Deconstructing decentralization

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Deconstruction, or "structural decomposition", is a critical method proposed by post structuralism. It's a term used by Derrida, a deconstructionist“ The concept of "Deconstruction" comes from the word "Deconstruction" in Heidegger's being and time, which originally means decomposition, digestion, dismantling, revealing, etc. Derrida added the meanings of "elimination", "anti accumulation" and "problematic" on this basis

In European Philosophy and literary criticism, deconstruction is represented by a critical school founded by Derrida, a French post structuralist philosopher. Derrida proposed what he called deconstruction reading western philosophy“ The word "Deconstruction" is translated by Qian Zhongshu

the main method of deconstruction analysis is to look at the binary opposition in a text (for example, men and women, homosexuality and heterosexuality), and show that the two opposite aspects are in fact mobile and impossible to be completely separated, rather than two strictly separated categories. The general conclusion of this is that these classifications do not exist in any fixed or absolute form

In general, deconstructive reading is a text analysis method to reveal the differences between text structure and its western metaphysical essence. Deconstruction reading shows that the text can not be interpreted as a single author conveying an obvious message, but should be interpreted as the embodiment of various conflicts in a certain culture or world outlook

a deconstructed text will show a lot of different viewpoints that exist at the same time, and these viewpoints often conflict with each other. Comparing the deconstructive reading of a text with its traditional reading will also show that many of these views are suppressed and ignored

the main method of deconstruction analysis is to look at the binary opposition in a text (for example, men and women, homosexuality and heterosexuality), and show that the two opposite aspects are in fact mobile and impossible to be completely separated, rather than two strictly separated categories. The general conclusion of this is that these classifications do not exist in any fixed or absolute form

deconstruction is highly controversial in both academic circles and public journals. In academia, it has been accused of nihilism, parasitism and madness. In the popular journals, it is regarded as a symbol that the academia has completely separated from the reality. Despite these controversies, deconstruction is still a major force in contemporary philosophy and literary criticism

4. Deconstruction has been a popular term in the fields of philosophy, politics, history, law and literature since 1990s. In many texts, deconstruction is often used to replace criticism. On the one hand, it seems that criticism is easily associated with politics. On the other hand, deconstruction is obviously derived from the strong attachment to deconstruction.

5. What is & quot; Deconstruction & quot; What about it& quot; Deconstruction & quot; The word, literally, is a & quot; Solution & quot; The word means & quot; Untie, disassemble, disassemble & quot& quot; Construction & quot; The Chinese character is & quot; Structure, Constitution & quot; The meaning of the word. The two words together extend to & quot; It's untied and then formed & quot& quot; Deconstructionism & quot The formal appearance of "construction" in the field of philosophy should begin with Derrida's speech at the academic conference organized by the center for human studies of Johns Hopkins University in 1966. At that time, Derrida, 36, pointed to structuralism, which is the sure and unquestionable & quot; belief that Westerners have worshipped for thousands of years; Truth& quot; Thoughts& quot; Rationality& quot; Meaning & quot; Wait for a question mark. To help understand & quot; Deconstructionism & quot;, We have to deal with & quot; Structuralism & quot; This paper gives a brief introction. Structuralism is one of the most influential philosophical thoughts in the early and middle of this century. The structure of structuralism philosophy refers to & quot; The relatively stable organization mode or connection mode inherent in the elements of the system of things & quot China's big network Book Philosophy Volume). Structuralism emphasizes relative stability, order and certainty. The problem with structuralism, however, is that no structure is static. It is pointed out that structural stability does not exist. For example, when people appreciate a literary work, everyone will have different understanding and association. In this way, the static structure of the work becomes a moving and changing thing in the appreciation of the viewer. Derrida started from this point of view and wrote a lot of articles. He pointed out that the signifier and the signified in the language system are biased and disjointed. As the saying goes & quot; Not enough words in books, not enough meaning in words & quot I. Xici (Part 1). Therefore, he opened a & quot; The age of deconstruction & quot;. Think & quot; In his view, all the fields of traditional metaphysics, all the inherent certainty, all the established boundaries, concepts, categories and hierarchy should be overthrown& quot; Bao Yaming, the Enlightenment of Derrida's deconstruction theory)

7. Deconstruction is not only adopted in art, it is a trend of thought, philosophy, film, drama, everywhere, it is difficult to define deconstruction in art. Deconstruction in art, like other fields, has a rebellious process, a process of overthrowing and rebuilding, a process of breaking up and restructuring, which mainly exists in the West< An important discovery of Saussure's structuralist linguistics is that language works by distinction. A word has no real meaning attached to it. Meaning is proced and exists through the distinction of phonetics and glyphs between words. Derrida continues Saussure's logic: where does this distinction stop? A is a because it is not B, not C, not D, e, F. In fact, the process of this distinction is infinite, and no one knows the boundary of the termination of meaning distinction. Meaning is not so fixed as moving and dispersing, and it is the "trace" of countless words referring to each other. Derrida coined the word "difference" to explain the process of infinite delay of meaning: meaning depends on difference, meaning will spread out, meaning can not be obtained, and is in the state of infinite delay. Saussure's structuralist linguistics distinguishes the sign from the referent and points out the nature of the sign itself. Derrida further points out that all referents are the result of the infinite distinction of the signifier, none of which is not the ultimate signifier of the signifier, meaning is an infinite chain of signifiers, and language is an endless network, No pure meaning can fully exist in language. Therefore, Derrida launched his criticism of phonocentrism, logocentrism and Western metaphysics
there has always been such a view in the western philosophical tradition: face to face dialogue can directly present "I" itself, and once resorting to words, meaning may begin to be distorted and alienated, words are unnatural imitation of "living language", while sound is the direct presentation of meaning. Behind the alistic opposition of phonetics and words lies the idea that language is transparent, that people can fully possess language, reflect reality and express thoughts and feelings. However, as Saussure has proved, language works by distinction, so does words and "speaking". Derrida deconstructs the alistic antithesis of voice and words: speaking can be regarded as the imitation of writing, just as writing is called the imitation of speaking. There is no so-called language base in the original sense, and all "presence" depends on the lack of work. Any attempt to create such a "presence": ultimate meaning, essence, reality, as the first principle, standard, reality, etc The effort of purpose can be called "logos centrism" -- the word "logos" comes from ancient Greece and refers to speech, truth and reason. It believes that there is a super signifier, which (in the tradition of Western metaphysics, it has all kinds of agents - God, idea, ego, subject, etc.) as the basis and essence of things, It will not be polluted by language games. It is beyond language games and becomes the center of other words and concepts. However, since no "word" can escape from the net of language, such an initial or final word must be a fiction. Perhaps the real question worth studying is: which historical periods and which words have been endowed with supreme meaning and gained sacred and unquestionable authority? What makes some concepts and knowledge the core of the times? This is also the origin of "anti essentialism" in recent years: there is no so-called "natural" essence at the top of the meaning. People can always prove that it is also the proct of a specific meaning system, social ideology and power relations. This meaning system relies on a series of binary pairs to operate, Through the exclusion and derogation of negative terms by many positive terms
around the prior signifier, the prior signifier has gained the supreme authority
therefore, to put it simply, deconstruction is anything, nihilism, which is a vulgar understanding of deconstruction. What Derrida is committed to is questioning and criticizing some levels of meaning, and he tries to reveal the foundation of such metaphysical thinking. Although Derrida admits that none of us can get rid of the pollution and influence of metaphysics, we can maintain a state of vigilance, "first of all, review, In other words, we should exercise the power of memory to understand where the culture we live in comes from, where the tradition comes from, and where the authority and recognized customs come from. Therefore, there is no deconstruction without memory, which has universal validity, both for European culture and for Chinese culture. Even though the contents of memory vary, it is necessary to do genealogical research for the dominant things in today's culture every time. The factors that play the role of standardization, coordination and dominance have their origins. The first responsibility of deconstruction is to reconstruct the spectrum of hegemony as far as possible: where did it come from, and why did it gain today's hegemony 1) Therefore, Derrida's deconstruction can become a political liberation strategy. This deeply inspired feminism and postcolonialism< In the patriarchal society, phallus (referring to the image of penis, which is the symbol of male power) is the first principle and transcendental signifier of this gender hierarchy, which represents integrity, consistency and simplicity. Phallus centrism creates a series of male / female alistic projects, Yang / Yin, rational / crazy, strong / weak, orderly / disordered, etc. in the way of alistic opposition, this series of alistic projects all take men as the first sex, and women as its opposite. Therefore, phallus constructs his own authoritative position with absolute difference, but it is not the same, As deconstruction suggests, any one item always contains another item, and men as men must be explained with the help of women as the "other". This woman is alien and external. However, without it, men can't define themselves. "Not only does his own existence depend on women, but also on exclusion and her subordinate activities. Moreover, one of the necessary reasons for such exclusion is that she may not be so" the other. ". Perhaps she is a sign of something within a man who needs to be repressed, expelled from his own existence, relegated to a safe foreign land beyond his own clear boundaries. Perhaps, for some reason, the external is also the internal, and the alienated is also the close 2) In other words, absolute masculinity or femininity does not exist. Women are a part of men, and men need to belittle and exclude them. This just proves that the so-called femininity lies in men. The opposite group of men and women is the operation of patriarchal ideology, which is the need to maintain phallus hegemony
postcolonialism, on the other hand, is based on the criticism of western centralism. It tries to reveal how the alistic hierarchy of the West and the East is constructed. In the western discourse system and knowledge system, how the "East" is defined, invented and transformed by the Western others has become a negative factor to illustrate and verify the progress and superiority of the West, So as to build the hierarchical order and power of the West and the East. The purpose of deconstructing "Orientalism" is not simply to exchange the hierarchical position between the West and the East, and to play back the old tune of the theory of Oriental cultural superiority, but to prevent it from falling into the stereotype of ethnocentrism and the theory of national essence, and to put the emergence of such concepts and alistic pairs as the West / East into the historical process of globalization in the past three hundred years, so as to find out the differences between the West and the East Reveal the power and interest relationship behind such knowledge proction
therefore, deconstruction is not just an endless dismantling of the text, but a "bottomless game" on paper. Although deconstruction criticism in the United States, such as the Yale gang of four, follows this path, if deconstruction is to be more meaningful and effective, it must be political: "I don't think that kind of general deconstruction exists. There are only some deconstructive postures in the given cultural, historical and political situations. For each situation, there are some necessary strategies, which vary according to the situation... The responsibility of deconstruction is to change the field as much as possible. This is why deconstruction is not a simple theoretical posture, but a posture of intervening in ethical and political transformation. Therefore, it is also to change a situation in which hegemony exists. Naturally, it is also to transfer hegemony. To rebel against hegemony and question authority. From this point of view, deconstruction has always been a confrontation against illegitimate dogma, authority and hegemony. " 3) This is also Eagleton's evaluation of deconstruction in his brilliant theory of Western literature in the 20th century: "deconstruction criticism is ultimately a kind of political practice, which attempts to destroy a specific ideological system and the whole political structure and social system behind it in order to maintain its own logic of power. He is not absurdly trying to deny the relatively certain truth, meaning, identity, intention and historical continuity. He is trying to see these things as the result of a deeper and broader history - the history of language, subconsciousness, social system and custom. " 4) Notes: (1) for the dialogue between Derrida and Zhang Ning, a Chinese philosopher, see the preface to the interview of Derrida's writing and difference, P. 15, Sanlian bookstore, 2001 2) Terry Eagleton, western literary theory in the 20th century, translated by Wu Xiaoming, Shaanxi Normal University Press, 1986, P. 166 3) For the dialogue between Derrida and Zhang Ning, a Chinese philosopher, see the preface to the interview of Chinese version of writing and difference, page 14-16, Sanlian bookstore, 2001 4) Terry Eagleton, western literary theory in the 20th century, translated by Wu Xiaoming, Shaanxi Normal University Press, 1986, P. 185. Quoted from Cultural Research Network http://www.culstudies.com

8. This is a stream of consciousness novel, which may be inclined to the level of stream of spirit, so many people can't understand it.

9. The definition of
deconstruction, or "structural decomposition", is a critical method proposed by post structuralism. It's a term used by Derrida, a deconstructionist“ The concept of "Deconstruction" comes from the word "Deconstruction" in Heidegger's being and time, which originally means decomposition, digestion, dismantling, revealing, etc. Derrida added the meanings of "elimination", "anti accumulation" and "problematic" on this basis

origin
starting from the analysis of language concept, Derrida reflects on the traditional thinking mode of Western metaphysics. It refers to the deconstruction of the structure with metaphysical stability and its center. Each deconstruction is characterized by the interruption, splitting or disintegration of the structure, but the result of each deconstruction is the proction of a new structure. The understanding of God's omnipotence is a deconstruction; Reason disassembles it and establishes its own structure
"Deconstruction" is translated by Mr. Qian Zhongshu
in the biography of kaixiao in the later Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu reported to kaixiao: "from now on, when you hear about each other in calligraphy, don't use the words of deconstruction."

10. The fourth episode of reconstruction
synopsis:
the characteristics of Internet decentralization, flattening and self-organization deconstruct and reconstruct the social structure, and create new organizational modes and forms. This episode compares the different organizational characteristics of the instrial age and the Internet age, and analyzes that human beings are fully and immediately connected with each other and interact with each other e to the Internet, which makes the traditional social organizations that have been standing for thousands of years present the trend of self-organization, flat, pluralism and fragmentation. The changes in the mode of communication and social structure will inevitably have a profound impact on the governing philosophy and governance style of governments

it hasn't been on the air for a long time. Brother, I'm in such a hurry that I can only give you this.