Stratum solidification and decentralization
Since Trump came to power, the discussion of "class fixation" in American ecation has swept the Chinese world How many new books have been translated and introced, our children, the laments of the countrymen, are somewhat worried about the narrowing of the rising channels of American society, the growing poverty of the poor, and the solidification of class
At the same time, the political struggle in the United States has also burned into the field of ecation. In early July, trump ordered the abolition of the government's specific guidelines on racial equality in ecation. This guideline is the specific operation instruction of the Obama administration on the affirmative action, and its legal basis originates from the social consensus of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and the civil rights act of 1964. From the "University of California Board of directors v. Bucky case" in 1978 to the "Fisher case" in 2008, the affirmative action act has been accused of "reverse discrimination" again and again. In August last year, there was also news that the trump administration was studying a lawsuit to attack the affirmative action act. Now, this agenda seems to have taken the first step The reason why people pay attention to the existence or abolition of the equal rights act in ecation is that it concerns which groups can become elites through higher ecation. The Equal Rights Act stipulates that color and gender equality should be guaranteed in the employment and school system, while some people think that the bill creates a quota system, which favors the care of African Americans and makes their children "get high scores but can't go to good schools" And these are not so much "technology" acquired in the classroom as learning in the interpersonal network of colleges and universities. In American college ecation, besides classes, there are also a lot of community activities. Interpersonal and social activities occupy students' time. This is what higher ecation really means to people in the workplacein this situation, the diploma for people in the workplace is to spend countless time and energy to buy, proving that they have mastered the "workplace organizational culture" of a "stepping stone". Collins called it "currency", which is actually money. When people constantly compete to obtain this kind of currency, which stimulates more and more demand, and the "technical ability" represented by the currency itself is not significant, the supply of ecational procts will rise, and people will compete with each other upstream, and the value of a single currency, that is, a single degree, can only continue to decrease - this is the inflation of higher ecation, it is not just a phenomenon, It's a real monetary chain
To be sure, the "American Dream" continues to be realized in some areas of Ecation: many new generation immigrants, with high-quality ecation background, have entered the emerging fields of science and technology and Internet after receiving ecation in stem (Science, technology, engineering and Mathematics). This does create a new relationship between ecation and the workplace, but in general, it does not break the trend of diploma inflationfree-market advocates may think that the inflated bubble will eventually collapse and there is no need to interfere too much. Be handed down from age to age, however, days and months multiplying the scale of ecation and the accumulation of funds and debts for ecation, the social injustice is passed on from generation to generation in this pile up and foam. However, the expansion of diploma ecation is not possible to be solved within the ecational system. Because it is also the result of American ethnic politics and political and economic structure
American Ecation under racial politics
we can go back to the analysis in Diploma society. In Collins' eyes, ecation is not so much a channel of class rise as a carrier of political conflict and ruling relationship. As a historical sociologist, the American ecation system in his works was not born just for the purpose of cultivating talents. On the contrary, it has the function of maintaining the cultural advantages of Anglo whites and maintaining their ruling status
The story goes back to the United States at the end of the 19th century. At that time, a new wave of immigrants grew rapidly. Unlike the early Protestants, many of them came from southern Europe and Ireland and believed in Catholicism. In the eyes of the Anglo Protestant middle class, the working class in the new city dominated by Catholics is "not our own race, their hearts will be different", representing social chaos and disorder. They feel that these immigrants are not doing their proper work, and the social orthodox control of Anglo Protestant Culture is facing challenges This kind of mentality gave birth to two ways to solve the ethnic problems of Anglo Protestants. One is the racist xenophobic movement, the earliest racist movement in the United States was born ring this period. Second, ecation reform: the elite of Protestants began to promote public ecation, aiming to make the children of immigrant families accept a whole set of middle-class lifestyles, discipline their behaviors, forbid them to be late or absent from school (and even legislate specifically for this purpose), so as to make them acceptable, A person who behaves like an Anglo Protestant. From primary school to secondary school, the public ecation system was born in this contextat the beginning, the system had not yet affected universities. College diploma was of little significance in the early American society. It was completely parallel to primary and secondary ecation and college ecation
in the 19th century, different Protestant factions established a large number of colleges as cultural weapons to supplement, update and expand their religious power in order to seize the believers. The expansion of these colleges is too fast, and they begin to face a serious business crisis. Many colleges are economically unsustainable, and there are many failures. As a result, many colleges began to transform into comprehensive universities. Because the "University" is traditionally famous for a large number of rituals and social activities, these elements are closely related to the dominant position of Anglo Protestant culture that the upper elites are anxious to maintain at this time. These factors combined to promote the rise of American universities at the end of the 19th century. It has also graally established a sequence with primary and secondary ecation -- universities began to take the secondary school diploma as the basic requirement for admission
In the middle of the 20th century, the social control of the mainstream white culture was fiercely opposed to the increasingly fierce ethnic conflicts. For the black people suffering from isolation, discrimination and systematic oppression, the ecation system is the road they least expect to change their situation. In the 1960s, it was the black social movement and civil rights movement outside the campus that drove the student movement inside the campus. But the moderate group in the civil rights movement provides an opportunity to reach a reconciliation between the two. Through the implementation of racial equality in the ecation system, the reformers try to let more black people into the elite selection system of ecation, so as to share some political power and rece fierce social conflicts But ironically, after many years, the level of public basic ecation in the United States has been criticized. Although the scores of elite ecation from private high schools to private universities reflect the equality of blacks, the tuition fees remain high. Black students who are struggling to enter the system find that white students who compete with themselves for elitism participate in all kinds of expensive social activities, fraternity and sisterhood, which help them to connect and find jobs. When black students enter the University, they find that there is still a heavy threshold in the University... Equal rights in ecation does not prevent the Anglo Protestant Culture from maintaining its monopoly on the university culture, The affirmative action bill, which aims to solve the racial problem, is particularly embarrassing because it focuses more on language and data As an exception theory of the United States,
for the historical theory of Marxism, one of the special differences between American society and European society is that the basic unit of its social struggle is composed of race rather than class. Unlike in Europe, where thousands of workers participated in the fierce and distinct class struggle, the working class in the United States did not come to the stage of history until the 20th century, and socialism was much "late childbearing" in the United States
This constitutes another knot in American Ecation: it is the proct of American racial politics, and the reason why racial politics is the political tradition of the United States is that in the history of the United States, e to some special reasons, social conflicts have been forced to unfold in a fragmented and decentralized way Collins has a very original view on this. In European countries, the result of modernization is the formation of a large state bureaucracy and a strong central government. The political, commercial and cultural elites of the whole country are highly overlapped, which is based on the monopoly of large capital in modern capitalist countries. However, in the United States, since the 19th century, although the proportion of agricultural population has decreased, the proportion of workers has increased, and the degree of monopoly of large instrial capital has increased, these trends have not continued in the 20th century. This means that in the 20th century, the United States, which has become the most developed country, has a certain amount of national monopoly capital and a certain number of urban working class. At the same time, it still retains a large number of small and medium-sized local business elites, and many places maintain a very "local" lifethis situation stems from the fact that the United States has vast land, rich resources and huge market, which makes the national big capital oligarchs compete while still leaving space for local economic elites; However, in the early political and commercial games, commercial forces suppressed political forces, and the central government of the United States was not strong enough - the network of local elites was huge, the power of States was large, and the power of local autonomy was strong; This "decentralization" is seen by many as the guarantee of American social prosperity. This also means that the central local contradiction, class contradiction and race contradiction exist at the same time
In other words, as a country, the vertical stratification conflicts in American society, class conflicts and ethnic conflicts, are cut and shredded horizontally by the central local conflicts. Originally, the interweaving of race issues and class issues has weakened the mobilization of class issues. Coupled with the contradiction of "decentralization vs centralization" between the local government and the central government, all kinds of issues have been led to more exports. For example, the concept of progressive ecation formed by ethnic struggle is very good, but in order to maintain the "circulation field" of cultural currency at the national level in a pluralistic and huge country, they need to introce a large number of points and evaluation systems, so that ecation will become a bureaucratic assembly line that pays more attention to diplomas, Local elites and ordinary people who hate bureaucracy are already extremely impatient with this kind of organizational force. However, if we do not do so, it will be too difficult to expect local elites to improve inequality. The incident in 1957 when the federal government needed to send troops to Little Rock for recruiting black people fully demonstrated this difficulty In the foreseeable future, the basic operational characteristics of American politics are obviously unlikely to change fundamentally. In other words, although a stable political system with rotation of political parties and who does the same may be in turmoil in the trump era, the hidden contradiction between racial politics and centralization anti centralization politics will be more obvious. In this context, the conflict and competition between different ethnic groups to achieve their own interests through ecation and to seize the position of the elite, thus seizing the social dominance, may be more intense. The multiculturalism ecation idea inevitably has to face multiple polarization challenges. This is a helpless "exception" to the experience of other countries in American ecationmyth and
generally speaking, class is solidified, not class. China's class is not solidified 2. If you want to enter the high level of the military, you must be a soldier, and generally you have to take the examination of Military Academy 3. If you want to enter the political high level, you must have ecation background and ability
Schroeder, the former German prime minister, lived in a poor single parent family since childhood. Encountering hardships, he often comforted his mother: "one day, I will drive a Mercedes to meet you!" In May 1990, 40 years after he made a promise to his mother, Schroeder was elected as acting prime minister of Lower Saxony. He really drove a Mercedes Benz to meet her and celebrate her 80th birthday
When he was 22 years old, he went to night school and got his high school diploma. In the late 1960s, he went to Gottingen University to study law. One night, Schroeder and his friends passed by the prime minister's office. After drinking, he yelled: "one day, I will be the master here!" On September 27, 1998, Schroeder became German prime minister. Schroeder said: "the past I am proud of helps me find the direction of my life. I want to improve my situation. But I don't want my efforts to be just for myself. I want to help more people. " No blind struggle, scientific life designthe distribution under various forms of ownership, as well as the uncertainty of the distribution standard of proction factors, is easy to form a general sense of interest differentiation. Fundamentally speaking, reform is the adjustment of interests, but e to the objective existence of multiple subjects and power anomie, it is easy to form the polarization between the rich and the poor caused by non market factors, which makes it difficult for the lower class to have equal development conditions and graally lose the upward mobility momentum
(2) in the early stage of reform and opening up, the preferential policies adopted under the condition of material shortage encountered adjustment difficulties. In the early stage of reform and opening up, the extreme lack of social wealth and the situation of China's waste to be revitalized decide to focus on economic construction. At the same time, some people in some areas are encouraged to get rich first through honest labor and legal management, so as to achieve common prosperity. On this basis, the party and the government closely focus on the most critical and urgent problems in China's social development, give full play to the superiority of socialism, invest resources in places with better economic foundation and most needed development, and realize the effective accumulation of national wealth. With the further deepening of reform and opening up, the problem of unbalanced development in the East, the middle and the West has become increasingly prominent, and the gap and differences between the rich and the poor have been increasing. Based on this, the party and the government timely adjust the policy of "giving priority to efficiency and giving consideration to fairness" to make efficiency and fairness equally important. However, in the process of more than 30 years of reform and opening up, the society has formed operating rules and interest groups under the existing institutional framework. With the deepening of reform and the further adjustment of interest pattern, some of the beneficiaries of the existing policies turn to oppose the further deepening of reform for fear of losing their existing interests, hoping to continue to safeguard their expanding interests according to the existing systems and policies, resulting in the lack of reform motivation. However, many landless farmers and urban unemployed people graally lose the ability of upward mobility because they are difficult to occupy resources and policy advantages. In essence, class consolidation in this sense is the result that most groups are difficult to obtain fair opportunities and public services in the case of scarce resources, and it is the consolidation of social inequality structure
in addition, in a long period of time, the formulation and implementation of national policies are more arranged according to the class identity or regional division of workers and peasants, and less specifically for a certain class. This is certainly concive to the maintenance of fairness, but in the market economy environment with the increasing differentiation of interests, the rough policy process inevitably has defects. Especially when the social interest subjects are becoming more and more diverse, on the one hand, the interest demands of different groups increase the difficulty of policy coordination, and it is difficult to define the actual beneficiaries and possible beneficiaries in the policy process; On the other hand, some rich classes can make the policy process incline to these classes through their resource advantages, which makes it difficult for other classes to obtain the corresponding information and services, leading to polarization< (3) China's existing ecation system is graally unable to carry the function of class mobility. In traditional Chinese society, sunny farming and rainy reading is the way of life of the Chinese nation. Under the imperial examination system, it was almost the only choice for scholars to change their fate through knowledge. As a result, Chinese society has enhanced its ability of self-organization, and has been able to achieve effective social governance in the case of relatively low proctivity, maintaining the relative stability of the system. Today, with the deepening of the reform of ecation system, the channel to change the fate through receiving ecation is becoming increasingly narrow. On the one hand, under the background of ecation instrialization, the proportion of China's population with higher ecation is still only 8.9%, and the illiteracy rate is 4.08%. On the other hand, the fierce competition in the employment environment makes "fighting for father" replace the excellent character and learning, and become the helpless and sad "hardware" in the process of employment, and makes hereditary poverty become a reality that people have to face. When the ecation system itself cannot bear the responsibility of social mobility, the society needs a new channel to realize the possibility of upward mobility of social groups. However, it is difficult for us to provide such a large social group with sufficient resources and institutional platform to ensure the smooth flow of up and down channels. The intervention of power and capital resulted from this intensified the erosion of privilege to justice and further solidified the lower class. Therefore, improving ecation security and providing fair and equal ecation policies and resources for China with great differences in development are not only concive to improving national quality, enhancing the ability of backward areas to participate in competition, but also concive to maintaining fairness. This is an urgent problem< (4) the solidification of social stratum also comes from the multiple value subjects, which makes it more difficult for the government to coordinate the society. Different classes or classes in social life have different degrees of power and prestige in the social and political process. Generally speaking, the people with higher status "have the most power and influence to formulate social rules, decide policies and promote social activities". Vincent believes that as long as the members of the power group think that it will have some impact on them - perhaps a threat to their status, it becomes a social problem. The members of a social class tend to look at the reality from their own class point of view, and form a set of unique understanding of the morality and lifestyle of themselves and others. As a result, issues that are important to one group (such as welfare, social security or tax loopholes) may have little social value in the eyes of other groups. As mentioned above, the allocation of resources in the early stage of China's reform and opening up is not an average process. After the implementation of the policy of efficiency first for many years, it is obviously difficult for developed areas and rich groups to understand the living needs and policy demands of underdeveloped areas and poor groups
the direct result of social differentiation is that it is more and more difficult for government policies to coordinate the needs of different interest groups. A group with an annual income of several million or tens of millions and a group with an annual income of 100000, 50000 or even less than 20000 have huge differences in policy demands of the party and the government. At the same time, there are also huge differences in their ability and way of occupying resources. In the multi-level society, it is difficult for the government's institutional arrangement and policy process to achieve effective coverage for all sectors, so all policy processes are bound to fail to satisfy all sectors. If morality is difficult to coordinate each other's interests, conflicts will inevitably occur. We know that the process of conflict is first of all the perception of conflict. When a group feels that the needs, motivations and values of its own group are different from those of the other group, so it is irreconcilable with the other group in the goal, it will proce tension. When one party takes some action to damage the other party's interests based on the perception of conflict, the conflict will enter the stage of openness. In the case of imperfect system, some of the facts exist, even the infringement and possession of the interests of other people by a specific class, while the other people are difficult to recognize the existing policy process, and there is a greater sense of relative deprivation and deprivation, which requires the reform of the distribution system and the improvement of the welfare security and relief system.
For the highly ecated suicides from grass-roots families, their concepts of "learning makes an official" and "knowledge is power" and their self-awareness of advantages have been shattered by the cruel and unfair reality. After reading books for so many years, they found that "the world does not belong to them, and in the final analysis, it does not belong to them."
therefore, out of disappointment in the social environment and despair in their own future, they choose self destruction to achieve a balance of ultimate significance. For the whole society and the country, elites are needed to take on the responsibility of social development and national prosperity. A society with fixed classes lacks fair competition, selection and exit mechanism
the elites from the vulnerable groups can not join the middle and high levels of the society, lead the development and change, and get the corresponding political and economic treatment; On the other hand, a large number of strong group children who hold these advantageous social status, their only motivation and goal is to protect their vested interests at the expense of national interests, lack of enterprising and innovative spirit
extended data
the division of social strata dominated by knowledge
1, knowledge magnate. In the era of knowledge economy, it is a global ecosystem. Now they control the giants of it, cultural media and creative instries. They not only export the information infrastructure and entrance, but also export the standards of content and other aspects
At the same time, they also export a new religion, a new religion in the era of knowledge economy, which is the commercial ideology. Knowledge is the primary operator and engine of knowledge economy
2. The intellectual magnates are responsible for dreams, while the intellectual landlords are responsible for compiling these dreams. They are the downstream OEM of the dream factory. They are responsible for turning the dream in DreamWorks into reality and handing it to users
3. In the DreamWorks and foundry, there is a strong point in technology, who is the value builder. For example, those programmers, designers, strategists, financial miners, architects, screenwriters, and so on who earn hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars a year, as well as small teams formed by such people, they are all knowledge rich farmers
4. They have no creative ability, no knowledge output and value building ability. They can only buy other people's right and IP, and rent other people's knowledge to organize proction with their own platform and traffic
5. The renewal of knowledge has seriously failed to keep up with the development of the times. They are abandoned by the times and can't understand the world more and more. It has become an isolated island in the era of knowledge economy
Two examples move me and make me clearly feel the phenomenon of class solidification in China
Our National Museum usually requires our superiors to teach middle school students in Beijing, so all middle schools in Beijing are exposed
All who have will be given more than enough; If not, even what he has will be taken away
The Bible? Matthew Gospelthat is, the stronger the strong, the weaker the weak, this is what people call Matthew effect! As the saying goes, where there are people, there are rivers and lakes, not only in China, but all over the world
where there are rivers and lakes, there are gangs, which are called circles. It's slightly elegant, but the strangeness of circles is that they accept objects that match their needs and exclude objects that are not in their own circles
as we all know, there are many anti China factions in Malaysia. Originally, the Chinese are hardworking, intelligent and United, which should be the model for other ethnic groups in Malaysia to learn from. But why are they excluded
in Malaysia, the Chinese account for 20% of the population, but their economic income accounts for 80%. It turns out that the Chinese in Malaysia are good at business and form their own Chinese circle, holding resources in their hands
for example, there are three local cash cows palm tree, rubber tree and cocoa tree. The whole interest chain is basically operated by Chinese
this is a harmonious chain of interest hierarchy rooted in Chinese interpersonal relations: relatives > related by blood > of the same clan > of the same village and township > of the same dialect > of the same country > of other races or countries
in ancient times, people formed communities by population or blood relationship. Later, after human beings entered the civilized society, especially the class society, they divided the circles more with the characteristics of class. The workers' Cultural Club in the 1980s was the representative of that era
However, in the 21st century, interest is an important feature of circle division. Especially in the past two years, mobile marketing has further promoted the differentiation of the circle, and there have been many online and offline interactive interest groups. Visible and invisible circles are forming at a very fast speedtherefore, with the progress of urbanization, the more developed big cities are, the easier they are to replace this subculture circle because of their common interest groups
the continuous anxiety of the intellectual class
is just the so-called" live and work in peace and contentment ". At present, the soaring house prices and the hot real estate make many intellectual classes sigh. Mo Yan, who won more than 7 million yuan of the Nobel Prize for literature, was joked that he could not afford a decent house in Beijing
The Economist magazine once said in a special report that "the middle class in China is the most anxious group of people in the world". This anxiety is reflected in the high housing prices, scarce ecational resources and other aspects
some people can't help feeling that if you want to fight for a baby, first ask yourself if you can fight against your opponent's father? After all, it's not only in China that the family background of students is valued, but also in American schools
most Ivy League schools in the United States are private schools. A letter of recommendation from the school resources committee is far more important than the results of candidates. In other words, family background is far more important than the candidates themselves. What others value is alumni resources
talent flow under workplace anxiety
according to the statistical analysis of experts, 73% of the people with workplace anxiety at the end of the year had doubts about their career development. Promotion obstacle, job hopping fantasy, ability anxiety, high salary and poverty
these anxiety problems in the workplace perplex many urban workers. Along with anxiety, it will inevitably lead to a significant decline in work efficiency. The reasons are that attention can not be focused, energy loss, confusion of thinking, confusion, and lack of peace of mind
so many people think that stratum solidification is still analyzed from a static perspective, and the new social development trends are viewed according to the previous experience, even the views of more than ten or twenty years ago! In this way, your growth space is very limited, and you may be at the bottom of the society
however, if you keep an open mind, hope to pursue better every moment, make yourself better, and take actions to strive for progress, you will have the opportunity to seize new opportunities and realize counter attack, which is a process of dynamic changes of social strata
if you are clear about this principle, this truth, and in the process of self upgrading and change, you will not say anything about the class solidification, the closing of the rising channel, or even the complaints about the society
although class solidification is difficult to change, it still does not abandon itself
class solidification is normal in a mature society. Most of the natural things in the world are normally distributed. I think human society should be similar, except that the normal distribution is steeper or smoother
if you give up your ideals and efforts because of the solidification of class, on the one hand, you may slide to a lower class, on the other hand, you will lack the meaning of life
success = platform + opportunity + effort, only effort is certainly not enough. However, both platforms and opportunities are easier to obtain in the upper class, while those in the lower class are relatively difficult to obtain
if you want to achieve the goal or goal, you can't get it in a short period of time, or you can't achieve it at all, you must have a correct understanding of yourself, be down-to-earth, take your time and guard against arrogance and rashness
efforts are needed to break the class solidification
in ancient China, there was a saying that" carp leaps over the dragon's gate ", that is ecation. In ancient times, it was called the imperial examination. Today, it is called the college entrance examination. Many rural students break their fixed class through the college entrance examination
but people are still anxious. People's anxiety stems from the lack of security. The so-called saving house and money is the sense of security. But because of anxiety, we can find our own problems and gaps
anxiety can promote you to change, put yourself in the right place, accept the reality and start again. It's very simple to think about a good life, that is, to be a person in that world
To be sure, any good things and results need a lot of hard work, and success is not determined by a single factorbut what you can grasp is to strive to improve your level in all aspects, and adopt an open mind to strive to improve the probability of success. That is to say, to improve your probability of success, there will be more hope
there is no absolute fairness in the world. Everyone should strive for greater financial freedom on their own