The command to decentralize the SATA cross multiplication term

1.

blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum

blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies

blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

extended data

according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:

1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain

2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain

3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain

alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain

blockchain features

1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain

2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent

3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention

4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes

5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously

2. Smart contract & quot The term "smart contract" can be traced back to at least 1995 and was proposed by the prolific interdisciplinary legal scholar Nick Szabo. He mentioned the concept of smart contract in several articles published on his website. His definition is as follows:
& quot; A smart contract is a set of promises defined in digital form, including the agreements on which the contract participants can execute these promises& quot;
let's explore the meaning of his definition in more detail
commitment
a set of commitments refers to the (often mutual) rights and obligations agreed by contract participants. These commitments define the nature and purpose of the contract. Take a sales contract as a typical example. The seller promises to deliver the goods and the buyer promises to pay a reasonable price
digital form
digital form means that contracts have to be written into computer-readable code. This is necessary, because as long as the participants reach an agreement, the rights and obligations of smart contract establishment are executed by a computer or computer network
to further explain:
(1) when will the parties to the smart contract reach an agreement? The answer depends on the specific smart contract implementation. Generally speaking, the contract is discovered when the parties are committed to the execution of the contract by installing the contract on the contract host platform< (2) contract execution
& quot; Execute & quot; And the real meaning of it also depends on implementation. Generally speaking, implementation means active implementation through technical means
(3) computer readable code
in addition, the contract needs specific & quot; Digital form & quot; Very much depends on the agreement that the parties agree to use
protocol
protocol is technical implementation, on this basis, the contract commitment is realized, or the contract commitment is recorded. Which agreement to choose depends on many factors, the most important of which is the nature of the assets being traded ring the performance of the contract
take the sales contract as an example. Suppose that the participants agree to pay in bitcoin. The chosen protocol will obviously be bitcoin protocol, on which the smart contract will be implemented. Therefore, the contract must use & quot; Digital form & quot; It's bitcoin scripting language. Bitcoin scripting language is a non Turing complete, imperative, stack based programming language, similar to forth.

3.

Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database. The data or information stored in it is characterized by "unforgeability", "trace in the whole process", "traceability", "openness and transparency" and "collective maintenance". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid "trust" foundation, created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, and has broad application prospects

on January 10, 2019, the state Internet Information Office issued the regulations on the management of blockchain information services. In October 24, 2019, ring the eighteenth collective learning of the Central Political Bureau, general secretary Xi Jinping stressed that "block chain as an important breakthrough in core technology and independent innovation", "accelerating the development of block chain technology and instrial innovation". "Blockchain" has entered the public field of vision and become the focus of social attention

on December 2, 2019, the word was selected into the top ten catchwords of "biting words" in 2019

extended data:

Application of blockchain Finance:

since 2016, the major financial giants have also carried out blockchain innovation projects to explore the possibility of applying blockchain Technology in various financial scenarios. In particular, Puyin group took the lead in creating a "blockchain +" standard digital currency

standard digital currency refers to the process of assets identification, evaluation, right confirmation and insurance completed by a third party organization, which is written into the blockchain through careful digital algorithm to form the standard corresponding relationship between assets and digital currency, which is called standard digital currency

in order to realize the great leap forward development of blockchain finance, promote the new development of China's economy, accelerate the circulation of global assets, and realize the dream of rejuvenation that has been struggling for generations, Puyin group will hold the Guiyang strategic development ceremony of Puyin blockchain finance in Guizhou on December 9, 2016

the meeting will discuss the realization of digital circulation of assets by blockchain, the financial transaction mode of blockchain, and the application of blockchain services and social public instry. This conference will mark the beginning of the application of blockchain finance and the change and development of the new financial ecology

4. Centralization is to subtract the mean and Z-score is to divide it by the standard deviation. Both of them are centralization methods.

5. Linux and windows are two kinds of operating systems. For those who operate and maintain the server, when choosing the operating system for the server, is it confusing to choose Linux or windows
in terms of user groups, Linux is a developer centric operating system, while windows is a consumer centric operating system, which is the fundamental difference between the two operating systems. In short, the choice between the two systems depends on whether you develop them or use them as consumers
the advantages and disadvantages of Linux and windows can be summarized as follows
1. Linux can see the source code, but windows can't
the direct result of this point is that the required kernel moles can be tailored and customized in special applications, which is quite beneficial to the optimization of advanced system kernel management and the development of drivers. In addition, because the code is visible, there is no need to worry about malicious functions or backdoors, which is beneficial to the use of military and government enterprises. In addition, when there is a serious problem in the system, you can modify the code by yourself, or you can compile and use it after a few K patches. For windows, you have to wait for a Microsoft patch
2. Linux command line is powerful and can do anything. Windows also has a command line, but it is an accessory
the command line is the foundation of Linux. Even if you are not satisfied with some commands, you can modify or write your own commands. The advantage of the command line is that it is repeatable. To know exactly what the command line is, you can visit old boy ecation. If you want to tell others how to do a thing, you can send a command line to it. If you want to do a thing that you did before again, you can call up the historical command record and execute it again. A lot of things that need to be done regularly are written into scripts. If you set a crontab timer, it's done. In addition, this also ensures that you do the same thing with the same command line
3. Open source and highly customizable
the original intention of open source is not for freedom, but for customization. At & T UNIX has always been righted, but the source code is still available, so that users can modify it according to their needs. Most of the software and systems appreciated by the Linux community follow the same rules - they should be able to adapt to different environments of different users, easily change their behavior, and easily integrate with different environments. Instead of assuming that others are in line with your needs, give them the freedom to customize the system
4. Decentralized
software development also predestinates that the interface and form of the system are not unified because everyone likes to invent wheels. And everyone's wheel is more or less suitable for themselves and the community, rather than everyone. In the Linux environment, no one can force everyone to use their own wheel (except kernel developers, but in fact many distro also have patches on the kernel). Therefore, instead of formulating a practice, Linux allows users to choose a way of life
you can see that there are a large number of distros in the Linux ecosystem. Different distros have different init modes, different package managers and installation strategies; Everyone's habit of using different VCs, different shells and different editors is the embodiment of more choice philosophy
5. Linux is based on the network and was born in the network
when you connect to SSH remotely, you can easily control the Linux server thousands of miles away. As long as you have the corresponding permissions, it's almost the same as sitting in front of a physical machine. Even if the network speed is poor, it's just some encrypted characters being transmitted, and the bandwidth required is very small.

6. Different stocks are going up because of their good performance, that is to say, the strength of the company is improving and becoming more and more valuable. virtual currency is going up because it is as rare as stamps. One hundred sets of this one is not available, so it's expensive. But the question is, does anyone accept the offer? In case there are many virtual currencies coming out tomorrow, XX currency, XXX currency, that is, the number of bitcoins is certain It's not like gold. There's so much gold. But virtual currency is virtual code. It says that writing can write gold. Can you make it more? So virtual currency is not the mainstream, but the most auxiliary thing. The value is not too high. Don't think that people are good when they buy. People follow too much. In the past, Auntie was crazy when she bought gold. Now why is she rational Money ah, stocks, migrant workers have bought stocks, and now how not to buy or lose money, real estate is also the same, and so many years after the collapse will be rational

7. Abstract: Montesquieu once said in the spirit of law that judicial power does not exist in a sense. In fact, the judicial power in Meng's words is the original form of judicial power - the civil judicial power, which has just emerged from the legislation and administration. The civil judicial power of decentralization of politics and power does not have the essential attribute of forming a part of the national political system, and becomes a political nonexistence. The establishment of judicial review makes judicial power evolve into a political existence. This is the need for judicial participation to check and balance and to protect democracy, and it is the result of distrust of democracy. Key words: Montesquieu / judicial power / democracy / distrust / citizenry judicial power, The theory of separation of powers is raised to the height of "new and universal constitutional principles". In the sixth section of "English political system" in Chapter 11 "the relationship between law and political system which prescribes political freedom", Montesquieu makes the most famous analysis of the three powers of the state: legislative power, executive power and judicial power, The theory of separation of powers in the history of thought was born. But in the middle of this 12 page "English political system", Montesquieu almost suddenly wrote such a conclusion: "among the three powers mentioned above, judicial power does not exist in a sense." But what kind of meaning does "a certain meaning" refer to? He didn't write a word in the book. It seems that he wants to leave it to later generations to explore and solve“ "The political system of England" is the essence of the spirit of law. Since its publication in 1748, it has been quoted and interpreted constantly. It is rather interesting that Montesquieu's conclusion has been buried in the boudoir of "English political system" for more than 200 years. Excluding the incidental involvement of indivial scholars, no one has faced up to the existence of this conclusion, not to mention how many experts and scholars have devoted themselves to studying its long meaning. As far as I know, there is no special chapter on Montesquieu's "conclusion" in Chinese law. In view of this, the author tries to write this article. The purpose of this paper is to put forward my own opinions and Thoughts on "a certain meaning" in order to be right with Fang family. 1、 The judicial power in Montesquieu's works Montesquieu's discussion on "judicial power" mainly focuses on the section of "the political system of England". From the text point of view, before writing the conclusion to be decoded by later generations, Montesquieu undoubtedly held a positive attitude towards the existence of judicial power. However, the position of judicial power in the genealogy of state power theory was first recognized and valued by his systematic exposition of "the political system of England". In Montesquieu's theory, the judicial power is "the administrative power of civil law matters", "they punish crime or adjudicate private litigation". After research, he thinks that this kind of judicial power must be separated from legislative power and administrative power, otherwise freedom will not exist. Because once the judicial power and legislative power are not separated but integrated, the judge is the legislator, who has the arbitrary power to the life and freedom of citizens; If the judicial power is combined with the political power, the judge will grasp the power of the oppressor. In a word, judicial power is very important to the protection of civil and national freedom. It must be separated from legislative power and executive power. Montesquieu's argument of "judicial independence" is the earliest and most systematic in the history of human political thought.