The decentralized view of Existentialism

1.

The main viewpoints of existentialism include:

1. prior to essence : Existentialism holds that essence prior to existence is not an absolute and universal rule, it only applies to things, not to people. Man's existence precedes his essence, which means that he must exist before he can create himself. But being does not create him, he creates himself in the process of being

   A. refers to the existence of people, not the existence of things“ "Thing" can only "have", but not "exist"

   It does not refer to the existence of ordinary people or human beings, but refers to the existence of specific and indivial people
   It doesn't refer to the concrete existence of a specific person, but refers to the relationship between a lonely indivial and himself, his sense of self

   D. It does not refer to the indivial's rational understanding of himself, but refers to the irrational emotional experience of the lonely indivial

2. accidental absurdity : Existentialism holds that all existence, including human existence, is accidental and accidental. However, this is not to say that the physical universe is disordered and has no laws or rules to speak of, nor is it to say that the laws discovered by science in the study of the physical world are totally illusory and unreliable. It's just that there's nothing predetermined, whether it's for human beings or the physical universe

3. free choice : existence is accidental and absurd. For people, people exist first, and then decide their own nature through their own choices. Therefore, people have absolute freedom, and their existence is inseparable from people's choice and responsibility for their own choice. First of all, personal freedom is manifested in his recognition of the lack of freedom e to the bondage of traditional culture and customs. Therefore, for people, the most important thing is to recognize the importance of choice, and act and bear the responsibility of life according to their own choice

4. people to people : the relationship between people is a common concern of existentialists. Different existentialists have different views on this issue. However, they all think that I can understand others and others can understand me. The difference lies in whether I treat others or others treat me as a crop or as a subjective person. On the relationship between people, Heidegger and Sartre basically belong to one type, that is, they think that the relationship between indivials and others is opposite, in fact, it is a relationship between subject and object, people and things. On the contrary, Bubel and Marcel are the representatives of the other school

   In the view of existentialists, human beings live in a disappointing World opposite to themselves, and their status in the world is uncertain. People who are absolutely free are also lonely people who are worried and have nothing to rely on. Although man has the freedom of choice, his future life is chaotic and aimless. He just goes to the future blindly. He only knows that the real end of life is death. As the final destination of life, death is of great significance to the existence of indivials

6. theological relationship : Existentialism represents a reaction to the shallow Utopian optimism of science worship and technological omnipotence. Existentialism can help Christians have a better understanding of the essence of Christian theology and its relationship with contemporary civilization, culture and thought

2. I have also studied existentialism for a period of time. There are different schools of existentialism. I don't know which one you mean. Existentialism simply means that existence precedes everything. Only when it exists can there be the possibility of discussion and development. In other words, existence means rationality. As long as a thing exists, it has its reason, The conflict with other things is also reasonable. It can also be said that existentialism holds that everything is designed. We are just going through a process from life to death. As for what determines existence, existentialism has a Christian explanation, that is, God decides everything, but other schools hold that existence itself determines everything, It can be said that existentialism is a rigid way to explain problems. It does not ask right or wrong, but only talks about cause and effect. Some people say that existentialism philosophy is a philosophy of despair. I think it is not. Personally, existentialism is a philosophy that first knows the end and then overthrows the process. It first talks about the nature of all things as inevitable extinction, and then explains the process of extinction in turn, Therefore, since we know that we are bound to perish, we should go through this process well. This is my existentialist view. Existentialists do not believe in the power other than their own choice. They think that the change of everything comes from their own choice and the influence of their own choice on others' choice. Therefore, many existentialists do not believe in religion or belief, Existentialists respect their own choices and those of others, and are disgusted with other forces interfering in their own choices. But do you understand that?

3. Existentialism, also known as existentialism, is an irrational trend of thought in philosophy
his most famous and explicit proposal is Sartre's maxim: "being is prior to essence" (L & # 39; existence pr é c è de l' Anything is possible The ideological origin of existentialism mainly comes from Kierkegaard's mysticism, Nietzsche's voluntarism and Husserl's phenomenology< First, being is prior to essence, which is put forward by Sartre and represents the metaphysics of existentialism. This kind of metaphysics is essentially different from the western traditional metaphysics. Traditional metaphysics generally endows "essence" with universal, abstract and formal characteristics, and generally believes that essence precedes existence in time< According to existentialism, essence prior to existence is not an absolute and universal rule. It only applies to things, not to people. Man's existence precedes his essence, which means that he must exist before he can create himself. But being does not create him, he creates himself in the process of being. Sartre said, "what does it mean to say that existence precedes essence? He means: first of all, people exist, appear and appear, and then they define themselves. According to the view of existentialists, if man can not be defined, it is because at first he is nothing, only later he is a certain kind of man, and it is he who made himself the man he wants to make... Man is not only the man he wants to make himself, but also the man he is determined to make after he rushes into existence. Man is nothing but what he makes of himself. " It can be seen that the essence of man is created by man himself through his own choice, not given. This passage of Sartre also helps us to understand the meaning of existentialism
on the basic concept of Existentialism: "being":
1. It refers to the existence of people, not the existence of things“ "Thing" can only "have", but not "exist"
2. It does not refer to the existence of ordinary people or human beings, but refers to the existence of specific and indivial people
3. It does not refer to the concrete existence of a specific person, but refers to the relationship between a lonely indivial and himself, his sense of self
4. It does not refer to the indivial's rational understanding of himself, but refers to the irrational emotional experience of lonely indivials< Second, existence is accidental and absurd. Existentialism holds that all existence, including human existence, is accidental and accidental. However, this is not to say that the physical universe is disordered and has no laws or rules to speak of, nor is it to say that the laws discovered by science in the study of the physical world are totally illusory and unreliable. It's just that there's nothing predetermined, whether it's for human beings or the physical universe
the so-called contingency means that there is no reason for the existence of the material world, and it is not deced according to some absolute concept, thought or spirit, which has a certain significance in advance
since all existence is not determined, but accidental, existence is uncertain. From this we can infer that, fundamentally speaking, existence is absurd
therefore, there is no reason for us to decide in advance that things should be like this and not like that, nor do we have any reason to decide in advance that people should be like this and not like that
to solve the problem of absurdity, the existentialists of theism put forward the way of religious belief, while the existentialists of atheism think that they should take action to win the meaning of life and create their own value< Thirdly, freedom and choice are accidental and absurd. For people, people exist first, and then decide their own nature through their own choices. Therefore, the existence of absolute freedom is inseparable from people's choice and responsibility for their own choice< In Sartre's opinion, human freedom is absolute, because people live in an isolated world, and people are "thrown" into the world. God, science, reason and morality are irrelevant to people. In other words, they can't tell us the truth of life and the way of life. At the same time, they have no control and restraint on people. Because of this, people have absolute freedom
existentialism recognizes that human freedom is manifested in two aspects: choice and action. Only through the action of one's choice can one realize freedom, because the essence of man is determined by the action of one's choice
existentialism holds that the first manifestation of indivial freedom is his recognition of the lack of freedom e to the bondage of traditional culture and customs. Therefore, for people, the most important thing is to recognize the importance of choice and act and take responsibility for life according to their own choice< The relationship between people is a common concern of existentialists. Different existentialists have different views on this issue. However, they all think that I can understand others and others can understand me. The difference lies in whether I treat others or others treat me as a crop or as a subjective person
in terms of the relationship between people, Heidegger and Sartre basically belong to one type, that is, they believe that the relationship between indivials and others is antagonistic, which is actually a relationship between subject and object, and between people and things. On the contrary, Bubel and Marcel are the representatives of the other school
Heidegger believes that a person must deal with others in the world, and his relationship with others is "trouble" and "trouble". When he gets along with other people, he will have infinite troubles. He will either conspire with others, or approve of others, or oppose others< According to Sartre, "others are hell.". In Sartre's view, the other is an object of existence, which is different from the object. He not only exists, but also poses a threat to me, because he is a free object. In his "eyes", he may turn me into a thing. In this case, there are only two ways for a person to extricate himself from other people's eyes or other people's hell: one is willing to do other people's things, the other is willing to do his own things, to manipulate others
Bubel believes that there are two different relationships between man and the outside world. One is the objective relationship, which is characterized by "me and it". The other is the "me and you" relationship. If we treat the "I and you" relationship between people as the "I and it" relationship between people and things, then human nature will be destroyed
in the relationship between "me and it", indivials view external things in a purely objective way and regard them as things that are used and manipulated for their own purposes
in the "me and you" relationship, everyone has his own inner meaning world. The characteristic of the "me and you" relationship is the friendship from the heart of two people. You and I are subjects. We sympathize, trust and understand each other. And a series of "I and you" relations constitute the relationship between man and God
Marcel believes that people can not only communicate with themselves, but also with others, and what connects them is sympathy and love. Communication between people is a necessary condition of social life. Only when he communicates with others, can he realize that he is not alone and see hope< Life is absurd.
in the view of existentialists, people live in an absurd world opposite to themselves, and their status in the world is uncertain. People who are absolutely free are also lonely people who are worried and have nothing to rely on. Although man has the freedom of choice, his future life is chaotic and aimless. He just goes to the future blindly. He only knows that the real end of life is death. As the final destination of life, death is of great significance to the existence of indivials.

4. Existentialism is one of the main schools of contemporary western philosophy. This term was first proposed by French Catholic philosopher Gabriel Marcel. Existentialism is a wide range of philosophical schools, mainly including theistic existentialism, atheistic existentialism and humanitarian existentialism. It can refer to any humanistic theory that regards the irrational consciousness activities of isolated indivials as the most real existence. Existentialism is human centered and respects human personality and freedom. Man lives in a meaningless universe, and his existence itself is meaningless, but man can build himself on the basis of his original existence and live a wonderful life.
Heidegger is the most original German philosopher in the 20th century. He advocates atheist existentialism and is one of the main representatives of atheist existentialism. In being and time (192), he put forward the term existentialism for the first time, and made the existentialism theory systematic and clear. For & quot; How does man exist; He pointed out: as an "existing" person, he is faced with "nothingness", lonely and helpless, and always in trouble and pain. The reason why people are suffering is that they are divorced from their bottom-up conditions and are facing an incomprehensible world, that is, an absurd world. People can only worry and fear forever. It is worry and fear that reveal the real existence of human beings. People have the freedom of self-choice and self-control. Worry and fear lead people to existence. Only existence can talk about the freedom of self-choice, which is related to light and happiness
in being and time, Heidegger makes a profound analysis of death, from which we can see his views on the value of human existence“ "I'm going to die" is not an external and open fact in the world, but an internal possibility of my own existence. I may die at any time, so death is my present possibility, and I will certainly die, no matter which way I die, so death is the extreme of my existence. It is the most extreme and absolute of my possibilities. Admitting death means admitting the limitation of human beings, so Heidegger also studied this problem. The limited experience of human beings does not lie in its perimeter and extension, but in its core—— People are limited, because its existence is full of non existence! Heidegger is such a contradiction on this issue
Heidegger pointed out: all the history of Western thought only focuses on the existence of things, but forgets the existence of things. This is a great breakthrough in the study of philosophy! But how to reveal this, he borrowed his teacher Husserl's phenomenology as a tool“ The word "phenomenon" means "self manifestation" in Greek, so Heidegger pointed out that phenomenology means the attempt to let things explain themselves. "Only when we don't try to force things into the frame of ideas we make for them can they show us themselves," he said Here is his beginning to refute Nietzsche's view that knowledge is, in the final analysis, the expression of the will to power. According to Heidegger's point of view, we can't know an object by force, by conquest and suppression, we can only let it show what it is< The existence of Descartes' consciousness is "I think, therefore I am." Heidegger tore up the picture of Descartes' philosophy. The basic characteristic of human being is that it exists in the world. Man is in the world, because man is in existence. He regards man as a field or field of existence, and the center of the field has no so-called spiritual entity or self entity.

5.

Loneliness, death, freedom and the meaning of life

The meaning of loneliness, death, freedom and life is not only the four ultimate concerns of existentialism, but also the life subject that every one of us will face

It is difficult to describe the existence and the whole of human beings with language. Sartre: existence is prior to essence. Human existence is a process of free choice from the past to the future to break through the established self and realize new possibilities. Man is nothing but what he thinks. People are absolutely free and responsible for their own choices. Any behavior of avoiding choice is harmful to the existence of self

extended materials

background of emergence

existentialism emerged after the first World War. The first World War is the beginning of the end of European modernity civilization (the beginning of civilization prosperity. The first World War is the war of territory grabbing caused by the expansion of modern European countries. After the two wars, modernity has achieved a high degree of development in the world and brought global prosperity)

With the advent of modern times, people have entered a non religious stage in history. At this time, although people have unprecedented rights, technology and civilization, they also find themselves homeless. With the loss of religion as an all inclusive framework, human beings not only have nothing, but also become a fragmented existence

indivial people have no sense of belonging, think that they are "outsiders" in the human society, and alienate themselves. When indivials urgently need a theory to resolve their sense of alienation, existentialism emerges as the times require

6.

Existentialism is a wide range of philosophical schools, mainly including theistic existentialism, atheistic existentialism and humanitarian existentialism. It can refer to any humanistic theory that regards the irrational consciousness activities of isolated indivials as the most real existence

existentialism is people-centered and respects human personality and freedom. Man lives in a meaningless universe, and man's existence itself has no meaning, but man can shape himself, achieve himself, live brilliantly and have meaning on the basis of his original existence

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extended materials:

representative works of Existentialism: being and nothingness by Jean Paul Sartre, He began to use his own independent ideas and philosophical words to express his understanding of the world: man is a self-made existence with the characteristics of transcendence. He is always in change, and is realized in the passage of time

It is precisely because of its temporality that "self existence" is not "what it is" like "self existence", but a kind of existence that always shows the appearance of "not what it is and not what it is". What man is only refers to what he was in the past and does not exist in the future. The present is a negation connecting the past and the future, It's actually a nothingness

therefore, people are destined to be free, and freedom is their destiny. People must freely make a series of choices for themselves. It is in the process of free choice that people give meaning to their objects, but they must take full responsibility for all their choices

The first three parts of this book are to solve the problem of the basic viewpoint of Phenomenological Ontology: Sartre determines the category of existence, and determines the structure, characteristics and laws of existence

on this basis, the latter two parts mainly discuss the specific relationship between self existence and other self existence, between self existence and situation, thus proving human freedom, and finally describing the ethical significance of freedom with the method of phenomenological "existential psychoanalysis", which is also the foothold of "phenomenological ontology"

7. Existentialism, also known as existentialism, is an irrational trend of thought in philosophy, which emphasizes indivial, independence and subjective experience. Nietzsche, Solon Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Jaspers and Martin Heidegger are the pioneers. Especially in the 20th century, it spread widely. French philosopher Sartre and writer Albert Camus are their representatives

his most famous and explicit proposal is Sartre's maxim: "being is prior to essence" (L & # 39; existence pr é c è de l' Anything is possible. What he means is that there is no natural morality or external soul other than human existence. Morality and soul are created by man in his existence. People have no obligation to abide by a certain moral standard or religious belief. People have the freedom of choice. We should evaluate a person, what he has done, not what he is, because a person is defined by his actions. Existentialism denies the existence of God or any other pre-defined rule. Sartre opposes any factor of "resistance" in life, because it narrows people's free choice. If there is no such resistance, then a person's only problem to solve is which way he chooses to go

[background]

the emergence of existentialism is closely related to the social background of its time: the first World War was the beginning of the end of European bourgeois civilization. With the advent of the modern era, man has entered a non religious stage in his history. At this time, although he had unprecedented power, technology and civilization, he also found himself homeless. With the loss of religion as an all inclusive framework, human beings not only have nothing, but also become a fragmented existence. He has no sense of belonging, thinks that he is an "outsider" in the human society, and alienates himself. In his urgent need of a theory to resolve his sense of alienation, existentialism came into being

[ideological origin]

the ideological origin of existentialism mainly comes from Kierkegaard's mysticism, Nietzsche's voluntarism, Husserl's phenomenology and so on

Kierkegaard (Denmark)

Kierkegaard's personality is very contradictory. In his view, the central fact of the 19th century is that the once existing Christian civilization no longer exists. Therefore, he wrote an attack on the Christian world to discuss this issue. But he is also a Christian, and he thinks all Christians should learn from him! Although he thinks that Christianity only cares about personal things, but does not pay attention to the development and change of the whole society, which is inconsistent with his thought

it is precisely because of the contradiction of Kierkegaard's personal thought that he is not accepted by the world. People often seize some of his defects and make a fuss, but ignore his thought beyond the times - Kierkegaard's main movement of modernity is to drift to the group society. Such a highly collectivized and externalized group society also means the death of indivials. Here, Kierkegaard negates the role of indivial existence and ignores the significance of the existence of the real world. He is not only ahead of time, but also too extreme, which leads to his dislike and often refuted by others< Nietzsche (Germany)

Nietzsche called out the slogan "God is dead" and put forward the theory of absolute will, which has influenced generations of philosophers in Europe. He called on human beings to come to an end, and we should create "Superman" to replace human beings in the world. The "Superman" created by Nietzsche is a kind of man who develops the "will to power" to the limit in order to achieve the goal of surpassing human beings

he said: "the strongest and highest will of life does not exist in the struggle to survive, but in the will to struggle, in the strong will." He made the final conclusion for the strong will, and took it as the basis of all other psychological motives< However, Nietzsche also thinks that power itself is a kind of power, and power itself is the will of power. As a result, when he pursues power as a greater power, he inevitably falls into the void outside the power itself, which leads to the problem of nihilism. Because of this, in nothingness, Nietzsche declares that the highest value of human beings has lost their value -- "if human beings lose the anchor chain on which they rely for survival," Nietzsche asked, "will he drift into an endless void?" So what does man exist for? For the void? Of course not. Nietzsche believes that the only value of human existence is precisely: power< Heidegger is the main founder of existentialism, and Sartre is the one who develops existentialism

Heidegger (Germany)

the understanding of existence itself determines the existence of this being - Martin Heidegger

Heidegger is the founder of Western existentialism, he is deeply influenced by Nietzsche. "Only when we start to think can we hear Nietzsche's call," he said< According to Heidegger, the whole history of Western thought only focuses on the existence of things, but forgets the existence of things. This is a great breakthrough in the study of philosophy! But how to reveal this, he borrowed his teacher Husserl's phenomenology as a tool“ The word "phenomenon" means "self manifestation" in Greek, so Heidegger thinks that phenomenology means the attempt to let things explain themselves. "Only when we don't try to force things into the frame of ideas we make for them can they show us themselves," he said Here is his beginning to refute Nietzsche's view that knowledge is, in the final analysis, the expression of will to power. According to Heidegger's point of view, we can't know an object by force, by conquest and suppression, we can only let it show what it is< The existence of Descartes' consciousness is "I think, therefore I am." Heidegger tore up the picture of Descartes' philosophy. He said that the basic characteristic of human being is that it exists in the world. Man is in the world, because man is in existence. He regards man as a field or field of existence, and the center of the field has no so-called spiritual entity or self entity

in being and time, Heidegger makes a profound analysis of death, from which we can see his views on the value of human existence. He believes that "I am going to die" is not an external and open fact in the world, but an internal possibility of my own existence. I may die at any time, so death is my present possibility, and I will certainly die, no matter which way I die, so death is the extreme of my existence. It is the most extreme and absolute of my possibilities. Admitting death means admitting the limitation of human beings, so Heidegger also studied this problem. He believes that the limited experience of human beings does not lie in its perimeter and extension, but in its core—— People are limited, because its existence is full of non existence! Heidegger is such a contradiction on this issue< Sartre (France)

Sartre divides existence into two kinds: being in itself and being for itself. Existence in itself is the existence of an object equal to itself. Self existence expands with consciousness, and the essence of consciousness is that it is always itself. Sartre believes that our thoughts transcend ourselves and everything, so human existence is always self Transcendent: we always transcend ourselves in existence. Therefore, we cannot possess our existence. Our existence is always outside ourselves, that is to say, existence precedes essence

however, Sartre did not realize that in its theoretical system, there is a free existence and a self-made existence, but it just does not exist! If there is no existing space for self and freedom, how can they exist< First, being is prior to essence, which is put forward by Sartre and represents the metaphysics of existentialism. This kind of metaphysics is essentially different from the western traditional metaphysics. Traditional metaphysics generally endows "essence" with universal, abstract and formal characteristics, and generally believes that essence precedes existence in time< According to existentialism, essence prior to existence is not an absolute and universal rule. It only applies to things, not to people. Man's existence precedes his essence, which means that he must exist before he can create himself. But being does not create him, he creates himself in the process of being. Sartre said, "what does it mean to say that existence precedes essence? He means: first of all, people exist, appear and appear, and then they define themselves. According to the view of existentialists, if man can not be defined, it is because at first he is nothing, only later he is a certain kind of man, and it is he who made himself the man he wants to make... Man is not only the man he wants to make himself, but also the man he is determined to make after he rushes into existence. Man is nothing but what he makes of himself. " It can be seen that the essence of man is created by man himself through his own choice, not given. This passage of Sartre also helps us to understand the meaning of existentialism

the basic concept of Existentialism "being":

1. It refers to the existence of people, not the existence of things“ "Thing" can only "have", but not "exist"
2. It does not refer to the existence of ordinary people or human beings, but refers to the existence of specific and indivial people
3. It does not refer to the concrete existence of a specific person, but refers to the relationship between a lonely indivial and himself, his sense of self
4. It does not refer to the indivial's rational understanding of himself, but refers to the irrational emotional experience of lonely indivials< Second, existence is accidental and absurd. Existentialism holds that all existence, including human existence, is accidental and accidental. However, this is not to say that the physical universe is disordered and has no laws or rules to speak of, nor is it to say that the laws discovered by science in the study of the physical world are totally illusory and unreliable. It's just that there's nothing predetermined, whether it's for human beings or the physical universe

the so-called contingency refers to the fact that the existence of the material world has no reason, and it is not deced according to some absolute concept, thought or spirit, which has a certain meaning in advance

8. Existentialism is an irrational trend of thought in philosophy. It holds that the meaning of human existence can not be answered by rational thinking, emphasizing indivial, independence and subjective experience. Nietzsche and Kierkegaard can be regarded as their forerunners. In the 20th century, it spread very widely, and its philosophy continued to the humanism rising in the 1960s. Jaspers, Heidegger, Paul Sartre and Camus are their representatives

the fundamental point of existentialism is to regard the irrational consciousness activities of isolated indivials as the most real existence, and as the starting point of all its philosophy. Existentialism regards people as the center, respects people's personality and freedom, and holds that people live in a meaningless universe, and that people's existence itself is meaningless, but people can build themselves on the basis of existence and live a wonderful life

the important philosophical propositions are: existence precedes essence; There is no ultimate goal in the world; People find themselves in a vague and hostile world; People choose, and inevitably choose, their character, goals, and ideas; No choice is a kind of choice, that is, choosing "no choice"; The truth of the world and our situation is most clearly reflected in the moment of bewilderment or fear< According to existentialism, essence prior to existence is not an absolute and universal rule. It only applies to things, not to people. Man's existence precedes his essence, which means that he must exist before he can create himself. But being does not create him, he creates himself in the process of being. Sartre said, "what does it mean to say that existence precedes essence? He means: first of all, people exist, appear and appear, and then they define themselves. According to the view of existentialists, if man can not be defined, it is because at first he is nothing, only later he is a certain kind of man, and it is he who made himself the man he wants to make... Man is not only the man he wants to make himself, but also the man he is determined to make after he rushes into existence. Man is nothing but what he makes of himself. "

9. Existentialism is an irrational trend of thought in philosophy, which emphasizes indivial, independence and subjective experience. Nietzsche was the first to put forward it. Solon Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Jaspers and Martin Heidegger can be regarded as their forerunners. Especially in the 20th century, it spread widely. French philosopher Sartre and writer Albert Camus are their representatives
his most famous and explicit proposal is Sartre's maxim: "being is prior to essence" (L & # 39; existence
pr é c è de
l' essence What he means is that there is no natural morality or external soul other than human existence. Morality and soul are created by man in his existence. People have no obligation to abide by a certain moral standard or religious belief. People have the freedom of choice. We should evaluate a person, what he has done, not what he is, because a person is defined by his actions. Existentialism denies the existence of God or any other pre-defined rule. Sartre opposes any "resistance" factor in life, because it narrows people's free choice. If there is no such resistance, then a person's only problem to solve is which way he chooses to go
the emergence of existentialism is closely related to the social background of its time: the first World War was the beginning of the end of European bourgeois civilization. With the advent of the modern era, man has entered a non religious stage in his history. At this time, although he had unprecedented power, technology and civilization, he also found himself homeless. With the loss of the all inclusive framework of religion, human beings not only become nothing, but also become a fragmented existence. He has no sense of belonging, thinks that he is an "outsider" in the human society, and alienates himself. In his urgent need of a theory to resolve his sense of alienation, existentialism came into being
existentialism mainly comes from Kierkegaard's mysticism, Nietzsche's voluntarism and Husserl's phenomenology.

10. Existentialism, also known as existentialism, is an irrational trend of thought in philosophy, which emphasizes indivial, independence and subjective experience. Nietzsche was the first to put forward it. Solon Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Jaspers and Martin Heidegger can be regarded as their forerunners. Especially in the 20th century, it spread widely. French philosopher Sartre and writer Albert Camus are their representatives

his most famous and explicit proposal is Sartre's maxim: "being is prior to essence" (L & # 39; existence pr é c è de l' Anything is possible. What he means is that there is no natural morality or external soul other than human existence. Morality and soul are created by man in his existence. People have no obligation to abide by a certain moral standard or religious belief. People have the freedom of choice. We should evaluate a person, what he has done, not what he is, because a person is defined by his actions. Existentialism denies the existence of God or any other pre-defined rule. Sartre opposes any factor of "resistance" in life, because it narrows people's free choice. If there is no such resistance, then a person's only problem to solve is which way he chooses to go

[background]

the emergence of existentialism is closely related to the social background of its time: the first World War was the beginning of the end of European bourgeois civilization. With the advent of the modern era, man has entered a non religious stage in his history. At this time, although he had unprecedented power, technology and civilization, he also found himself homeless. With the loss of religion as an all inclusive framework, human beings not only have nothing, but also become a fragmented existence. He has no sense of belonging, thinks that he is an "outsider" in the human society, and alienates himself. In his urgent need of a theory to resolve his sense of alienation, existentialism came into being

[ideological origin]

the ideological origin of existentialism mainly comes from Kierkegaard's mysticism, Nietzsche's voluntarism, Husserl's phenomenology and so on

Kierkegaard (Denmark)

Kierkegaard's personality is very contradictory. In his view, the central fact of the 19th century is that the once existing Christian civilization no longer exists. Therefore, he wrote an attack on the Christian world to discuss this issue. But he is also a Christian, and he thinks all Christians should learn from him! Although he thinks that Christianity only cares about personal things, but does not pay attention to the development and change of the whole society, which is inconsistent with his thought

it is precisely because of the contradiction of Kierkegaard's personal thought that he is not accepted by the world. People often seize some of his defects and make a fuss, but ignore his thought beyond the times - Kierkegaard's main movement of modernity is to drift to the group society. Such a highly collectivized and externalized group society also means the death of indivials. Here, Kierkegaard negates the role of indivial existence and ignores the significance of the existence of the real world. He is not only ahead of time, but also too extreme, which leads to his dislike and often refuted by others< Nietzsche (Germany)

Nietzsche called out the slogan "God is dead" and put forward the theory of absolute will, which has influenced generations of philosophers in Europe. He called on human beings to come to an end, and we should create "Superman" to replace human beings in the world. The "Superman" created by Nietzsche is a kind of man who develops the "will to power" to the limit in order to achieve the goal of surpassing human beings

he said: "the strongest and highest will of life does not exist in the struggle to survive, but in the will to struggle, in the strong will." He made the final conclusion for the strong will, and took it as the basis of all other psychological motives< However, Nietzsche also thinks that power itself is a kind of power, and power itself is the will of power. As a result, when he pursues power as a greater power, he inevitably falls into the void outside the power itself, which leads to the problem of nihilism. Because of this, in nothingness, Nietzsche declares that the highest value of human beings has lost their value -- "if human beings lose the anchor chain on which they rely for survival," Nietzsche asked, "will he drift into an endless void?" So what does man exist for? For the void? Of course not. Nietzsche believes that the only value of human existence is precisely: power< Heidegger is the main founder of existentialism, and Sartre is the one who develops existentialism

Heidegger (Germany)

the understanding of existence itself determines the existence of this being - Martin Heidegger

Heidegger is the founder of Western existentialism, he is deeply influenced by Nietzsche. "Only when we start to think can we hear Nietzsche's call," he said< According to Heidegger, the whole history of Western thought only focuses on the existence of things, but forgets the existence of things. This is a great breakthrough in the study of philosophy! But how to reveal this, he borrowed his teacher Husserl's phenomenology as a tool“ The word "phenomenon" means "self manifestation" in Greek, so Heidegger thinks that phenomenology means the attempt to let things explain themselves. "Only when we don't try to force things into the frame of ideas we make for them can they show us themselves," he said Here is his beginning to refute Nietzsche's view that knowledge is, in the final analysis, the expression of will to power. According to Heidegger's point of view, we can't know an object by force, by conquest and suppression, we can only let it show what it is< The existence of Descartes' consciousness is "I think, therefore I am." Heidegger tore up the picture of Descartes' philosophy. He said that the basic characteristic of human being is that it exists in the world. Man is in the world, because man is in existence. He regards man as a field or field of existence, and the center of the field has no so-called spiritual entity or self entity

in being and time, Heidegger makes a profound analysis of death, from which we can see his views on the value of human existence. He believes that "I am going to die" is not an external and open fact in the world, but an internal possibility of my own existence. I may die at any time, so death is my present possibility, and I will certainly die, no matter which way I die, so death is the extreme of my existence. It is the most extreme and absolute of my possibilities. Admitting death means admitting the limitation of human beings, so Heidegger also studied this problem. He believes that the limited experience of human beings does not lie in its perimeter and extension, but in its core—— People are limited, because its existence is full of non existence! Heidegger is such a contradiction on this issue< Sartre (France)

Sartre divides existence into two kinds: being in itself and being for itself. Existence in itself is the existence of an object equal to itself. Self existence expands with consciousness, and the essence of consciousness is that it is always itself. Sartre believes that our thoughts transcend ourselves and everything, so human existence is always self Transcendent: we always transcend ourselves in existence. Therefore, we cannot possess our existence. Our existence is always outside ourselves, that is to say, existence precedes essence

however, Sartre did not realize that in its theoretical system, there is a free existence and a self-made existence, but it just does not exist! If there is no existing space for self and freedom, how can they exist< First, being is prior to essence, which is put forward by Sartre and represents the metaphysics of existentialism. This kind of metaphysics is essentially different from the western traditional metaphysics. Traditional metaphysics generally endows "essence" with universal, abstract and formal characteristics, and generally believes that essence precedes existence in time< According to existentialism, essence prior to existence is not an absolute and universal rule. It only applies to things, not to people. Man's existence precedes his essence, which means that he must exist before he can create himself. But being does not create him, he creates himself in the process of being. Sartre said, "what does it mean to say that existence precedes essence? He means: first of all, people exist, appear and appear, and then they define themselves. According to the view of existentialists, if man can not be defined, it is because at first he is nothing, only later he is a certain kind of man, and it is he who made himself the man he wants to make... Man is not only the man he wants to make himself, but also the man he is determined to make after he rushes into existence. Man is nothing but what he makes of himself. " It can be seen that the essence of man is created by man himself through his own choice, not given. This passage of Sartre also helps us to understand the meaning of existentialism

the basic concept of Existentialism "being":

1. It refers to the existence of people, not the existence of things“ "Thing" can only "have", but not "exist"
2. It does not refer to the existence of ordinary people or human beings, but refers to the existence of specific and indivial people
3. It does not refer to the concrete existence of a specific person, but refers to the relationship between a lonely indivial and himself, his sense of self
4. It does not refer to the indivial's rational understanding of himself, but refers to the irrational emotional experience of lonely indivials< Second, existence is accidental and absurd. Existentialism holds that all existence, including human existence, is accidental and accidental. However, this is not to say that the physical universe is disordered and has no laws or rules to speak of, nor is it to say that the laws discovered by science in the study of the physical world are totally illusory and unreliable. It's just that there's nothing predetermined, whether it's for human beings or the physical universe

the so-called contingency means that there is no reason for the existence of the material world, and it is not based on some absolute concept