Is P2P decentralized
Publish: 2021-04-19 03:18:07
1. The four well-known decentralized loan agreements are compound, Dharma, dydx and maker, We summarize it into three modes:
(1) P2P matchmaking mode
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system
Dharma and dydx are peer-to-peer agreements to match borrowers and lenders. Therefore, the number of loans and borrowings based on the two agreements is equal
for example, in Dharma, smart contracts act as "guarantors" to evaluate the asset prices and risks of borrowers. The creditor decides whether to loan to the borrower according to the evaluation results provided by the "guarantor". At the same time, when the borrower fails to repay on time, the "guarantor" will automatically carry out the liquidation procere. The maximum borrowing period of Dharma platform is 90 days, and the loan interest is fixed. The lender's funds are locked ring the loan period, and only after matching with the borrower can it start to earn interest
dydx protocol is also a P2P mode, but the main difference between it and other lending platforms is that dydx also supports other transactions besides borrowing and lending, such as futures trading. When a trader opens a position in dydx, he or she will borrow margin and reach an agreement with the lender on the terms through the platform to conct margin trading. Therefore, the target customers of dydx are mainly margin dealers. The interest of the dydx platform is variable, and there is no lock-in period or maximum term for users to borrow money on the dydx platform< The first mock exam mode of BR / > (2) is
take compound as an example, borrowers and lenders trade through the liquid trading pool instead of matching with counterparties. The interest rate of each loan and loan is determined by the liquidity of the pool, that is, the ratio between the total amount of money provided by the lender and the total amount of money demanded by the borrower. Compound doesn't set a fixed loan term, so the lender can deposit the funds into the loan pool, continuously earn interest, and withdraw the assets at any time. The borrower has an unlimited contract period
according to market research, as of February 20, 2021, the total borrowing volume of the decentralized mortgage market hit an all-time high of US $8 billion for the first time. Decentralized lending market is a network system based on smart contract, where cryptocurrency holders can lend their assets / certificates on the chain to others to make profits.
currently, the top three defi protocols in the total amount of borrowing are:
1, compound: the total amount of borrowing is 4446012599 US dollars, accounting for 55.60%
2. Maker: the total amount of borrowing is 2335968433 US dollars, accounting for 29.21%< 3. AAVE V1: the total amount of borrowing is 643772395 US dollars, accounting for 8.05%<
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
(1) P2P matchmaking mode
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system
Dharma and dydx are peer-to-peer agreements to match borrowers and lenders. Therefore, the number of loans and borrowings based on the two agreements is equal
for example, in Dharma, smart contracts act as "guarantors" to evaluate the asset prices and risks of borrowers. The creditor decides whether to loan to the borrower according to the evaluation results provided by the "guarantor". At the same time, when the borrower fails to repay on time, the "guarantor" will automatically carry out the liquidation procere. The maximum borrowing period of Dharma platform is 90 days, and the loan interest is fixed. The lender's funds are locked ring the loan period, and only after matching with the borrower can it start to earn interest
dydx protocol is also a P2P mode, but the main difference between it and other lending platforms is that dydx also supports other transactions besides borrowing and lending, such as futures trading. When a trader opens a position in dydx, he or she will borrow margin and reach an agreement with the lender on the terms through the platform to conct margin trading. Therefore, the target customers of dydx are mainly margin dealers. The interest of the dydx platform is variable, and there is no lock-in period or maximum term for users to borrow money on the dydx platform< The first mock exam mode of BR / > (2) is
take compound as an example, borrowers and lenders trade through the liquid trading pool instead of matching with counterparties. The interest rate of each loan and loan is determined by the liquidity of the pool, that is, the ratio between the total amount of money provided by the lender and the total amount of money demanded by the borrower. Compound doesn't set a fixed loan term, so the lender can deposit the funds into the loan pool, continuously earn interest, and withdraw the assets at any time. The borrower has an unlimited contract period
according to market research, as of February 20, 2021, the total borrowing volume of the decentralized mortgage market hit an all-time high of US $8 billion for the first time. Decentralized lending market is a network system based on smart contract, where cryptocurrency holders can lend their assets / certificates on the chain to others to make profits.
currently, the top three defi protocols in the total amount of borrowing are:
1, compound: the total amount of borrowing is 4446012599 US dollars, accounting for 55.60%
2. Maker: the total amount of borrowing is 2335968433 US dollars, accounting for 29.21%< 3. AAVE V1: the total amount of borrowing is 643772395 US dollars, accounting for 8.05%<
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
2. Decentralization is idealism. Although there is no decentralized P2P platform at present, with the development of blockchain technology, there is a high probability of decentralized peer-to-peer lending in the future
centralization has the advantage of centralization, which should not be too one-sided.
centralization has the advantage of centralization, which should not be too one-sided.
3. P2P means peer-to-peer, and P2P network is a peer-to-peer network scene, characterized by decentralization. Blockchain is a technical means for the development of P2P network. It can be simply understood that a block is an account book that records all the information generated by the whole network in a certain period of time. In the P2P network, the data exchange and synchronization between each node need huge computing power, and the block technology is born to solve this problem.
4. There are many stream processors. Just look at the specifications
5. Hello<
Introction to P2P technology
what is P2P
P2P is peer to peer, which is called peer-to-peer connection or peer-to-peer network. P2P technology mainly refers to the information control technology formed by hardware connection, and its representative form is software. P2P originated from the original way of network communication, such as in the Building PC through LAN interconnection, different buildings through modem remote dial-up interconnection. Among them, the communication mode based on TCP / IP protocol constitutes the basis of today's Internet, so from the perspective of basic technology, P2P is not a new technology, but a new application technology mode< Key technology
P2P is a new application-oriented technology based on Internet environment, mainly software technology
(1) for many computers on the Internet, P2P applications need to consider the interconnection of low-end PCs more than other applications. They do not have the strong networking ability of servers. At the same time, for the previous P2P application technology, the hardware environment is more complex now. In terms of communication infrastructure, P2P applications need to pay more attention to the interconnection of low-end PCs, P2P must provide end-to-end location (addressing) and handshake technology on the existing hardware logic and underlying communication protocol to establish a stable connection. The technologies involved include IP address resolution, NAT routing and firewall
(2) on the application level, if two peers represent two different companies respectively, and they have established a connection through the Internet, then one party's information must be recognized by the other party, so the current protocols of data description and exchange on the Internet, such as XML, soap, UDDI, are all considered by a perfect P2P software
(3) if there is communication, there must be security, and encryption technology must be considered
(4) other considerations include how to set up the central server and how to control the network scale< Compared with the existing Internet technology, P2P technology is mainly based on S / C mode. In this mode, a high-performance computer with powerful processing capacity and large bandwidth should be set on the Internet, with high-end server software, a large amount of data should be stored on it, and a variety of service software should be installed, In the centralized processing of data at the same time, it can serve other PCs on the Internet, provide or receive data, provide processing power and other applications. For a PC connected with the server and receiving services, this PC is the client, and its performance can be relatively weak. One of the characteristics of P2P technology is to weaken the role of the server, or even cancel the server. Any two PCs are both servers and clients, that is, peer-to-peer< Strictly speaking, P2P technology is a kind of grid
the definition of Grid: grid is the software infrastructure running on the network, and it is the bond and adhesive to connect and integrate different hardware systems, software systems and application systems< (1) as both s and C, how to behave depends on the requirements of users, and network applications are driven by users freely
(2) the direct flow of information between network devices, high speed and timely, rece the cost of transit service
(3) constitute the basis and application of network device interaction
(4) while making the network information decentralized, P2P devices with the same characteristics can form a subnet in the Internet, which makes the information centralized again in a new way<
three technology applications
P2P technology is mainly used in the following aspects:
1. Timely communication: ICQ, OICQ and IP phone technology
2. File and other content sharing -- BT technology
now people are very familiar with using BT download resources, BT's full name is called bittorren, Chinese translation / bit turbulence, many netizens directly take homophonic, It's very vivid to call it / abnormal, such as taking out the derogatory color, because it is indeed a resource exchange mechanism different from the normal Internet. As an innovative download tool, BT absorbs the technical advantages of P2P and simply and effectively realizes the sharing of download pressure. BT first divides a file into Z parts on the uploader's side. Party a randomly downloads the N parts on the server, and Party B randomly downloads the M parts on the server. In this way, Party A's BT will go to Party B's computer to get the M parts that Party B has downloaded, and Party B's BT will go to Party A's computer to get the N parts that Party A has downloaded, This not only reces the load of the server, but also speeds up the download speed of the user (Party A and Party B), improves the efficiency, and also reces the restrictions between regions; For example, if C wants to connect to the server to download it, it may be only a few K, but it's much faster to get it from a and B's computers. So the more people you use, the more people you download, the faster you will be. Here is the advantage of BT. Moreover, while you download, you are also uploading (someone takes a part of that file from your computer), so while enjoying the download provided by others, you are also contributing
3. Search engine design of adaptive information retrieval system based on P22
the network topology of adaptive information retrieval system based on P2P proposed in this paper is shown in Figure 1. The system consists of several autonomous nodes, which constitute an information retrieval network according to the network architecture, and each node is equal. Each node is composed of a client agent and a server agent. Users submit questions through the client agent. For each question, the client agent can use any combination of meta search, crawler and forwarding to the server agent for retrieval processing according to the specific situation. For the result documents returned by the three methods, the client agent presents them to users after merging and filtering. When browsing the results, users mark the document as interested or not interested, and submit relevant feedback to the client agent. Using these feedbacks, the client agent can build a user model, which will be used to filter the results in the future on the one hand, and modify the user's original questions on the other hand for further retrieval processing in the future. At the same time, the server-side agent is responsible for the communication between nodes. It can cluster users on the basis of receiving user models and related documents. On the basis of clustering, it can realize cooperative recommendation and forward retrieval requests among users with the same or similar interests. The internal structure design of a single node is shown in Figure 2<
4. Collaborative work -- the impact of P2P technology on e-learning application mode
knowledge exchange learning based on P2P idea:
P2P is a technology, but it is also an idea, which has the potential to change the status of the whole Internet. It connects people directly and enables people to realize direct interaction through the Internet, which makes network communication easier and resource sharing more direct. Therefore, it has great prospects in strengthening network interpersonal communication, file exchange and distributed computing. With the rise of P2P technology, knowledge exchange based on P2P ideas also began to appear on the network. For example, the learning ideas company provides a solution to capture the knowledge exchange between indivials in real time, which includes a unique matching and forwarding system, which enables external knowledge to be transmitted in real time with information exchange. The technology of learning ideas is very similar to the routing system of enterprise call center. It allows routing and matching based on knowledge and skills, and enables one user to connect with another related user in case of real needs and specific problems. Compared with the traditional e-learning system, the biggest difference of the knowledge exchange scheme based on P2P idea is that it can provide a channel for knowledge sharing between learners and others without creating a specialized learning environment or formally arranging teaching activities
at present, the mainstream e-learning systems such as ellumniate, centra, WebEx also provide some synchronous learning and collaborative solutions (such as virtual "online meeting room"), although they can allow learners to carry out informal learning exchange and direct communication, but this kind of learning activities generally need to focus on the theme, the content, and the content Make clear plans and arrangements for time and personnel exchange. The knowledge exchange scheme based on P2P is different. When a user or student encounters some difficulties, he can express his problems in the learning ideas system, and the system can immediately help him transfer to a colleague or student user who has experience in solving such problems. Just like asking and communicating with people around you, this virtual real-time communication method can solve the real problems encountered by users more quickly, and eliminate the time and space barriers of learning through the formal teaching system
the real value of the informal knowledge exchange scheme based on P2P technology is that it enables learning and communication to happen online at any time, and can be integrated into the actual work and life process. This random, free and timely knowledge exchange scheme not only enables learning interaction to take place around each network user, but also enables the learning process of informal knowledge exchange to be recorded and archived. When people join the P2P network, all users have equal opportunities, they can easily communicate freely on the network, exchange and learn at any time, and then get the knowledge and information they need from the communication with each other. P2P gets rid of the fetters of intermediate services, it connects people directly through the network, makes the interpersonal knowledge exchange more rapid and convenient, and improves the efficiency of solving learning problems and dealing with social affairs<
four shortcomings of P2P technology and current solutions
management and security issues are the biggest problems facing P2P
in P2P technology structure, the significance of central node is greatly weakened or even completely eliminated. The characteristics of decentralization will be more fully reflected, and the flat characteristics of network communication structure will be further highlighted. Such a communication structure makes the management and control of network information transmission more complex and difficult. From the perspective of management, the main challenges of P2P technology are reflected in two aspects: the control of the spread of bad content is more complex; Copyright management is more difficult< It is reported that the Intellectual Property Office of the US Congress has drafted a new version of the bill to ban the application of such P2P software; As early as October 2003, the United Kingdom passed legislation to implement the controversial European Copyright Law, which makes it clear theoretically that the use of similar P2P services may constitute a crime
the current solution is to use JXTA Technology (juxtapose parallel technology)
JXTA technology provides the core technology of building P2P network applications, aiming to build a general development platform for P2P applications. Jx2ta technology mainly includes a protocol set independent of programming language system platform and network platform. This protocol set describes the most basic requirements of P2P applications. It can be said that JXTA is a P2P stack under the P2P network services or applications on the operating system or virtual machine, which provides the core functions required by P2P applications. However, some people are critical of this, such as Fang Xing
Introction to P2P technology
what is P2P
P2P is peer to peer, which is called peer-to-peer connection or peer-to-peer network. P2P technology mainly refers to the information control technology formed by hardware connection, and its representative form is software. P2P originated from the original way of network communication, such as in the Building PC through LAN interconnection, different buildings through modem remote dial-up interconnection. Among them, the communication mode based on TCP / IP protocol constitutes the basis of today's Internet, so from the perspective of basic technology, P2P is not a new technology, but a new application technology mode< Key technology
P2P is a new application-oriented technology based on Internet environment, mainly software technology
(1) for many computers on the Internet, P2P applications need to consider the interconnection of low-end PCs more than other applications. They do not have the strong networking ability of servers. At the same time, for the previous P2P application technology, the hardware environment is more complex now. In terms of communication infrastructure, P2P applications need to pay more attention to the interconnection of low-end PCs, P2P must provide end-to-end location (addressing) and handshake technology on the existing hardware logic and underlying communication protocol to establish a stable connection. The technologies involved include IP address resolution, NAT routing and firewall
(2) on the application level, if two peers represent two different companies respectively, and they have established a connection through the Internet, then one party's information must be recognized by the other party, so the current protocols of data description and exchange on the Internet, such as XML, soap, UDDI, are all considered by a perfect P2P software
(3) if there is communication, there must be security, and encryption technology must be considered
(4) other considerations include how to set up the central server and how to control the network scale< Compared with the existing Internet technology, P2P technology is mainly based on S / C mode. In this mode, a high-performance computer with powerful processing capacity and large bandwidth should be set on the Internet, with high-end server software, a large amount of data should be stored on it, and a variety of service software should be installed, In the centralized processing of data at the same time, it can serve other PCs on the Internet, provide or receive data, provide processing power and other applications. For a PC connected with the server and receiving services, this PC is the client, and its performance can be relatively weak. One of the characteristics of P2P technology is to weaken the role of the server, or even cancel the server. Any two PCs are both servers and clients, that is, peer-to-peer< Strictly speaking, P2P technology is a kind of grid
the definition of Grid: grid is the software infrastructure running on the network, and it is the bond and adhesive to connect and integrate different hardware systems, software systems and application systems< (1) as both s and C, how to behave depends on the requirements of users, and network applications are driven by users freely
(2) the direct flow of information between network devices, high speed and timely, rece the cost of transit service
(3) constitute the basis and application of network device interaction
(4) while making the network information decentralized, P2P devices with the same characteristics can form a subnet in the Internet, which makes the information centralized again in a new way<
three technology applications
P2P technology is mainly used in the following aspects:
1. Timely communication: ICQ, OICQ and IP phone technology
2. File and other content sharing -- BT technology
now people are very familiar with using BT download resources, BT's full name is called bittorren, Chinese translation / bit turbulence, many netizens directly take homophonic, It's very vivid to call it / abnormal, such as taking out the derogatory color, because it is indeed a resource exchange mechanism different from the normal Internet. As an innovative download tool, BT absorbs the technical advantages of P2P and simply and effectively realizes the sharing of download pressure. BT first divides a file into Z parts on the uploader's side. Party a randomly downloads the N parts on the server, and Party B randomly downloads the M parts on the server. In this way, Party A's BT will go to Party B's computer to get the M parts that Party B has downloaded, and Party B's BT will go to Party A's computer to get the N parts that Party A has downloaded, This not only reces the load of the server, but also speeds up the download speed of the user (Party A and Party B), improves the efficiency, and also reces the restrictions between regions; For example, if C wants to connect to the server to download it, it may be only a few K, but it's much faster to get it from a and B's computers. So the more people you use, the more people you download, the faster you will be. Here is the advantage of BT. Moreover, while you download, you are also uploading (someone takes a part of that file from your computer), so while enjoying the download provided by others, you are also contributing
3. Search engine design of adaptive information retrieval system based on P22
the network topology of adaptive information retrieval system based on P2P proposed in this paper is shown in Figure 1. The system consists of several autonomous nodes, which constitute an information retrieval network according to the network architecture, and each node is equal. Each node is composed of a client agent and a server agent. Users submit questions through the client agent. For each question, the client agent can use any combination of meta search, crawler and forwarding to the server agent for retrieval processing according to the specific situation. For the result documents returned by the three methods, the client agent presents them to users after merging and filtering. When browsing the results, users mark the document as interested or not interested, and submit relevant feedback to the client agent. Using these feedbacks, the client agent can build a user model, which will be used to filter the results in the future on the one hand, and modify the user's original questions on the other hand for further retrieval processing in the future. At the same time, the server-side agent is responsible for the communication between nodes. It can cluster users on the basis of receiving user models and related documents. On the basis of clustering, it can realize cooperative recommendation and forward retrieval requests among users with the same or similar interests. The internal structure design of a single node is shown in Figure 2<
4. Collaborative work -- the impact of P2P technology on e-learning application mode
knowledge exchange learning based on P2P idea:
P2P is a technology, but it is also an idea, which has the potential to change the status of the whole Internet. It connects people directly and enables people to realize direct interaction through the Internet, which makes network communication easier and resource sharing more direct. Therefore, it has great prospects in strengthening network interpersonal communication, file exchange and distributed computing. With the rise of P2P technology, knowledge exchange based on P2P ideas also began to appear on the network. For example, the learning ideas company provides a solution to capture the knowledge exchange between indivials in real time, which includes a unique matching and forwarding system, which enables external knowledge to be transmitted in real time with information exchange. The technology of learning ideas is very similar to the routing system of enterprise call center. It allows routing and matching based on knowledge and skills, and enables one user to connect with another related user in case of real needs and specific problems. Compared with the traditional e-learning system, the biggest difference of the knowledge exchange scheme based on P2P idea is that it can provide a channel for knowledge sharing between learners and others without creating a specialized learning environment or formally arranging teaching activities
at present, the mainstream e-learning systems such as ellumniate, centra, WebEx also provide some synchronous learning and collaborative solutions (such as virtual "online meeting room"), although they can allow learners to carry out informal learning exchange and direct communication, but this kind of learning activities generally need to focus on the theme, the content, and the content Make clear plans and arrangements for time and personnel exchange. The knowledge exchange scheme based on P2P is different. When a user or student encounters some difficulties, he can express his problems in the learning ideas system, and the system can immediately help him transfer to a colleague or student user who has experience in solving such problems. Just like asking and communicating with people around you, this virtual real-time communication method can solve the real problems encountered by users more quickly, and eliminate the time and space barriers of learning through the formal teaching system
the real value of the informal knowledge exchange scheme based on P2P technology is that it enables learning and communication to happen online at any time, and can be integrated into the actual work and life process. This random, free and timely knowledge exchange scheme not only enables learning interaction to take place around each network user, but also enables the learning process of informal knowledge exchange to be recorded and archived. When people join the P2P network, all users have equal opportunities, they can easily communicate freely on the network, exchange and learn at any time, and then get the knowledge and information they need from the communication with each other. P2P gets rid of the fetters of intermediate services, it connects people directly through the network, makes the interpersonal knowledge exchange more rapid and convenient, and improves the efficiency of solving learning problems and dealing with social affairs<
four shortcomings of P2P technology and current solutions
management and security issues are the biggest problems facing P2P
in P2P technology structure, the significance of central node is greatly weakened or even completely eliminated. The characteristics of decentralization will be more fully reflected, and the flat characteristics of network communication structure will be further highlighted. Such a communication structure makes the management and control of network information transmission more complex and difficult. From the perspective of management, the main challenges of P2P technology are reflected in two aspects: the control of the spread of bad content is more complex; Copyright management is more difficult< It is reported that the Intellectual Property Office of the US Congress has drafted a new version of the bill to ban the application of such P2P software; As early as October 2003, the United Kingdom passed legislation to implement the controversial European Copyright Law, which makes it clear theoretically that the use of similar P2P services may constitute a crime
the current solution is to use JXTA Technology (juxtapose parallel technology)
JXTA technology provides the core technology of building P2P network applications, aiming to build a general development platform for P2P applications. Jx2ta technology mainly includes a protocol set independent of programming language system platform and network platform. This protocol set describes the most basic requirements of P2P applications. It can be said that JXTA is a P2P stack under the P2P network services or applications on the operating system or virtual machine, which provides the core functions required by P2P applications. However, some people are critical of this, such as Fang Xing
6. P2P technology introction
what is P2P
P2P is peer to peer, which is called peer-to-peer connection or peer-to-peer network. P2P technology mainly refers to the information control technology formed by hardware connection, and its representative form is software. P2P originated from the original way of network communication, such as in the Building PC through LAN interconnection, different buildings through modem remote dial-up interconnection. Among them, the communication mode based on TCP / IP protocol constitutes the basis of today's Internet, so from the perspective of basic technology, P2P is not a new technology, but a new application technology mode< Key technology
P2P is a new application-oriented technology based on Internet environment, mainly software technology
(1) for many computers on the Internet, P2P applications need to consider the interconnection of low-end PCs more than other applications. They do not have the strong networking ability of servers. At the same time, for the previous P2P application technology, the hardware environment is more complex now. In terms of communication infrastructure, P2P applications need to pay more attention to the interconnection of low-end PCs, P2P must provide end-to-end location (addressing) and handshake technology on the existing hardware logic and underlying communication protocol to establish a stable connection. The technologies involved include IP address resolution, NAT routing and firewall
(2) on the application level, if two peers represent two different companies respectively, and they have established a connection through the Internet, then one party's information must be recognized by the other party, so the current protocols of data description and exchange on the Internet, such as XML, soap, UDDI, are all considered by a perfect P2P software
(3) if there is communication, there must be security, and encryption technology must be considered
(4) other considerations include how to set up the central server and how to control the network scale< Compared with the existing Internet technology, P2P technology is mainly based on S / C mode. In this mode, a high-performance computer with powerful processing capacity and large bandwidth should be set on the Internet, with high-end server software, a large amount of data should be stored on it, and a variety of service software should be installed, In the centralized processing of data at the same time, it can serve other PCs on the Internet, provide or receive data, provide processing power and other applications. For a PC connected with the server and receiving services, this PC is the client, and its performance can be relatively weak. One of the characteristics of P2P technology is to weaken the role of the server, or even cancel the server. Any two PCs are both servers and clients, that is, peer-to-peer< Strictly speaking, P2P technology is a kind of grid
the definition of Grid: grid is the software infrastructure running on the network, and it is the bond and adhesive to connect and integrate different hardware systems, software systems and application systems< (1) as both s and C, how to behave depends on the requirements of users, and network applications are driven by users freely
(2) the direct flow of information between network devices, high speed and timely, rece the cost of transit service
(3) constitute the basis and application of network device interaction
(4) while making the network information decentralized, P2P devices with the same characteristics can form a subnet in the Internet, which makes the information centralized again in a new way<
three technology applications
P2P technology is mainly used in the following aspects:
1. Timely communication: ICQ, OICQ and IP phone technology
2. File and other content sharing -- BT technology
now people are very familiar with using BT download resources, BT's full name is called bittorren, Chinese translation / bit turbulence, many netizens directly take homophonic, It's very vivid to call it / abnormal, such as taking out the derogatory color, because it is indeed a resource exchange mechanism different from the normal Internet. As an innovative download tool, BT absorbs the technical advantages of P2P and simply and effectively realizes the sharing of download pressure. BT first divides a file into Z parts on the uploader's side. Party a randomly downloads the N parts on the server, and Party B randomly downloads the M parts on the server. In this way, Party A's BT will go to Party B's computer to get the M parts that Party B has downloaded, and Party B's BT will go to Party A's computer to get the N parts that Party A has downloaded, This not only reces the load of the server, but also speeds up the download speed of the user (Party A and Party B), improves the efficiency, and also reces the restrictions between regions; For example, if C wants to connect to the server to download it, it may be only a few K, but it's much faster to get it from a and B's computers. So the more people you use, the more people you download, the faster you will be. Here is the advantage of BT. Moreover, while you download, you are also uploading (someone takes a part of that file from your computer), so while enjoying the download provided by others, you are also contributing
3. Search engine design of adaptive information retrieval system based on P22
the network topology of adaptive information retrieval system based on P2P proposed in this paper is shown in Figure 1. The system consists of several autonomous nodes, which constitute an information retrieval network according to the network architecture, and each node is equal. Each node is composed of a client agent and a server agent. Users submit questions through the client agent. For each question, the client agent can use any combination of meta search, crawler and forwarding to the server agent for retrieval processing according to the specific situation. For the result documents returned by the three methods, the client agent presents them to users after merging and filtering. When browsing the results, users mark the document as interested or not interested, and submit relevant feedback to the client agent. Using these feedbacks, the client agent can build a user model, which will be used to filter the results in the future on the one hand, and modify the user's original questions on the other hand for further retrieval processing in the future. At the same time, the server-side agent is responsible for the communication between nodes. It can cluster users on the basis of receiving user models and related documents. On the basis of clustering, it can realize cooperative recommendation and forward retrieval requests among users with the same or similar interests. The internal structure design of a single node is shown in Figure 2<
4. Collaborative work -- the impact of P2P technology on e-learning application mode
knowledge exchange learning based on P2P idea:
P2P is a technology, but it is also an idea, which has the potential to change the status of the whole Internet. It connects people directly and enables people to realize direct interaction through the Internet, which makes network communication easier and resource sharing more direct. Therefore, it has great prospects in strengthening network interpersonal communication, file exchange and distributed computing. With the rise of P2P technology, knowledge exchange based on P2P ideas also began to appear on the network. For example, the learning ideas company provides a solution to capture the knowledge exchange between indivials in real time, which includes a unique matching and forwarding system, which enables external knowledge to be transmitted in real time with information exchange. The technology of learning ideas is very similar to the routing system of enterprise call center. It allows routing and matching based on knowledge and skills, and enables one user to connect with another related user in case of real needs and specific problems. Compared with the traditional e-learning system, the biggest difference of the knowledge exchange scheme based on P2P idea is that it can provide a channel for knowledge sharing between learners and others without creating a specialized learning environment or formally arranging teaching activities
at present, the mainstream e-learning systems such as ellumniate, centra, WebEx also provide some synchronous learning and collaborative solutions (such as virtual "online meeting room"), although they can allow learners to carry out informal learning exchange and direct communication, but this kind of learning activities generally need to focus on the theme, the content, and the content Make clear plans and arrangements for time and personnel exchange. The knowledge exchange scheme based on P2P is different. When a user or student encounters some difficulties, he can express his problems in the learning ideas system, and the system can immediately help him transfer to a colleague or student user who has experience in solving such problems. Just like asking and communicating with people around you, this virtual real-time communication method can solve the real problems encountered by users more quickly, and eliminate the time and space barriers of learning through the formal teaching system
the real value of the informal knowledge exchange scheme based on P2P technology is that it enables learning and communication to happen online at any time, and can be integrated into the actual work and life process. This random, free and timely knowledge exchange scheme not only enables learning interaction to take place around each network user, but also enables the learning process of informal knowledge exchange to be recorded and archived. When people join the P2P network, all users have equal opportunities, they can easily communicate freely on the network, exchange and learn at any time, and then get the knowledge and information they need from the communication with each other. P2P gets rid of the fetters of intermediate services, it connects people directly through the network, makes the interpersonal knowledge exchange more rapid and convenient, and improves the efficiency of solving learning problems and dealing with social affairs<
four shortcomings of P2P technology and current solutions
management and security issues are the biggest problems facing P2P
in P2P technology structure, the significance of central node is greatly weakened or even completely eliminated. The characteristics of decentralization will be more fully reflected, and the flat characteristics of network communication structure will be further highlighted. Such a communication structure makes the management and control of network information transmission more complex and difficult. From the perspective of management, the main challenges of P2P technology are reflected in two aspects: the control of the spread of bad content is more complex; Copyright management is more difficult< It is reported that the Intellectual Property Office of the US Congress has drafted a new version of the bill to ban the application of such P2P software; As early as October 2003, the United Kingdom passed legislation to implement the controversial European Copyright Law, which makes it clear theoretically that the use of similar P2P services may constitute a crime
the current solution is to use JXTA Technology (juxtapose parallel technology)
JXTA technology provides the core technology of building P2P network applications, aiming to build a general development platform for P2P applications. Jx2ta technology mainly includes a protocol set independent of programming language system platform and network platform. This protocol set describes the most basic requirements of P2P applications. It can be said that JXTA is a P2P stack under the P2P network services or applications on the operating system or virtual machine, which provides the core functions required by P2P applications. However, some people hold a critical attitude towards this. For example, Fang Xingdong thinks: P2P communication
what is P2P
P2P is peer to peer, which is called peer-to-peer connection or peer-to-peer network. P2P technology mainly refers to the information control technology formed by hardware connection, and its representative form is software. P2P originated from the original way of network communication, such as in the Building PC through LAN interconnection, different buildings through modem remote dial-up interconnection. Among them, the communication mode based on TCP / IP protocol constitutes the basis of today's Internet, so from the perspective of basic technology, P2P is not a new technology, but a new application technology mode< Key technology
P2P is a new application-oriented technology based on Internet environment, mainly software technology
(1) for many computers on the Internet, P2P applications need to consider the interconnection of low-end PCs more than other applications. They do not have the strong networking ability of servers. At the same time, for the previous P2P application technology, the hardware environment is more complex now. In terms of communication infrastructure, P2P applications need to pay more attention to the interconnection of low-end PCs, P2P must provide end-to-end location (addressing) and handshake technology on the existing hardware logic and underlying communication protocol to establish a stable connection. The technologies involved include IP address resolution, NAT routing and firewall
(2) on the application level, if two peers represent two different companies respectively, and they have established a connection through the Internet, then one party's information must be recognized by the other party, so the current protocols of data description and exchange on the Internet, such as XML, soap, UDDI, are all considered by a perfect P2P software
(3) if there is communication, there must be security, and encryption technology must be considered
(4) other considerations include how to set up the central server and how to control the network scale< Compared with the existing Internet technology, P2P technology is mainly based on S / C mode. In this mode, a high-performance computer with powerful processing capacity and large bandwidth should be set on the Internet, with high-end server software, a large amount of data should be stored on it, and a variety of service software should be installed, In the centralized processing of data at the same time, it can serve other PCs on the Internet, provide or receive data, provide processing power and other applications. For a PC connected with the server and receiving services, this PC is the client, and its performance can be relatively weak. One of the characteristics of P2P technology is to weaken the role of the server, or even cancel the server. Any two PCs are both servers and clients, that is, peer-to-peer< Strictly speaking, P2P technology is a kind of grid
the definition of Grid: grid is the software infrastructure running on the network, and it is the bond and adhesive to connect and integrate different hardware systems, software systems and application systems< (1) as both s and C, how to behave depends on the requirements of users, and network applications are driven by users freely
(2) the direct flow of information between network devices, high speed and timely, rece the cost of transit service
(3) constitute the basis and application of network device interaction
(4) while making the network information decentralized, P2P devices with the same characteristics can form a subnet in the Internet, which makes the information centralized again in a new way<
three technology applications
P2P technology is mainly used in the following aspects:
1. Timely communication: ICQ, OICQ and IP phone technology
2. File and other content sharing -- BT technology
now people are very familiar with using BT download resources, BT's full name is called bittorren, Chinese translation / bit turbulence, many netizens directly take homophonic, It's very vivid to call it / abnormal, such as taking out the derogatory color, because it is indeed a resource exchange mechanism different from the normal Internet. As an innovative download tool, BT absorbs the technical advantages of P2P and simply and effectively realizes the sharing of download pressure. BT first divides a file into Z parts on the uploader's side. Party a randomly downloads the N parts on the server, and Party B randomly downloads the M parts on the server. In this way, Party A's BT will go to Party B's computer to get the M parts that Party B has downloaded, and Party B's BT will go to Party A's computer to get the N parts that Party A has downloaded, This not only reces the load of the server, but also speeds up the download speed of the user (Party A and Party B), improves the efficiency, and also reces the restrictions between regions; For example, if C wants to connect to the server to download it, it may be only a few K, but it's much faster to get it from a and B's computers. So the more people you use, the more people you download, the faster you will be. Here is the advantage of BT. Moreover, while you download, you are also uploading (someone takes a part of that file from your computer), so while enjoying the download provided by others, you are also contributing
3. Search engine design of adaptive information retrieval system based on P22
the network topology of adaptive information retrieval system based on P2P proposed in this paper is shown in Figure 1. The system consists of several autonomous nodes, which constitute an information retrieval network according to the network architecture, and each node is equal. Each node is composed of a client agent and a server agent. Users submit questions through the client agent. For each question, the client agent can use any combination of meta search, crawler and forwarding to the server agent for retrieval processing according to the specific situation. For the result documents returned by the three methods, the client agent presents them to users after merging and filtering. When browsing the results, users mark the document as interested or not interested, and submit relevant feedback to the client agent. Using these feedbacks, the client agent can build a user model, which will be used to filter the results in the future on the one hand, and modify the user's original questions on the other hand for further retrieval processing in the future. At the same time, the server-side agent is responsible for the communication between nodes. It can cluster users on the basis of receiving user models and related documents. On the basis of clustering, it can realize cooperative recommendation and forward retrieval requests among users with the same or similar interests. The internal structure design of a single node is shown in Figure 2<
4. Collaborative work -- the impact of P2P technology on e-learning application mode
knowledge exchange learning based on P2P idea:
P2P is a technology, but it is also an idea, which has the potential to change the status of the whole Internet. It connects people directly and enables people to realize direct interaction through the Internet, which makes network communication easier and resource sharing more direct. Therefore, it has great prospects in strengthening network interpersonal communication, file exchange and distributed computing. With the rise of P2P technology, knowledge exchange based on P2P ideas also began to appear on the network. For example, the learning ideas company provides a solution to capture the knowledge exchange between indivials in real time, which includes a unique matching and forwarding system, which enables external knowledge to be transmitted in real time with information exchange. The technology of learning ideas is very similar to the routing system of enterprise call center. It allows routing and matching based on knowledge and skills, and enables one user to connect with another related user in case of real needs and specific problems. Compared with the traditional e-learning system, the biggest difference of the knowledge exchange scheme based on P2P idea is that it can provide a channel for knowledge sharing between learners and others without creating a specialized learning environment or formally arranging teaching activities
at present, the mainstream e-learning systems such as ellumniate, centra, WebEx also provide some synchronous learning and collaborative solutions (such as virtual "online meeting room"), although they can allow learners to carry out informal learning exchange and direct communication, but this kind of learning activities generally need to focus on the theme, the content, and the content Make clear plans and arrangements for time and personnel exchange. The knowledge exchange scheme based on P2P is different. When a user or student encounters some difficulties, he can express his problems in the learning ideas system, and the system can immediately help him transfer to a colleague or student user who has experience in solving such problems. Just like asking and communicating with people around you, this virtual real-time communication method can solve the real problems encountered by users more quickly, and eliminate the time and space barriers of learning through the formal teaching system
the real value of the informal knowledge exchange scheme based on P2P technology is that it enables learning and communication to happen online at any time, and can be integrated into the actual work and life process. This random, free and timely knowledge exchange scheme not only enables learning interaction to take place around each network user, but also enables the learning process of informal knowledge exchange to be recorded and archived. When people join the P2P network, all users have equal opportunities, they can easily communicate freely on the network, exchange and learn at any time, and then get the knowledge and information they need from the communication with each other. P2P gets rid of the fetters of intermediate services, it connects people directly through the network, makes the interpersonal knowledge exchange more rapid and convenient, and improves the efficiency of solving learning problems and dealing with social affairs<
four shortcomings of P2P technology and current solutions
management and security issues are the biggest problems facing P2P
in P2P technology structure, the significance of central node is greatly weakened or even completely eliminated. The characteristics of decentralization will be more fully reflected, and the flat characteristics of network communication structure will be further highlighted. Such a communication structure makes the management and control of network information transmission more complex and difficult. From the perspective of management, the main challenges of P2P technology are reflected in two aspects: the control of the spread of bad content is more complex; Copyright management is more difficult< It is reported that the Intellectual Property Office of the US Congress has drafted a new version of the bill to ban the application of such P2P software; As early as October 2003, the United Kingdom passed legislation to implement the controversial European Copyright Law, which makes it clear theoretically that the use of similar P2P services may constitute a crime
the current solution is to use JXTA Technology (juxtapose parallel technology)
JXTA technology provides the core technology of building P2P network applications, aiming to build a general development platform for P2P applications. Jx2ta technology mainly includes a protocol set independent of programming language system platform and network platform. This protocol set describes the most basic requirements of P2P applications. It can be said that JXTA is a P2P stack under the P2P network services or applications on the operating system or virtual machine, which provides the core functions required by P2P applications. However, some people hold a critical attitude towards this. For example, Fang Xingdong thinks: P2P communication
7. P2P is the abbreviation of peer-to-peer Equal in status, ability, etc& quot; Colleagues & quot; And & quot; Partner & quot; And so on. In this way, P2P can be understood as & quot; Partner to partner & quot; Or peer to peer networking. At present, people think that it has a bright future in enhancing people's communication, file exchange, distributed computing and so on
P2P or point
to
point
point-to-point download, which is a download term. It means that when you download, your computer will continue to upload from the host. The more people there are, the faster the download speed will be. However, the disadvantage is that it will cause great damage to your hard disk (reading while writing), and the memory utilization rate is very high, Affect the speed of the whole machine
to put it simply, P2P connects people directly and enables people to interact directly through the Internet. P2P makes communication on the network easier, more direct sharing and interaction, and truly eliminates middlemen. P2P means that people can directly connect to other users' computers and exchange files, instead of connecting to the server to browse and download as in the past. Another important feature of P2P is to change the Internet's current big website centered state and return to & quot; Decentralization & quot;, And give the power back to the user
P2P seems to be very new, but just as B2C and B2B are transplanting common things in the real world to the Internet, P2P is not new. In real life, we communicate face to face or by telephone according to P2P mode every day.
P2P or point
to
point
point-to-point download, which is a download term. It means that when you download, your computer will continue to upload from the host. The more people there are, the faster the download speed will be. However, the disadvantage is that it will cause great damage to your hard disk (reading while writing), and the memory utilization rate is very high, Affect the speed of the whole machine
to put it simply, P2P connects people directly and enables people to interact directly through the Internet. P2P makes communication on the network easier, more direct sharing and interaction, and truly eliminates middlemen. P2P means that people can directly connect to other users' computers and exchange files, instead of connecting to the server to browse and download as in the past. Another important feature of P2P is to change the Internet's current big website centered state and return to & quot; Decentralization & quot;, And give the power back to the user
P2P seems to be very new, but just as B2C and B2B are transplanting common things in the real world to the Internet, P2P is not new. In real life, we communicate face to face or by telephone according to P2P mode every day.
8. P2P is the abbreviation of peer-to-peer Equal in status, ability, etc& quot; Colleagues & quot; And & quot; Partner & quot; And so on. In this way, P2P can be understood as & quot; Partner to partner & quot; Or peer to peer networking. At present, people think that P2P has a bright future in strengthening people's communication, file exchange and distributed computing on the network.
in short, P2P directly connects people and enables people to interact directly through the Internet. P2P makes communication on the network easier, more direct sharing and interaction, and truly eliminates middlemen. P2P means that people can directly connect to other users' computers and exchange files, instead of connecting to the server to browse and download as in the past. Another important feature of P2P is to change the Internet's current big website centered state and return to & quot; Decentralization & quot;, And give the power back to the user. P2P seems to be very new, but just as B2C and B2B transplant common things in the real world to the Internet, P2P is not new. In real life, we communicate face to face or by telephone according to P2P mode every day
even from the perspective of network, P2P is not a new concept. P2P is the foundation of the overall Internet architecture. TCP / IP, the most basic protocol of Internet, has no concept of client and server. All devices are the equal end of communication. Ten years ago, all systems on the Internet had both server and client functions. Of course, the later developed software based on TCP / IP does adopt the client / Server Structure: browser and web server, mail client and mail server. However, for servers, they are still peer-to-peer networking. Take e-mail as an example, there is not a huge and unique e-mail server on the Internet to handle all e-mails, but peer-to-peer e-mail servers cooperate with each other to send e-mails to the corresponding servers. In addition, email between users is always a peer-to-peer communication channel
in fact, many existing services on the network can be classified as P2P. Instant messaging systems such as ICQ, AOL Instant Messenger, Yahoo pager, MSN Messenger from Microsoft and OICQ in China are the most popular P2P applications. They allow users to communicate and exchange information and files with each other. The information exchange between users is not direct, it needs a server in the center to coordinate. However, these systems do not have such functions as search, which are very important for a large number of information sharing. The lack of this feature may be one of the reasons why instant messaging has appeared for a long time, but it has not been able to proce such an impact as Napster.
in short, P2P directly connects people and enables people to interact directly through the Internet. P2P makes communication on the network easier, more direct sharing and interaction, and truly eliminates middlemen. P2P means that people can directly connect to other users' computers and exchange files, instead of connecting to the server to browse and download as in the past. Another important feature of P2P is to change the Internet's current big website centered state and return to & quot; Decentralization & quot;, And give the power back to the user. P2P seems to be very new, but just as B2C and B2B transplant common things in the real world to the Internet, P2P is not new. In real life, we communicate face to face or by telephone according to P2P mode every day
even from the perspective of network, P2P is not a new concept. P2P is the foundation of the overall Internet architecture. TCP / IP, the most basic protocol of Internet, has no concept of client and server. All devices are the equal end of communication. Ten years ago, all systems on the Internet had both server and client functions. Of course, the later developed software based on TCP / IP does adopt the client / Server Structure: browser and web server, mail client and mail server. However, for servers, they are still peer-to-peer networking. Take e-mail as an example, there is not a huge and unique e-mail server on the Internet to handle all e-mails, but peer-to-peer e-mail servers cooperate with each other to send e-mails to the corresponding servers. In addition, email between users is always a peer-to-peer communication channel
in fact, many existing services on the network can be classified as P2P. Instant messaging systems such as ICQ, AOL Instant Messenger, Yahoo pager, MSN Messenger from Microsoft and OICQ in China are the most popular P2P applications. They allow users to communicate and exchange information and files with each other. The information exchange between users is not direct, it needs a server in the center to coordinate. However, these systems do not have such functions as search, which are very important for a large number of information sharing. The lack of this feature may be one of the reasons why instant messaging has appeared for a long time, but it has not been able to proce such an impact as Napster.
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