The benefits of decentralization to Urbanization

1.

Decentralization is a form of social relations and content proction formed in the development of the Internet. It is a new type of network content proction process relative to "centralization"

decentralizing is not to do without the center, but to let the nodes freely choose and decide the center. In short, centralization means that the center determines the node. The node must depend on the center, and the node cannot survive without the center. In a decentralized system, anyone is a node, and anyone can be a center. Any center is not permanent, but phased, and no center is mandatory for nodes

extended data:

in a system with many nodes, each node has a high degree of autonomy. Nodes can connect freely to each other to form a new connection unit. Any node may become the stage center, but it does not have the mandatory central control function. The influence between nodes will form nonlinear causality through the network. This open, flat and equal system phenomenon or structure is called decentralization

with the deepening of the interaction between subject and object, the constant balance of cognitive function and the continuous improvement of cognitive structure, the indivial can be released from the egocentric state, which is called decentralization

2. Sharing from regional TV network: in a system with many nodes, each node has a high degree of autonomy. Nodes can connect freely to each other to form a new connection unit. Any node may become the stage center, but it does not have the mandatory central control function. The influence between nodes will form nonlinear causality through the network. This open, flat and equal system phenomenon or structure is called & quot; Decentralization & quot;.

3. Disadvantages:
recently, there have been continuous reports about the rapid development of urbanization in China, saying that the level of urbanization in 2003 has reached 40.5%, which is higher than the original planned target, and that China's cities have entered a "period of accelerated development", and even some reports say that there is a "great leap forward" in urbanization. Is it a good thing to build momentum and promote the process of urbanization? Will it bring any negative effects< According to the original plan, China's urbanization level will reach 35% by 2005 and 40-42% by 2010. In other words, China has achieved the original goal of urbanization six to seven years ahead of schele. Authoritative departments put forward that China's urbanization level should reach 65% in the middle of this century, and then reach 75%

one of my questions is whether the pace of urbanization is too fast. It took 90 years for Britain to raise its urbanization level from 26% to 70%, France from 25.5% to 71.7%, and the United States from 25.7% to 75.2%. However, it will take only 10 years for us to increase from 28% in 1993 to 40.5% in 2003. That is to say, with such a speed, we can reach 60% by 2020 and 75% by 2035. In other words, we are only going through the same urbanization process in half the time of Britain, almost one third of the time of France and the United States

the second question is whether it is necessary for China to set the level of urbanization as high as that of developed countries, reaching more than 75%. In order to realize instrialization and modernization, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, and promote social and economic development, we can not do without a certain level of urbanization, which is an easy truth to understand; There is no doubt that China's urbanization level was low before the 1980s, but it is still not high enough and needs to be improved. But should the level of urbanization be the same in all countries? China's national conditions are very different from those of all the developed countries that have achieved modernization so far. Do China's urbanization standards have to be in line with them? Should there be some differences between the urbanization standards of the 21st century and those of the 19th and 20th centuries

the particularity of China is very distinct. First, there are too many people. 1.3 billion people, more than the total population of North America, Europe and Japan; Second, the available land resources are relatively poor. Although China's land area is 9.6 million square kilometers, more than two-thirds of the plateau, mountains, deserts, Gobi and arid areas that are not available and suitable for human habitation under scientific conditions are now overburdened by the available land to bear the current population, which is worse than any developed country; Third, there is a serious shortage of basic resources, such as less than one fourth of the world's fresh water per capita and less than one third of the world's cultivated land per capita. Compared with developed countries, this aspect is far worse. In view of the fact that the consumption of resources by the urban population is far greater than that of the same number of rural population, whether we must fully consider the problem that the basic resources of our country adapt to the reasonable proportion of urban and rural population distribution when we implement urbanization. Since China's basic resource situation is far less than that of developed countries, why is our urbanization level set as high as theirs? If we have 1.5 billion people in 2020, 60% of the urban population will be 900 million; In this century, the population is 1.7 billion, so 75% of the urban population is 1.275 billion. How much fresh water, how much land, how much energy, how much food, how much housing and how much transportation facilities can support such a huge urban population

urbanization means more concentrated proction and consumption, larger scale, more socialized and higher proction efficiency, and modernization. The higher the degree of urbanization, the higher the degree of modernization. This is the understanding of the significance of urbanization so far. But in the past two or three decades, with the progress of science and technology, especially the development and popularization of computer and network technology, people's understanding of urbanization standards is undergoing some new changes. Nowadays, more and more people can work far away from the central city or even at home. They can also obtain information, hold meetings, trade and complete many things. Moreover, they can greatly save time and rece a lot of logistics consumption. In addition, people have higher and higher requirements for the quality of the environment, and they are not willing to go to the big cities with serious pollution. As a result, the population in some developed countries began to disperse from big cities to small cities and from downtown areas to suburbs. Moreover, this trend will not rece the degree of modernization at all. When we are promoting urbanization in the 21st century, should we consider these new factors to avoid the detour of over concentration of population to the central city

the third question is whether too fast and excessive urbanization will cause some consequences that are difficult to reverse and correct. Now there is a feeling that China's urbanization is promoted through a strong planned economy model and strong administrative means, rather than natural development to meet the needs of the market. For example, the average rate of urbanization is more than one block per year, the degree of urbanization in which year, and the recent proposal to speed up the pace of urbanization are all typical practices of planned economy. Urbanization is more complex than any single proct or single economic index, which involves population distribution, resource allocation, environment and society. The role of administration and planning is necessary for urbanization, but it should be mainly reflected in the concentration of outstanding talents in all aspects, the formulation of scientific urban planning according to history, current situation and future, the comprehensive balance, the accurate positioning of urban functions, and the assurance of urban characteristics, rather than the emphasis on indicators and progress

the rapid and excessive urbanization may cause at least four consequences that are difficult to reverse and correct:

one is the abnormal rection of a large number of cultivated land. Cities are generally built in plain areas with good natural conditions, which are also the best agricultural areas. According to the plan, China's urbanization needs to occupy 3% - 6% of the country's land, the proportion seems small, but the area is not small, about 300000-600000 square kilometers, which is equivalent to one-third to one-half of China's total plain area. In order to occupy so much good land, how can we realize the original intention of urbanization to let the people who stay in rural areas get more arable land? In fact, e to the rapid development of urbanization, the wind of enclosure is still prevailing. With the rise of a large number of luxury factories, buildings and various "image projects", large areas of fertile land in the past have disappeared, which makes the contradiction between more farmland and less arable land more prominent. In recent years alone, the net loss of cultivated land has reached 38 million mu, resulting in a large number of landless, jobless and insecure farmers, which is also an important reason for the continuous decline of grain proction

the second is to proce serious "urban disease". Urbanization is too fast, the city is too large, too many people are concentrated in the city in a short time, which inevitably leads to a large number of unemployment, shortage of fresh water and energy supply, traffic congestion, increased crime, environmental deterioration, increased risk of various crises and other phenomena. Some experts say that urbanization does not necessarily proce "urban disease". The root causes of "urban disease" lie in the one sidedness of guiding ideology, the irrationality of instrial structure and layout, and the development mode of "low-density expansion". They put forward "development overcomes urban disease", "planning reces urban disease" and "management cures urban disease". These opinions are reasonable, but the question is whether we can achieve in practice that the guiding ideology is not one-sided, whether the planning is scientific and reasonable, and whether the management is strict. This summer, a heavy rain in Beijing paralyzed almost the whole city's traffic, while a heavy rain and gale in Shanghai caused serious traffic jams and large-scale blackouts, which exposed the problems in our urban construction and management

three is the "bubble" of real estate. At present, many cities are building houses too fast and too much, which takes up a lot of bank funds. If the supply exceeds the demand seriously, or the price exceeds the affordability of the citizens, a large number of houses will be vacant, leading to economic crisis. Experience has proved that the economic crisis caused by the real estate bubble will take many years to slow down. The fourth is the "ruins" of the city. There are two possible reasons for this: first, the above-mentioned serious oversupply of real estate, resulting in a large number of vacant buildings; The second is the declining trend of China's population in this century. According to the assumption of China's population policy, after reaching the peak of 1.7 billion, the total population will graally decline and finally reach the ideal scale of about 700 million. Now that so many large-scale cities have been built today, will there be one day when not so many people will live in them

China's urbanization, in terms of its scale, is unprecedented in human history, and may also be unprecedented. Its arousness and complexity cannot be compared with any developed country. It's not only about today, it's about tomorrow, it's about future generations. When a city is built, it cannot be easily demolished; What is lost in the process of urbanization is also difficult to recover. Our pace should be steady. We should maximize the benefits of urbanization and try our best to avoid or rece the disadvantages that may be brought by carelessness and blindness.

advantages:

first of all, we should talk about the income. The income of large urbanization areas is certainly higher than that of small urbanization areas. Intuitively speaking, the income of urban areas is higher than that of rural areas, such as Shanghai residents, and many residents live in crowded and narrow areas, There are many dilapidated small tile roofed houses in urban villages, and many of them are unemployed at home. However, e to the advancement of urbanization, real estate developers begin to spread to the residents' houses. If small houses are demolished, there will be no less compensation, and decent housing will be arranged, so such residents begin to live a better life; Well off & quot; After living in a good house, the extra compensation can be put into the bank for pension and social welfare.
on the other hand, in ordinary and dirty communities, the owners of low and middle block houses (left by their ancestors) don't worry about their income at all. In the small tile roofed houses with 5 or 6 square meters in Shanghai, the monthly rent is 350-500, you know, In addition to a bed, there is no room for a table in such a house. But most people can't live in such a house. I've been to similar places. I've seen several people live in the same house, a big bed, and some of them are wives, daughters or sons. It's really surprising. Let's calculate the owner's income, As long as there are five or six such small houses, and their income has reached 2000-3000 yuan, plus they have a fixed place, they can play mahjong every day without work. They even feel that they are qualified to dictate in front of people from other places.
the housing price in Shanghai is a little high, and the above phenomenon has spread to the rural areas of Shanghai, which has created a short-term advantage of urban population, Such advantages are of far-reaching significance.
in contrast to the rural areas, let's take Pizhou rural areas as an example. Especially 10 years ago, urbanization did not involve the rural areas at all. The source of income depends on the breeding and planting instries. Instrialization is very low. To be honest, the income of many old people and vulnerable groups is zero. Even if there are relatively rich businessmen in the middle, the average index has been obliterated by these people, Economic indicators have suffered a great loss. Although they have not reached the point of starvation, in the eyes of big cities, our situation is worse than that of Africa.
even now, such a situation still exists. Although it has improved, the basic contradictions have not been solved and there are more businessmen,

4.

1、 Benefits of Urbanization:

reasonable urbanization can improve the environment, for example, by leveling the land, building water conservancy facilities, greening the environment and other measures, making the environment change in favor of improving people's living standards and promoting social development, recing the pressure of human activities on the environment

as the economic center of regional development, it can promote the development of regional economy, and the improvement of regional economic level can promote the development of cities; Promote the change of proction mode, settlement form, life style, values and so on

Population transformation cities can create more employment opportunities and absorb a large number of rural surplus population. The labor force is graally transferred from the first instry to the second instry, the third instry and the fourth instry

2, instrial adjustment

the process of urbanization can effectively drive the development of the vast rural areas, which is concive to improving the regional instrial structure

Instrial development is helpful to improve the efficiency of instrial proction, and instrialization is the driving force of urbanization

The progress of science and technology and the promotion of informatization make modern big cities become the main bases of scientific and technological innovation and information exchange centers. And then improve the overall development level of the region

5. Cultural exchange

urban culture diffuses and infiltrates into the countryside, which affects the proction and life style of the countryside (self-sufficient natural economy), and improves the opening degree of the countryside. It is concive to the communication between urban and rural areas and narrowing the gap between urban and rural development

6, the driving force of development

there are no more than two kinds of driving forces to promote the development of urbanization, one is the thrust, the other is the pull. Push refers to the factors that make people leave the countryside, while pull refers to the factors that attract people to the city

for example, the contradiction between people and land is aggravating, natural disasters occur frequently, income is low, living standard is poor, and social service resources are short; For example, there are many employment opportunities, rich social service resources, convenient transportation and complete cultural facilities

Second, the disadvantages of Urbanization:

1, biosphere

reces biodiversity

2, lithosphere

reces cultivated land area, soil pollution, ground subsidence

3, atmosphere

air pollution. Heat island effect and greenhouse effect were aggravated

4, the infiltration of hydrosphere was reced, and the surface runoff was increased; Deterioration of water quality; Water shortage; Acid rain

5, traffic

traffic congestion

6, housing

housing tension

7, employment

< 8, social order

social disorder (high crime rate)

9, moral atmosphere

moral atmosphere is declining

10 Social security

the pressure of social security is increasing rapidly, and it is difficult to fill the social security gap

Economic impact land price rises and cost rises

12, food problem

a large number of farmers leave the original cultivated land, the problem of abandoning farming and abandoning wasteland is becoming more and more serious, and China's food import rate is graally increasing, which makes China's food security problems in a populous country have hidden dangers, which is not concive to China's national development and political stability

13, big city disease

nowadays, China's big city disease has been quite serious. Traffic congestion, lack of resources, the decline of the quality of life of urban residents and other problems are perplexing the progress of the city. The pace of construction and transformation of China's big cities is speeding up. Urban circles are beginning to appear in some parts of China, and many mega cities are also starting to build "satellite cities" in the hope of solving many problems of big city disease

The process of urbanization in developed countries can be divided into two stages. The first stage is characterized by centralization, while the second stage is characterized by decentralization. As a result, "metropolitan area" or "Urban Agglomeration" or "urban belt" with big cities as the center develops rapidly

in some developed areas of China, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, there has been a trend that the well-off class has moved from the city to the suburbs, that is to say, it has entered the second stage of Urbanization: "the stage of suburbanization". The development of "city circle" and "satellite city" needs to pay attention to the transformation and coordinated development of urban functions and peripheral suburban functions

the process of urbanization is the process of continuous modernization. The central city should constantly strengthen the improvement of the scale, layout and function of "urban belt" and "regional economy". The continuous evolution of urban functions is not only the premise for the good development of central cities, but also the basis for solving the problems of big cities and promoting the stable and healthy development of the surrounding economy

extended data:

aspects of Urbanization:

1. Tourism

"urbanization" is "people's urbanization" and "people-oriented urbanization". It can be said that "urbanization" is not equal to "instrialization". The tourism oriented "non instrialization" urbanization mode is a very important and worthy of promotion

First of all, we should firmly grasp the general direction of ecological civilization construction, take "green development, circular development and low-carbon development" as the leading principles to realize urbanization, guide the urbanization construction to take the "beautiful" road, and make "beautiful China" a livable, instrious and tourist country

Secondly, we should adhere to the protection and inheritance of local culture, maintain and strengthen local personality, take cultural shaping as the driving force of local social and economic development, and promote local soft power and hard power simultaneously through cultural construction

Thirdly, it is necessary to plan and organize the tourism instry well, develop the tourism oriented urbanization mode, advocate the new urbanization road of "non instrialization", take the tourism instry, cultural and creative instry, modern service instry and other modern new real economy as the main body,

build a new instrial structure with outstanding characteristics of "people flow driving logistics and capital flow", We should create better, higher and higher quality economic and social development performance with innovative formats than traditional formats

Finally, efforts should be made to improve the economic and social contribution of the tourism instry, so as to make it a pillar and leading instry supporting local economic development with its high contribution rate, and give full play to the advantages of the tourism instry, such as large number of employment and wide range of employment, Let tourism make a real contribution to promoting local economic development, absorbing local employment, improving people's livelihood and improving people's quality of life

the intervention of tourism can solve the instrial problems in the process of urbanization, as well as the problems of who will invest in infrastructure, farmers' welfare and urban construction. Once the problem of instrial layout and development is solved, the problem of investment and development will be solved fundamentally. In other words, tourism is used to drive the development of other instries

2. Urbanization of human beings

the central government has repeatedly stated that urbanization is the greatest potential to expand domestic demand in China. In the context of the market trend of urbanization, local governments are keen on the approval of new areas and new towns, and some new areas and sub centers are planned in large quantities. It is expected that large-scale new towns will emerge in the future

First of all, adjust and reform the local government performance evaluation indicators, weaken the traditional extensive economic oriented indicators such as GDP, and strengthen some new intensive economic evaluation indicators

Secondly, from the perspective of regulation and control, stabilizing the expectation of macroeconomic development through long-term regulation and control mechanism is the basis to avoid speculation. Only in this way can we avoid speculation and speculation in the real estate market and prevent the "empty city" phenomenon caused by overheated investment in the real estate market

Thirdly, real estate no longer relies on "policy city" to stimulate regional planning and real estate market development, but makes the coordinated development of city, capital, instry and population according to the needs of regional instrial layout, so as to graally carry out the process of urbanization

Fourthly, to develop the new instrial city, we should take the instry first and achieve the integration of instry and city