. Precision P code molation is used in military information, and the theoretical positioning accuracy is about 0.29-2.9 meters. At present, there are 28 satellites in orbit, including 8 GPS-2 satellites developed by Boeing, 18 gps-2a satellites developed by Boeing and 2 gps-2r satellites developed by Lockheed Martin. The U.S. air force is planning to develop a new generation of GPS navigation satellites, and to improve the anti-jamming capability of the existing satellites< Global broadcasting service system (GBS)
in December 1995, the U.S. Department of defense proposed a plan for the construction of GBS, and carried GBS payloads on UHF successor satellites (ufo-8 and ufo-9) launched by the U.S. Navy in March and October 1998; When ufo-10 satellite was launched in 1999, GBS payload was carried on the satellite. Through the two constellations and three satellites of the system, the global coverage is realized. The system is mainly used for high bandwidth data image and video transmission, and can directly provide multimedia data such as digital map, intelligence data, meteorological data and task instructions to the theater fighters< In recent years, the U.S. Defense Bureau of Surveying and mapping has used the image data of spotter and Landsat to draw maps of other countries. The newly launched KH-12 has the drawing function. At the same time, the U.S. Navy based on UFO real-time radar altimeter mapping elevation data
six, the country
the number of military satellites launched by the United States accounts for about half of the number of satellites launched by the United States. There are a large number and a wide range of these satellites, which are mainly divided into six categories in terms of performance, namely reconnaissance satellites, missile early warning satellites, ocean surveillance satellites, communication satellites, geodesic and mapping satellites and national defense meteorological satellites< The imaging reconnaissance satellite has developed to the sixth generation since the first imaging reconnaissance satellite of the United States was launched in 1960. At present, there are five imaging reconnaissance satellites in orbit, namely three KH-12 and two lacrosse, for military reconnaissance to improve time resolution. Compared with the previous KH series, KH-12 satellite can flexibly change the surface curvature of the main lens with the change of the observation field environment under the control of the computer by using the advanced adaptive optics imaging technology, so as to effectively compensate the observation image distortion caused by the atmospheric influence. KH-12 satellite has enough fuel on board to realize orbit maneuver. It has not only optical / near infrared imager, but also thermal infrared imager, which can be used to monitor underground nuclear explosion or other underground facilities. As the only military radar imaging satellite in the world, lacrosse uses synthetic aperture radar technology. When the radar works in X-band, it can complete all-weather reconnaissance of ground targets in cloud, rain, fog, dark and smoke environment. When the radar works at 20-90 MHz, the wavelength of the radar is meter level, the diffraction penetration ability is strong, and it has certain recognition ability for false targets, camouflaged targets and underground facilities
because of the huge amount of data transmitted by the imaging reconnaissance satellite, and to prevent the data from being intercepted by other countries, it is necessary to rely on the data relay satellite to achieve high-capacity and high-speed real-time data relay. The data relay satellite deployed by the US National Reconnaissance Office does not collect image intelligence or signal intelligence, but is used to relay the data acquired by the reconnaissance satellite. The new relay satellite weighs about 3000-4000 kg and has a service life of 7 years. In addition to the data relay equipment, the satellite is also equipped with an infrared warning system for detecting the launch of ballistic missiles
in addition, the U.S. military also uses the high-resolution commercial satellites launched to realize the reconnaissance of ground targets, such as the discovery of North Korea's missile launch base by using the Ikonos-2 satellite< Electronic reconnaissance satellite, also known as electronic intelligence satellite, is mainly used to intercept the transmission signals of radar and communication systems, detect the nature, location and activity of enemy military electronic systems, and test and equipment of new weapons. Because the orbit of the electronic reconnaissance satellite is high, especially the geostationary orbit electronic reconnaissance satellite, the ground signal it receives is 1 / 5l00 of the low orbit satellite, so it is necessary to use a large receiving antenna with high sensitivity, so it is also called "large antenna". Since 1962, the United States began to launch electronic reconnaissance satellites, which has developed to the fourth generation (see Table 1). Up to now, nearly 100 electronic reconnaissance satellites have been launched, including detailed survey type, special type, general survey type, synchronous type, large elliptical orbit type and new polar orbit type< (1) census type electronic reconnaissance satellite. This kind of satellite can detect all kinds of radio signals and radar pulse signals in a large area, and has positioning function, and can measure its working frequency and scanning mode< (2) synchronous electronic reconnaissance satellite. Now there are mainly two kinds of vortex and bottle. Vortex is mainly used to intercept diplomatic and military communication signals, radar signals and telemetry signals for new missile test. Wine bottle has strong signal processing ability for high frequency signal and ultra-high frequency signal, which is used to intercept missile telemetry signal, radar signal, microwave communication and wireless telephone< (3) large elliptical orbit electronic reconnaissance satellite. The al satellite network is used to intercept military activity signals and detect anti missile radar and space tracking radar. In 1985 and 1987, the United States launched the bugle to conct electronic reconnaissance in the Arctic region of the former Soviet Union and obtained a large amount of information
(4) new polar orbit electronic reconnaissance satellite. It was launched in April 1992. In addition to the electronic reconnaissance receiver, it also carried an infrared remote sensor which can be used for missile early warning. It is composed of six satellites< The United States began to develop missile early warning satellites in 1958 and began to implement the national defense support program (DSP) in the late 1960s to monitor the launch of strategic and tactical missiles. The satellite is in geosynchronous orbit, with five satellites networking, of which three are working and two are standby. It can provide 25-30 minutes early warning time for incoming intercontinental ballistic missiles and 10-15 minutes for submarine launched ballistic missiles. The detection sensitivity of the latest satellite dsp-13 of the system is greatly improved, and the infrared radiation of military aircraft plume can be detected. At the same time, after the improvement, the US ground system can receive and process the information of multiple satellites at the same time. Within a few seconds after the enemy's tactical missile is launched, it can transmit the missile launch time, location, the expected time of attacking and reaching the target to the theater command. Its processing speed is much faster than the system used in the 1991 Gulf War, that is, it can send an early warning to the theater command 30 seconds after the Scud missile is launched< (3) ocean surveillance satellite (NOSs) the United States began to develop ocean surveillance satellite in 1968. The satellite is equipped with an electronic intelligence receiver, which can detect a wide range of ship radar and radio signals on the sea, and determine the size and movement of the fleet. It is characterized by large detection area, long working life and near real-time information transmission. The program was launched in the late 1960s and the last group of satellites will be launched in 1995. Since then, it has been replaced by the space-based wide area surveillance system (sbwass)
L. NOSs program
the NOSs constellation of the United States is composed of one main satellite (NOSs satellite) and three sub satellites (SSU). After the main satellite entered orbit, three sub satellites were ejected. The sub satellites are distributed around the main satellite at intervals of tens of kilometers. Triangulation technology is used to locate ships on the sea and transmit data to the main satellite. The orbit of the satellite is similar to that of the main satellite. During the Gulf War, NOSs not only detected the signal of Iraq's Flying Eagle radar, but also detected the movement of Iraq's small radar monitoring balloon network< Sbwas
2. Sbwas
different from NOSs, it is an imaging reconnaissance satellite system. At first, it was operated by two systems, sbwas Navy type and sbwas Air Force Army type. Later, the two systems were merged into one system, sbwas combined type, which was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of defense. Sbwass Navy type system is composed of three triplet satellites (see Table 2). Each satellite is equipped with high sensitivity infrared cameras. The main reconnaissance targets are the enemy's surface fleet and submarines. In addition, it also concts reconnaissance on aircraft. Its main feature is that the infrared CCD has high sensitivity, enough ability to detect surface ships and submarines, and all-weather reconnaissance. Sbwass Air Force Army type system is composed of three singleton satellites, which aims to carry out strategic air defense. The main reconnaissance object is enemy aircraft. In addition, it can also conct reconnaissance on surface ships. Sbwass combined satellite is called Olympic satellite, which has entered the stage of evaluation and verification< Military satellite communication system provides secure and anti-jamming command and communication support for wartime basic needs. The satellite of the system adopts microwave frequency band communication, which is used to contact the highest decision-making level of the country with military leaders and issue nuclear war orders when a nuclear war breaks out. It can connect warships, submarines, aircraft, ground vehicles and indivial portable receivers. Now there are mainly military Star 2. The United States is speeding up the development of the third generation military star, and plans to launch Pathfinder in December 2004 as the transition of the third generation military star< Defense Satellite Communication System (DSCs)
this system is an ultra-high frequency communication system that transmits command and control information for battlefield commanders, and has the ability of anti nuclear attack and anti-jamming. It was first launched in 1982, with five satellites networking. The latest third generation national defense satellite communication system satellite dscs-3 weighs about 1230 kg and has an orbit altitude of 35880 km. It is planned to launch four satellites from early 2000 to May 2003
3. Polar military satellite communication system
this system can ensure the polar communication ability of the warfighter. The first satellite in orbit was launched at the end of 1997. It weighs 213 kg and has an altitude of 40708 km
4. Fleet communication satellite system
fleet communication satellite system is used for UHF Communication of the US Air Force and navy. The system will be replaced by UHF satellite
5. UHF successor satellite (UFO)
UHF successor satellite is a new generation of US military communication satellite, which is used for UHF and UHF Communication. The characteristic of the system is that the communication capacity of the system is nearly double that of the fleet communication satellite system. At the same time, it also shows the transition of US military satellite reconnaissance system from strategic application to tactical application< Global positioning system (GPS)
GPS is the second generation satellite navigation system of the United States, which adopts al frequency time ranging navigation system, and can provide 24-hour uninterrupted three-dimensional navigation and positioning services to users anywhere in the world and near earth space. GPS navigation satellite releases military and civil navigation information. Precision P code molation is used in military information, and the theoretical positioning accuracy is about 0.29-2.9 meters. At present, there are 28 satellites in orbit, including 8 GPS-2 satellites developed by Boeing, 18 gps-2a satellites developed by Boeing and 2 gps-2r satellites developed by Lockheed Martin. The U.S. air force is planning to develop a new generation of GPS navigation satellites, and to improve the anti-jamming capability of the existing satellites< Global broadcasting service system (GBS)
in December 1995, the U.S. Department of defense proposed a plan for the construction of GBS, and carried GBS payloads on UHF successor satellites (ufo-8 and ufo-9) launched by the U.S. Navy in March and October 1998; When ufo-10 satellite was launched in 1999, GBS payload was carried on the satellite. Through the two constellations and three satellites of the system, the global coverage is realized. The system is mainly used for high bandwidth data image and video transmission, and can directly provide multimedia data such as digital map, intelligence data, meteorological data and task instructions to the theater fighters< In recent years, the U.S. Defense Bureau of Surveying and mapping has used the image data of spotter and Landsat to draw maps of other countries. The newly launched KH-12 has the drawing function. At the same time, the U.S. Navy based on UFO real-time radar altimeter mapping elevation data
six, the country
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