Decentralization of joint operations system

1. 1、 Features:

2. The replacement of cooperative joint operations by integrated joint operations is actually a historical denial of mechanized warfare by information warfare. As the American scholar Toffler, who is famous for the third wave, said, "the way people wage war just reflects the mode of proction of their time." As the basic form of war in the information age, integrated joint operations have a series of characteristics of information operations
integrated command and control, highly integrated information
information warfare has fast pace, short ration and fleeting fighters. Only by acquiring and processing various battlefield information in time and making judgments and disposal quickly, can joint command and control be implemented efficiently. It can be seen that the real-time of command and control is more and more important. Therefore, the armed forces of developed countries attach great importance to the development of advanced information-based command and control system to realize the real-time and integration of intelligence reconnaissance, early warning detection, information transmission, information processing and command and control. For example, the U.S. military is committed to building a "global information grid" (GIG). It plans to connect millions of nodes into a network to realize "seamless information link" from sensors to shooters, from military commanders to foxholes, and emphasizes the use of "network centric warfare" to develop joint operations centered on weapon platforms into integrated operations centered on information networks. In order to improve the adaptability of the command system, the armed forces of all countries are relying on advanced information technology to change the vertical tree structure with narrow horizontal and long vertical to the flat network command system with wide horizontal and short vertical, which reces the command level, shortens the information flow, improves the response speed and enhances the command efficiency<
joint operations under the condition of informatization are characterized by the integration of combat forces and the complementary advantages in function, so as to pursue the maximum overall force. First of all, it is the integration of the military, the government and the people, the combination of military struggle with political, economic and diplomatic struggles. Secondly, it is the integration of the main combat forces, which organically combines the forces of the various arms and services participating in the war, reasonably organizes the combat corps, corps or joint forces, and constitutes the structural system of the integrated forces of the various arms and services. The forces of service participating in war are only a part of joint operations. It is difficult for any service or service unit to play its role alone. Only large-scale and deep joint operations can form a strong and effective combat effectiveness. Then there is the integration of all kinds of operations, the integration of multi-level operations of strategy, campaign and tactics, the integration of non-contact, non-linear and asymmetric operations, the integration of information warfare, network warfare and psychological warfare, the combination of "hard strike" and "soft kill", the combination of Firepower Strike and special operations, and the combination of full depth three-dimensional operations and precision strike, It forms a multi-dimensional and integrated operational architecture
integration of combat platform and decisive victory of system confrontation
information based weapon equipment platform is the material basis for the implementation of integrated joint operations. Information weapon equipment is an integrated combat system based on computer technology and information technology. It mainly consists of three-dimensional reconnaissance and early warning system, information transmission and processing system, mobile combat weapon system, information attack and defense weapon system, indivial digital equipment and command and control system. Weapon systems and combat platforms of various services are like chimneys. When they reach the physical limit, people think of "system integration". Integrated integration brings about the integration of combat system and the optimization of structure, thus forming C4KISR system. The integration of combat platform makes up for the "short board" of independent services and single weapon system, and greatly improves the comprehensive combat effectiveness. With the help of information technology, different weapons and equipment complement each other in effectiveness, and different services complement each other in function. They have the ability of interconnection, intercommunication and interoperability, so that different weapon systems of different services can be integrated in technology and in battle time and space, and system confrontation can become the main body of joint operations. In the information war, the attack and defense confrontation based on C4KISR system will become the main operation, which is also the key to decide the outcome of the war< In the era of mechanization, the services are relatively independent, with the army, navy and air force dominating their own battlefield respectively, and the operations are basically carried out in the three-dimensional space of land, air and sea. Under the condition of information technology, the combat space will be expanded from the traditional three-dimensional space to the multi-dimensional space, from the limited space to the infinite space, from the visible space to the invisible space. The two hostile sides will launch a comprehensive confrontation in the land battlefield, sea battlefield, air battlefield, space battlefield, electromagnetic battlefield, network battlefield, psychological battlefield and other broad areas. Any operation in this kind of battle space will not be a single battle field, but a multi-dimensional joint operation. Each battlefield space plays an indispensable role. Any single battlefield space operation is restricted and influenced by other battlefields. Any operation cannot be separated from the support of space, network and electromagnetic information. Especially in the field of space and information, the struggle will become increasingly fierce. As two important strategic commanding heights of modern war, space and information domain break through the boundaries of traditional territory and play an irreplaceable role in joint operations. The competition for "control of heaven" and "control of information" will become the "winner" in the contest between the two sides<
integrated combat support, accurate and efficient support
joint combat support refers to various assurance measures and actions taken to ensure the smooth implementation of combat tasks, mainly including combat support, logistics support, equipment support and political work support. In the past, there were obvious boundaries and differences between operations and support, and various support services were relatively independent. In the information-based joint operations, operations and support are moving from separation to integration. Support is not only an important part of operations, but also determines the success or failure of operations to a certain extent. In addition, the concept of precise support is also a prominent feature of integrated support. That is to say, relying on the information-based operation, logistics and equipment support system, and taking the optimization of resource allocation as the premise, we can implement appropriate and accurate support for the troops at the right time and place, which greatly improves the support efficiency and sustained combat capability.

3.

1、 Features:

1. integrated command and control, highly integrated information

3. the pace of information warfare is fast, the ration is short, and the fighters are fleeting. Only by acquiring and processing all kinds of battlefield information in time and making judgment and disposal quickly, can the joint command and control be implemented efficiently. It can be seen that the real-time of command and control is more and more important. For this reason, developed countries attach great importance to the development of advanced information command and control system to realize the real-time and integration of intelligence reconnaissance, early warning detection, information transmission, information processing and command and control. For example, the U.S. military is committed to building a "global information grid" (GIG). It plans to connect millions of nodes into a network to realize "seamless information link" from sensors to shooters, from military commanders to foxholes. It also emphasizes the use of "network centric warfare" to develop weapon centered joint operations into information network centered integrated operations. In order to improve the adaptability of the command system, all countries are relying on advanced information technology to change the vertical tree structure with narrow horizontal and long vertical to the flat network command system with short horizontal and wide vertical, which reces the command level, shortens the information flow, improves the response speed and enhances the command efficiency

2


under the condition of informatization, joint operations are characterized by the integration of combat forces, complementary advantages in function, and the pursuit of the maximum overall force. First of all, it is the integration of the military, the government and the people, the combination of military struggle with political, economic and diplomatic struggles. Secondly, it is the integration of the main combat forces, which organically combines the forces of the various arms and services participating in the war, reasonably organizes the combat corps, corps or joint forces, and constitutes the structural system of the integrated forces of the various arms and services. The forces of service participating in war are only a part of joint operations. It is difficult for any service or service unit to play its role alone. Only large-scale and deep joint operations can form a strong and effective combat effectiveness. Then there is the integration of all kinds of operations, the integration of multi-level operations of strategy, campaign and tactics, the integration of non-contact, non-linear and asymmetric operations, the integration of information warfare, network warfare and psychological warfare, the combination of "hard strike" and "soft kill", the combination of Firepower Strike and special operations, and the combination of full depth three-dimensional operations and precision strike, It forms a multi-dimensional and integrated operational architecture




3. Combat as a whole, system confrontation is decisive

Information technology is the material basis for the implementation of integrated joint operations. Informatization is an integrated combat system with computer technology as the core and information technology as the basis. It mainly consists of three-dimensional reconnaissance and early warning system, information transmission and processing system, mobile combat weapon system, information attack and defense weapon system, indivial digital equipment and command and control system. Weapon systems and operations of various services are like chimneys. When they reach the physical limit, people think of "system integration". Integrated integration brings about the integration of combat system and the optimization of structure, thus forming C4KISR system. The integration of operations makes up for the "short board" of independent services and single weapon system, and greatly improves the comprehensive operational effectiveness. With the help of information technology, different services complement each other in effectiveness, and different services complement each other in function. They have the ability of interconnection, intercommunication and interoperability, so that different weapon systems of different services can be integrated in technology and in battle time and space, and system confrontation can become the main body of joint operations. In the information war, the attack defense confrontation based on C4KISR system will become the main operation, which is also the key to the victory of the war In the era of mechanization, the services are relatively independent. The army, navy and air force dominate their own battlefields respectively, and operations are basically carried out in three-dimensional space of land, air and sea. Under the condition of information technology, the combat space will be expanded from the traditional three-dimensional space to the multi-dimensional space, from the limited space to the infinite space, from the visible space to the invisible space. The two hostile sides will launch a comprehensive confrontation in the land battlefield, sea battlefield, air battlefield, space battlefield, electromagnetic battlefield, network battlefield, psychological battlefield and other broad areas. Any operation in this kind of battle space will not be a single battle field, but a multi-dimensional joint operation. Each battlefield space plays an indispensable role. Any single battlefield space operation is restricted and influenced by other battlefields. Any operation cannot be separated from the support of space, network and electromagnetic information. Especially in the field of space and information, the struggle will become increasingly fierce. As two important strategic commanding heights of modern war, space and information domain break through the boundaries of traditional territory and play an irreplaceable role in joint operations. The competition for "control of heaven" and "control of information" will become the "winner" in the contest between the two sides




4. Integrated combat support, accurate and efficient support

joint operation support refers to all kinds of guarantee measures and actions taken to ensure the smooth implementation of combat tasks, mainly including combat support, logistics support, equipment support and political work support. In the past, there were obvious boundaries and differences between operations and support, and various support services were relatively independent. In the information-based joint operations, operations and support are moving from separation to integration. Support is not only an important part of operations, but also determines the success or failure of operations to a certain extent. In addition, the concept of precise support is also a prominent feature of integrated support. That is to say, relying on the information-based operation, logistics and equipment support system, and taking the optimization of resource allocation as the premise, we can implement appropriate and accurate support for the troops at the right time and place, which greatly improves the support efficiency and sustained combat capability

Second, position:

1. Joint operation command is the most essential dynamic element in combat effectiveness

(2) joint operational command is an important factor to transform the operational potential of joint forces into actual combat effectiveness
(3) joint operation command is the key to change the balance of forces and improve the efficiency of joint operation




Third, supplement:

under the condition of informatization, joint operations are characterized by long-range, fast and accurate attack, which requires the integration of land, sea, air, space and power of multiple services and arms, so as to effectively achieve accurate command, accurate control, accurate coordination, attack and defense. All information systems must be supported by high-precision frequency source and unify "military standard time"

4.

Basic elements:

1. integrated command system. Integrated command system is the "brain" and "nerve" of integrated operations. Without a highly authoritative integrated command system, there will be a situation where orders are not allowed and prohibitions are not allowed. The operations of various services and arms will be like "a mess of scattered sand", and the integrated operations can not be implemented at all. In order to highlight the scientific nature of the command system, the armed forces of all countries are relying on advanced information technology to change the vertical tree command system with narrow horizontal and long vertical to the flat network command system with wide horizontal and short vertical, so as to rece the command level, shorten the information flow, improve the response speed and enhance the survival ability

2. integrated combat force. Integrated combat force is the "fist" and "foot" of integrated combat. Its connotation includes: first, the integration of weapon equipment system. After information transformation, all kinds of weapon systems can directly transmit information to each other and realize information sharing, so as to improve the response speed and combat effectiveness of the whole weapon system. Integration of operational elements. Only when the operational elements such as intelligence reconnaissance, command and control, information confrontation, firepower attack and comprehensive support are integrated, can "destroy when found" become a reality, soft kill and hard destroy turn from separation to energy accumulation, and accurate support turn from theory to practice. It can be considered that the integrated information network is the link, the integrated weapon system is the platform, the integrated combat unit is the foundation, and the integrated combat elements are the key to the final formation of the integrated combat capability

3. integrated combat space. With the enhancement of the three-dimensional degree of modern war, the combat space of the army continues to extend and expand. At present, it has shown the distinctive characteristics of "seven dimensions in one" and "three in one". The so-called "seven dimensional integration" refers to: land-based long-range precision guided weapons expand the land combat space; The long-range maneuverability of the sea combat platform and the long-range attack capability of ship to ground and ship to air extend the sea combat space greatly; The air combat platform has the ability of long-range attack across continents, which makes the war present a "high three-dimensional" feature; Space technology has made space a strategic "commanding height", and the competition for outer space has shifted from civil development to military competition; Electronic technology has opened up a vast and invisible electromagnetic battlefield, and the strength of electronic countermeasures has become an important indicator of military combat effectiveness; Information network has become an important support to give full play to operational effectiveness, network battlefield has become an important battlefield, and "network warrior" has become a new combat force; On the basis of the traditional strategy confrontation, the cognitive field has added new high-tech connotation, and the development of technology and strategy has become an inevitable trend in the cognitive field

4. integrated operations. The integration of operations is the core of integrated operations. From multiple levels and aspects, integrated operations can be understood from two aspects: one is the integration of strategic, operational and tactical operations. As the means of information warfare become more and more advanced and the effect is more and more obvious, it has been more and more used in the practice of war to directly achieve the strategic purpose through campaign or even tactical action. The integration of multi-level operations of strategy, campaign and tactics has accelerated the combat process significantly. The first battle is the decisive battle, and "one careless move, lose all" has a deeper connotation in the integrated operations. Second, non-contact and non-linear multi-mode operations are integrated. Through the use of medium and long-range precision guided weapons, beyond the defense zone and natural geographical barrier of the other side, it can directly carry out precision strike on important targets such as deep reconnaissance and early warning system, command and control system, air defense system, energy facilities, etc. In the war in Afghanistan, the US military mainly adopted the method of non-contact precision strike, which formed a sharp contrast with the situation when the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan and was trapped in the quagmire of guerrilla warfare

   main features:

   1. Combat planning has the characteristics of "pre practice". In the era of mechanization, the battle planning mainly depends on the judgment and reasoning of the commander and some auxiliary mathematical calculation. Due to the extensive use of computer and real soldier simulation, and the organic combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, the planning of integrated operations greatly improves the predictability and scientificity, and makes the combat planning have obvious "pre practice" characteristics

   2. Operational guidance has asymmetric characteristics. Asymmetric warfare is not only an important method for the strong to attack the weak, but also an effective means for the weak to confront the strong. The asymmetric characteristics of integrated operational guidance are mainly manifested in three aspects: first, the asymmetry of attack and defense. Modern war is in an era when "spear" is better than "shield". In the context of this era, the implementation of integrated operations, more emphasis on the first opportunity to defeat the enemy, the implementation of offensive operations, in order to attack to achieve the purpose of defense. The second is the asymmetry between paralysis and annihilation. Integrated operations no longer follow the traditional idea of annihilation, but focus on the structural paralysis of direct attack. However, when the weak side resists the strong side, it is not possible to the pattern of structural paralyzed warfare. What's more, it is necessary to emphasize the integration of paralyzed warfare and annihilation warfare, regular warfare and guerrilla warfare. Especially when there is a great disparity in military strength and the weak side does not have the integrated combat capability, piecemeal small-scale annihilation warfare can not be ignored. Third, the asymmetry of information and firepower. Compared with information advantage, firepower advantage has been relegated to the second place. With the promotion of information technology, the traditional firepower warfare has been changed and developed into information firepower warfare. In the guidance of integrated operations, how to give full play to the overall effectiveness of information warfare and information firepower warfare should be placed in the first place

   3. Operational cooperation has the characteristics of "self adaptation"“ Self adaptation "refers to a feature of" responding to changes in the environment to adapt to the new environment ". The combat units in the integrated combat system are closely connected through the information network and can carry out "adaptive" cooperative operations, that is, after discovering and determining the attack target, each combat unit can focus on achieving "the best benefit" and independently decide what force and how to carry out the attack task, So as to ensure the maximum play of the overall combat effectiveness, and avoid the situation of mutual consumption and battle loss between combat units

   4. Combat support has the characteristics of accuracy. Relying on the information infrastructure and information system, we can establish a perfect logistics and equipment support network system, which makes it possible to implement accurate support "timely, appropriately, appropriately and appropriately". Before the Iraq war, according to the prediction of the war process, the U.S. military only reserved less than two weeks of logistics materials, and the rest were supplied through the newly equipped "joint all asset visual system"< br />

5.

Integrated joint operations with a new operational system and operational methods, subvert the traditional concept of operations. Only by deeply understanding the new trend and characteristics of integrated joint operations can we finally solve the problems such as establishing and improving the command, training and support system of joint operations, optimizing the force structure, especially the internal structure of arms and services, and constructing a new operational system

The integration of C4ISR system is realized, and the direction of command and control is toward automation. The C4ISR system is integrated, and the command system is changed from "tree lengthwise" to "network flat", which reces the command level, shortens the information flow, and makes the effectiveness of combat command increase geometrically. All combat forces and battlefield elements are interconnected, and all combat forces, command and control and intelligence information systems at all levels, as well as weapon platforms and other information nodes in the combat system can obtain real-time, fused and realistic battlefield space images and other information. The commander can easily coordinate and command the troops, realize the integration of perception of battlefield information, command and control, and fire strike system, and basically achieve the real-time goal finding, determination, and strike implementation

the combat resources are integrated, and the force formation is developing towards molarization. The formation of various combat forces will break the boundaries between arms and services, follow the principle of "system integration and integration", and use information system to integrate intelligence reconnaissance, early warning detection, information transmission, command and control, joint strike, electronic attack and defense, all dimensional protection, comprehensive support and other operational elements into a combat system with real-time and orderly information transmission. Through the link and fusion of various combat units and elements, it becomes a crisscross combat system, which makes each combat entity form a seamless "big system"

The combat space is multidimensional and the battlefield space is developing in an all-round way. The use of various means, such as information acquisition, transmission, implementation of electronic warfare, delivery of forces, and fire projection, has developed from land, sea, and air to the air-to-air battlefield of land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network. A variety of information warfare forces achieve the same pace of operations through the network system, form a variety of strike capabilities against the enemy in the multi-dimensional battlefield space, and ensure that a variety of combat forces strike the enemy from different battle spaces at the same time. In particular, the smooth information flow is used to transmit the strike effects of different space and different combat forces to each other in time, so as to ensure that one party can make use of the strike effects of the other party in time, realize the superposition of strike effectiveness, and greatly improve operational efficiency

weapons and equipment are transforming from mechanical equipment to information equipment, and weapon system is developing towards intelligence. Relying on the information weapon platform, the intelligent level and strike precision of weapon equipment are greatly improved, and precision guided weapon has become the main combat tool of integrated joint operation. Weapon equipment presents intelligent characteristics such as precision guidance, autonomous control and unmanned control, and forms a complete system. On the one hand, new information equipment will be developed to equip the army; On the other hand, we should carry out the information transformation of the equipment in service to improve its information and intelligent degree; Third, information equipment should be systematized and organized, and the construction of weapons and equipment should be standardized, standardized and systematized, with a certain scale

6. ... classmate, you can directly go to the library to find a military book and turn it over for reference...
it's only 500 words. Ah, it's enough to read a Book of this kind

7. The basic elements of integrated operations are

integrated command system. Integrated command system is the "brain" and "nerve" of integrated operations. Without a highly authoritative integrated command system, there will be a situation where orders are not allowed and prohibitions are not allowed. The operations of various services and arms will be like "a mess of scattered sand", and the integrated operations can not be implemented at all. Of course, authority is not equal to centralization of power, emphasizing the authority of the command subject does not exclude the use of decentralized command. The establishment of authority depends on the restriction of laws and regulations and the decisiveness of commanders. In addition, the real-time of command and control is becoming more and more important. The armed forces of developed countries attach great importance to the development of advanced C4ISR command and control system to realize real-time intelligence reconnaissance, early warning detection and command and control. The U.S. military is committed to building a "global information grid" (GIG). It plans to connect 20 million users into a network to realize the "seamless information link" from sensors to shooters and from presidential palace to foxholes. It also emphasizes the use of "network centric warfare" to develop the integrated warfare centered on weapon platform into the integrated warfare centered on information network. In order to highlight the scientific nature of the command system, the armed forces of all countries are relying on advanced information technology to change the vertical tree command system with narrow horizontal and long vertical to the flat network command system with wide horizontal and short vertical, so as to rece the command level, shorten the information flow, improve the response speed and enhance the survival ability

integrated combat force. Integrated combat force is the "fist" and "foot" of integrated combat. Its connotation includes: first, the integration of weapon equipment system. After information transformation, all kinds of weapon systems can directly transmit information to each other and realize information sharing, so as to improve the response speed and combat effectiveness of the whole weapon system. In the tank war between the U.S. and Iraqi forces in the first Gulf War, the U.S. Army achieved a remarkable record of 187:0, mainly e to the digitization of U.S. tanks, which showed the great achievements of weapon equipment system integration. Secondly, the integration of combat units. The combat units in the integrated combat system are highly integrated in the information structure, closely connected through the information network, and can realize interconnection, interoperability and interoperability; However, it is loose in physical structure. If a certain point is damaged, it will not paralyze the whole; It has great flexibility and freedom in the organizational structure, and can randomly adjust the form of force combination. In the Iraq war, the U.S. military temporarily combined the air force, naval air force and Army Air Force and put them under the command of the air combat command, relying on the highly integrated information processing and the "assemblable" and "tailorable" physical structure. Thirdly, the integration of operational elements. Only when the operational elements such as intelligence reconnaissance, command and control, information confrontation, firepower attack and comprehensive support are integrated, can "destroy when found" become a reality, soft kill and hard destroy turn from separation to energy accumulation, and accurate support turn from theory to practice. It can be considered that the integrated information network is the link, the integrated weapon system is the platform, the integrated combat unit is the foundation, and the integrated combat elements are the key to the final formation of the integrated combat capability

integrated combat space. With the enhancement of the three-dimensional degree of modern war, the combat space of the army continues to extend and expand. At present, it has shown the distinctive characteristics of "seven dimensions in one" and "three in one". The so-called "seven dimensional integration" refers to: land-based long-range precision guided weapons expand the land combat space; The long-range maneuverability of the sea combat platform and the long-range attack capability of ship to ground and ship to air extend the sea combat space greatly; The air combat platform has the ability of long-range attack across continents, which makes the war present a "high three-dimensional" feature; Space technology has made space a strategic "commanding height", and the competition for outer space has shifted from civil development to military competition; Electronic technology has opened up a vast and invisible electromagnetic battlefield, and the strength of electronic countermeasures has become an important indicator of military combat effectiveness; Information network has become an important support to give full play to operational effectiveness, network battlefield has become an important battlefield, and "network warrior" has become a new combat force; On the basis of the traditional strategy confrontation, the cognitive field has added new high-tech connotation, and the development of technology and strategy has become an inevitable trend in the cognitive field. The so-called "Trinity" refers to: the material flow based on mechanization determines the army's rapid mobility and delivery capability; The energy flow with chemical energy as the core determines the firepower killing ability of the army; The information flow characterized by digital transmission determines the information resource utilization ability of the army. With the development of material flow and energy flow approaching the limit, the material flow and energy flow are controlled by information flow. Information flow has become an important resource and carrier which is superior to material flow and energy flow and dominates the operation of material flow and energy flow. How to effectively protect and use the information flow of the enemy, destroy and cut off the information flow of the enemy, has become the focus of contention between the two sides

integrated operations. The integration of operations is the core of integrated operations. From multiple levels and aspects, integrated operations can be understood from two aspects: one is the integration of strategic, operational and tactical operations. As the means of information warfare become more and more advanced and the effect is more and more obvious, it has been more and more used in the practice of war to directly achieve the strategic purpose through campaign or even tactical action. The integration of multi-level operations of strategy, campaign and tactics has accelerated the combat process significantly. The first battle is the decisive battle, and "one careless move, lose all" has a deeper connotation in the integrated operations. Second, non-contact and non-linear multi-mode operations are integrated. Through the use of medium and long-range precision guided weapons, beyond the defense zone and natural geographical barrier of the other side, it can directly carry out precision strike on important targets such as deep reconnaissance and early warning system, command and control system, air defense system, energy facilities, etc. In the war in Afghanistan, the US military mainly adopted the method of non-contact precision strike, which formed a sharp contrast with the situation when the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan and was trapped in the quagmire of guerrilla warfare. Another important way of integrated operations is non-linear operations. From the beginning of the operation, it has the characteristics of full depth operation. The boundaries between the front and the rear tend to be blurred. It breaks the traditional one line horizontal push and layer by layer peeling method, making the battlefield present a crisscross situation. Electronic warfare and computer network warfare as the main form of information operations, special operations with multiple functions, all make the battlefield's non-linear characteristics more prominent<

the main characteristics of integrated operations

operational planning has the characteristics of "pre practice". In the era of mechanization, the battle planning mainly depends on the judgment and reasoning of the commander and some auxiliary mathematical calculation. Due to the extensive use of computer and real soldier simulation, and the organic combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, the planning of integrated operations greatly improves the predictability and scientificity, and makes the combat planning have obvious "pre practice" characteristics. In other words, integrated operations can be rehearsed in the combat simulation laboratory or on the exercise field. The armies of developed countries all over the world attach great importance to this research and practice. At present, the U.S. military has 16 service operation laboratories and 2 joint operation experiment centers, and has established a networked simulation system, which can conct comprehensive experiments and evaluations on various services and joint operations. At the same time of computer simulation, the U.S. military also pays attention to using the method of real soldier simulation for careful dection, so as to make the evaluation results more close to the actual combat. Before the Iraq war, the U.S. military specially selected a desert terrain similar to Iraq in Israel, and took the Iraqi army as the imaginary enemy to carry out the computer simulation and actual military exercise code named "endoscope-03". The result of the exercise was surprisingly similar to the actual war process later, only one day behind. It is worth noting that the pace of modern warfare is getting faster and faster, the ration is getting shorter and shorter, and the response time for commanders on the battlefield is getting less and less. Therefore, it is more necessary to strengthen advance planning. In the integrated operation, whether the commander's emergency disposal is scientific and proper depends more on whether the pre planning is rigorous and thorough. It is not so much "victory on the battlefield" as "victory before the war" in integrated operations

the operational guidance is asymmetric. Asymmetric warfare is not only an important method for the strong to attack the weak, but also an effective means for the weak to confront the strong. The asymmetric characteristics of integrated operational guidance are mainly manifested in three aspects: first, the asymmetry of attack and defense. Modern war is in an era when "spear" is better than "shield". In the context of this era, the implementation of integrated operations, more emphasis on the first opportunity to defeat the enemy, the implementation of offensive operations, in order to attack to achieve the purpose of defense. In terms of operational efficiency cost ratio, the cost of defense is much higher than that of attack. For example, the cost of building cruise missile defense system is 8-14 times that of developing cruise missile. Therefore, it has become a trend to focus on the development of "trump card" weapons and equipment with strong offensive and high efficiency cost ratio. The second is the asymmetry between paralysis and annihilation. Integrated operations no longer follow the traditional idea of annihilation, but focus on the structural paralysis of direct attack. However, when the weak side resists the strong side, it is not possible to the pattern of structural paralyzed warfare. What's more, it is necessary to emphasize the integration of paralyzed warfare and annihilation warfare, regular warfare and guerrilla warfare. Especially when there is a great disparity in military strength and the weak side does not have the integrated combat capability, piecemeal small-scale annihilation warfare can not be ignored. Third, the asymmetry of information and firepower. Compared with information advantage, firepower advantage has been relegated to the second place. With the promotion of information technology, the traditional firepower warfare has been changed and developed into information firepower warfare. Simply relying on increasing firepower can not make up for the lack of information ability; Simply relying on increasing quantity can no longer make up for the gap in quality. In the guidance of integrated operations, how to give full play to the overall effectiveness of information warfare and information firepower warfare should be placed in the first place

operational cooperation has the characteristics of "adaptive"“ Self adaptation "refers to a feature of" responding to changes in the environment to adapt to the new environment ". The combat units in the integrated combat system are closely connected through the information network and can carry out "adaptive" cooperative operations, that is, after discovering and determining the attack target, each combat unit can focus on achieving "the best benefit" and independently decide what force and how to carry out the attack task, So as to ensure the maximum play of the overall combat effectiveness, and avoid the situation of mutual consumption and battle loss between combat units. The "self-adaptive" feature of combat cooperation makes new changes in the mode of cooperation: from planned cooperation to on-the-spot cooperation, that is, to distinguish the long-range attack targets according to the plan, and to implement on-the-spot cooperation mainly relying on advanced information transmission technology after the attack, so as to increase the operational flexibility and improve the reaction speed, More effective response to various emergencies on the battlefield; From superior command coordination to horizontal autonomous coordination

8. The prominent characteristics and status of political work in joint operations under the condition of informatization
Qi Sanping (Xi'an Institute of political science, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi)

Abstract: the prominent characteristics of political work in joint operations under the condition of informatization are different from those of traditional wartime political work, such as the overall strategic planning, the overall linkage of organization and implementation The multi-dimensional whole process of mental attack and defense and the extensive expansion of the object of action. Under the condition of informatization, political work still plays an irreplaceable role in joint operations. The political work of joint operations is the work of our army to carry out the political will in joint operations and is the "lifeline". The position and role of political work in joint operations are mainly manifested in two aspects: service guarantee and direct operations
key words: informatization; Joint operations; Political work; characteristic; Status and function
Chinese Library Classification No.: E22
document identification code: a
Article No.: 1008-5815 (2010) 04-0005-04

with the continuous advancement of the new military reform in the world, the organizational form of the army and the command warfare, as a new combat style, have profoundly changed the time and space, conditions, operation system and combat style of the political work of joint operations The environment and objects of joint operations have undergone profound changes, and the political work in joint operations has become the basic form of the use of military forces. In the future, no matter where our army puts forward new and higher requirements, the content, means and direction of political work will be joint operations under the condition of information. New changes have taken place in the pattern, method and effect of joint operations. For example, what are the new characteristics of political work in a new combat style under the condition of information technology? What is the status and role of the party work, which is an important embodiment of the unified leadership of the Party committee in the joint operations under the condition of political work? Now, according to the regulations on political work and the wartime Commission's decision-making, I can't do without the opinions and judgments of technical experts. Then, how to unify the self decision-making with the expert's opinions, and what kind of system, system and mechanism should we adopt. Can we achieve organic unity? For another example, joint operations under the condition of information technology will face a complex electromagnetic battlefield environment in which the prominent characteristics of political work are invisible, untouchable, and can be felt all the time To grasp the characteristics of political work in joint operations, we need to make clear one way to look at the operation in complex electromagnetic environment, the electromagnetic space is highly crowded, and the premise of spectrum methodology is to correctly treat and specifically analyze political work. The relationship between "change" and resource shortage, strong interference and self disturbance of electromagnetic signal, interweaving with each other, and "unchanged" of political work. On the one hand, we must make it clear that political work is always our army's commanding means. How can we have the political advantages of multiple detours, full-time smooth flow, strong anti-interference and quasi enemy victory. No matter what kind of war we are fighting, no matter what kind of ability we are able to ensure safety? In terms of the content of political work, some basic principles and concepts of political work remain unchanged in the complex electromagnetic warfare environment. For example, in military operations, the psychological and physical strength of the officers and soldiers participating in the war are faced with saturated electromagnetic attack, which makes the political work of the relatively light brigade as the ideological and organizational work of the party in military operations, and the electromagnetic technical soldiers, such as the hard and loose communication soldiers and radar soldiers, face serious physical and psychological pressure. They hold the unified leadership of the party, insist on relying on the people and the people's war, wartime political power and screen anxiety, How to eliminate the fundamental system and principles of the "magnetic phobia" mental governance work of officers and soldiers in the complex electromagnetic environment, which are related to the nature and principle of political work and stimulate the fighting spirit of officers and soldiers, has become a new task of political work in joint operations, whether in traditional operations or under the condition of information, and so on. If we do not see these new changes, we must adhere to them, remain unchanged, and remain unchanged in our cooperative war. It is also not correct to regard the political work of joint operations in response to "drastic changes" as completely equivalent to the general political work of wartime, which must remain unchanged, as an outdated "old set" of political work. Therefore, it is totally different from the traditional wartime political work to study and grasp the politics of joint operations. Obviously, it is not correct to insist on the premise that the basic nature of political work remains unchanged. On the other hand, it must also be admitted that under the condition of information technology, we should explore new characteristics of political work according to the special requirements of combat style. The date of receiving the manuscript is June 2, 2010. About the author: Qi Sanping, President, Professor, doctoral supervisor and junior General of Xi'an University of political science. A data law of 50000 cubic meters. Take the initiative. Therefore, from the perspective of macro commanding and micro planning, standing at the height of strategic overall situation, based on this, and synthesizing the relevant research results of our institute in recent years, I believe that information planning and operational research is a significant feature of joint operations political work. The political work of joint operations under the new situation has the following four distinct features: feature 2: the overall linkage of organization and implementation. Feature 1: the overall strategic situation of planning and operation. Modern joint operations are based on the principle of complementary advantages and the characteristics of political work of joint operations at sea, land, air, space, etc All kinds of combat forces should be "vertically linked to the end, horizontally linked to the edge", and the functions and tasks of the political work of joint operations. It is a system confrontation in which multiple combat styles are used comprehensively. The essence of joint operations lies in "on the one hand, joint operations are strategic to joint operations themselves and their influence on political work", emphasis on "linkage", difficulty in "linkage", and success or failure in "linkage". Therefore, it is a reflection of the party's needs. Joint operations under the condition of information technology are often the decisive battle of the first war and the wartime work of the first committee of the Communist Party of China, which stipulates that "we must strengthen the idea of joint operations and realize the sub joint operations of various services and arms is equivalent to a war, which has a very strong strategic significance. This is e to the organic integration of operations. "To ensure the unity and cooperation between the military and the government, the military and the people, and to work together to defeat the enemy" is mentioned as follows: first of all, from the perspective of the mode of operations, the traditional operations are mainly full contact operations, and the party's unified leadership of operations is clearly defined. That is to say, in joint operations, political work emphasizes that commanders and political work cadres at all levels should work together first. The focus of political work is no longer on a single service, a single battle space, a single soldier, and taking the lead in fighting. Joint operations under the condition of information technology are often "personalized" work of non-contact combat style, and they are not touch, non-linear and asymmetric operations of single political work specific business. This makes combat, campaign operations and campaign operations work, but ensures the coordination, integration and optimization of all forces participating in the war, so as to make the boundaries between full play and strategic decisive battle tend to be blurred, Therefore, joint operations can be extended to the overall effectiveness of "joint" and "linkage" in joint operations, so that the political work of joint operations can be carried out at all operational levels, such as fighting and joint operations, and the overall linkage of organized implementation, macro guidance and overall coordination can be developed in the direction of miniaturization and tactics. With the improvement of weapon's strike distance and damage ability, it can directly strike the target. First, the overall linkage between political work and military action; The second is the optimized linkage between the service guarantee function of political work and the function of direct combat; Sexual purpose. Therefore, the political work in joint operations puts forward higher requirements for the political work cadres' strategic vision. The third is the complementary integration of political advantages and resources, that is, ideological and political advantages, organizational advantages and physical advantages. Secondly, from the perspective of operational command, joint operations are the optimal integration of the advantages of flat system and people's war; The fourth is the command level of political work. Therefore, even joint operations may be carried out by the campaign commander or the specific contents; Fifthly, in different combat styles of political work, political work is under the command of strategic commander. This is because in local wars, there are joint operations, joint linkage, and so on. Of course, our army's political work in combat will directly affect or achieve the country's strategic interests. Therefore, the campaign may emphasize unity and cooperation and joint efforts to defeat the enemy. But. The political work of joint operations requires the commander or strategic commander to plan and command from the overall strategic situation. Again. I'm looking for more. For example, there are some major joint military operations under the condition of informationization. In terms of operational guiding principles, joint operations under the condition of information technology have a strong burst, which requires all services and arms to be "meter second". In joint operations, the pace is fast, the ration is short, and the fighters are fleeting, which makes it possible to "directly attack the strategic center of gravity and fight for the first time". Therefore, the political work of joint operations should not only ensure that the forces participating in the operations are united and decisive as a whole, but also ensure the accurate linkage of the forces as a whole. The military initiative is the inevitable choice of strategy, and it also makes it the main feature of politics. The third is the multi-dimensional and whole process strategic choice of mental attack and defense, which makes the macro adjustment of the strategic level of political work in joint operations. From the perspective of war proceres, the function of mental attack and defense is more prominent than that of military control. On the other hand, it is a reflection of the functions and tasks of political work in joint operations. The basic mode of joint operations under the political conditions is also the political work of joint operations. Meiji work has always been related to the strategic characteristics of the nature, purpose and direction of the army. Big problem. For example, to ensure the political direction of operations and to achieve the political objectives of operations, first, from the perspective of operational focus, the operational focus of previous wars was always a large number, which has always been the fundamental task of political work in operations. However, in the future, our army will wipe out the other side's living strength to force the other side to yield. Joint operations under the condition of information technology are carried out under the background that peace and development have become the theme of the times. They pay more attention to destroying and attacking the opponent's will to resist. The political, economic, diplomatic and national colors of joint operations will become more obvious. This change in the purpose of joint operations will not only attract the attention of the international community, but also affect the nerves of all parties concerned, and put forward higher requirements for hegemonism and defense, What's more, the spirit and psychology of joint operations will be multi-dimensional, and the narrow pacifism will become a major factor restricting them. This is to prevent it from rising to the strategic level of war. Second, the multi-dimensional requirements of the battlefield space of joint operations. The first priority of the political work of joint operations is to open up the battlefield space according to the operations of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, especially the spiritual and psychological battlefield space. Political work guidelines, principles, orders and instructions for joint operations,

9. Speed up modernization and prepare for military struggle. The PLA emphasizes its willingness to speed up military modernization. To a certain extent, this is to cope with the complex security environment. At the same time, it shows that the leadership is aware that the acceleration of the pace of military revolution and the modernization of the advanced army in the world may make the PLA go further
joint command and C4ISR. Establishing a modern and efficient joint command system is the primary task; It is equally important to establish a set of command information system of the whole army, to provide the cooperation ability among various arms, and to promote the integrated joint operation ability. The reform includes optimizing the structure, function and strategic management of the joint operations command center of the Central Military Commission. The theater joint operations command is also under planning. The military region system should be changed, and at least the traditional dominant position of ground forces should be adjusted
drill. The reform emphasizes the improvement of exercises, especially joint exercises, to cope with actual operational conditions. To a certain extent, this is to overcome the PLA's lack of experience in modern warfare. Continuing to upgrade large exercise bases to support joint exercises should help in this regard. The PLA needs to revise and coordinate the operational regulations, exercise outline and actual operational requirements
training military talents. The leadership believes that the quality of officers and soldiers needs to be improved, and additional resources need to be invested to train them with professional abilities in core combat areas, so as to implement modern joint military operations. The personnel evaluation and selection process also needs to be improved to correct some obvious problems. The establishment of a standardized selection process based on personnel qualification is also seen as a way to attract and retain talents. The reform plan aims to further improve the military ecational institutions, increase funding, strengthen science and technology ecation and joint action drills
aim at the future and win
modernization of equipment and troops. Streamlining personnel and balancing the proportion of various arms and departments can provide more resources for the modernization of the Navy and the second artillery
new combat forces and other fields will be strengthened, while non combat forces and other departments will be weakened. PLA newspapers list the army aviation, special forces and electronic warfare departments as new combat forces, while PLA scholars use space and cyber warfare forces as examples. It seems that the ground forces will complete the transition from the current division and regiment system to the brigade and battalion system in the process of streamlining. This will strengthen the internal standardization of units, improve the level of modernization and operational response capability, and rece the logistical difficulties caused by various types of aging equipment. Relevant parties also advocate strengthening mobile logistic forces to support joint military operations
discipline, loyalty and corruption. The leadership believes that the serious adverse trends, corruption and lax discipline in the army are being solved by strengthening the army's loyalty to the party, anti-corruption and rule of law
the outline of the military reform plan should be graally clear in the next two years, and how much can be achieved in overcoming the institutional obstacles in some key areas will also be clear at the same time. It seems that this reorganization and reform will be the biggest action taken in the next 30 years and will have a far-reaching impact on the direction and speed of military reform efforts
the success or failure of the reform will have a significant impact on the transformation of the PLA into an army in the information age. The success of the reform will accelerate the pace of transformation of the PLA and accelerate its exertion of its advanced joint combat capability: there are many discussions among PLA scholars in this regard, but they have not been promoted because of the obstacles in the establishment of the joint command and the lack of ecation and exercise in joint military operations. If the reform to improve the capability of joint and precision military operations is successful, the leadership will have confidence in controlling and limiting the risks of short-term military operations with limited objectives e to territorial disputes
if the reform fails, it will be a major setback and a hindrance to the PLA's modernization action, which will make the PLA scholars discuss the way out of the reform endlessly and lack of implementation. For the PLA, this will mean that it will continue to be equipped with new equipment, but there is no integration of weapons and combat forces, and there is no modern joint doctrine to optimize the use of weapons and equipment. The PLA will be forced to continue to coordinate joint operations based on plans with limited flexibility. In modern war, this will greatly limit the PLA's flexibility and ability to quickly respond to changes in the battlefield situation. This may not adversely affect short-term, low-intensity military operations related to territorial disputes. However, if there is a high-intensity and long-term conflict with Japan's modern army, and the other party may obtain the support of the U.S. military, the PLA may soon lose the initiative, because its pre war action plan can not keep up with the development of the actual situation, and the lower level commanders are not prepared enough to take the initiative within the framework of the operational objectives.

10. The evolution of us global strategy after the cold war can be divided into four stages: brewing, preliminary formation, formal formation and post Cold War period. The basis of this stage division is the result of the growth and decline of the international strategic balance of power, and also reflects the historical process of the United States from domestic expansion to overseas expansion and from overseas expansion to global expansion driven by the domestic political and economic situation. Using the method of historical analysis, this paper probes into the formation and evolution of the U.S. global strategy, and makes a comparative study of the trajectory of the U.S. global strategy from "cold war type" to "Post Cold War type" after the cold war
global strategy refers to the general plan by which great powers mobilize and use political, economic, military, diplomatic and other means to participate in international struggles, safeguard and enhance their own interests, and achieve their fundamental political goals. In a certain sense, only a global power can form a global strategy. The U.S. global strategy can be divided into four stages: Brewing (1783-1898), initial formation (1898-1945), formal formation (1945-1990) and the late Cold War (from the end of the cold war to the present)< First, the origin and initial formation of American global strategy
the United States is a rising capitalist country, which started very late in strategic research among western countries. Due to the fact that the East and the West are close to each other and the north and the south are weak countries, from independence to the end of the 19th century, the United States has never encountered a serious threat to its security, nor has there been an urgent need to fight overseas. The United States has long pursued isolationism, maintained a "detached status" and did not get involved in the disputes in the old continent of Europe; While developing commercial relations, the United States should try its best to avoid political ties with foreign countries and permanent alliances with any foreign countries, so as to safeguard its own independence, territorial integrity and freedom of choice. Therefore, from the victory of the war of independence in 1783 to the end of the 19th century, the policy pursued by the United States was actually a grand strategy, that is, "Western Hemisphere defense". Its fundamental goal was to prevent the Eastern Hemisphere from invading the Western Hemisphere again, and to gain the dominant position over North America and hegemony over the Western Hemisphere
at the turn of the 19th century and the 20th century, American capitalism developed to the stage of imperialism, and its global strategy also entered the initial stage of formation. Driven by commercial interests, the United States began to turn its attention to the outside world and decided to expand its influence on a larger international stage. The development of the situation has promoted the formation of "interventionism with specific goals" in the United States, which has changed from mainland expansion to overseas expansion. Peter trubowitz once pointed out that "the United States created a continental empire in the 19th century, and then looked to the more distant border.". The reasons and basis for the initial formation of the US global strategy are as follows:
first, the rapid growth of US economic strength has laid a material foundation for the implementation of the overseas expansion policy. The victory of the northern instrial bourgeoisie in the civil war cleared the way for the development of American capitalism. By the 1890s, the gross instrial proct of the United States had surpassed that of the United Kingdom and leaped to the first place in the world, close to the sum of the three great powers of Britain, France and Germany. The strong economic strength provided material support for the United States to redistribute the world. At this time, the territory of the United States expanded westward to the Pacific coast. At the same time, e to the imbalance of economic and political development, Germany, Japan, Russia and other countries rose on the world stage, and Britain began to go downhill. According to the new balance of power, it has become inevitable to re divide the world and divide the sphere of influence< Second, the United States has a theoretical basis for overseas expansion. While the balance of powers has changed and international competition has intensified, two major military blocs are forming in Europe, ready to use force to break the original balance of power. In this context, public opinion graally emerged in the United States to establish a new international order. In 1896, Brooks Adams published the law of civilization and decline, which demonstrated the rationality and inevitability of America's transition from Isolationism to internationalism, and demanded that the United States abandon isolationism, step onto the international stage as soon as possible, defeat its main competitors, and establish a new international order led by the United States. Mahan, a young naval officer and historian, studied the history of the world's oceans, especially after Britain's global expansion. In 1890, he published the influence of sea power on History: 1660-1783, which clearly put forward the famous "theory of sea power". Mahan also wrote a series of papers to explain the blueprint of the new international order with the theory of sea power. He believes that if a country wants to play an important role in world affairs, it must have sea power; Controlling the sea is the military factor of sea power, and using the sea is the economic factor; The United States should build a strong navy in Asia and the Pacific region to achieve its strategic objectives. Adams and Mahan demonstrated the future new international order and the status of the United States from different perspectives. They represented the national interests of the United States and became the main theme of public opinion. They had a great influence on many American politicians and diplomats, especially Theodore Roosevelt, who was first assistant secretary of the Navy and then president. Therefore, the "sea power theory" adapts to the political needs of the United States' desire to redistribute the world, and is an important sign of a turning point in the U.S. foreign strategy
thirdly, the US military strategy has begun to emerge. The Spanish American war is the most well prepared war after the American War of independence, and "being prepared" is considered to be the biggest feature of the military strategy adopted in this war. As early as the mid-1890s, the United States began to formulate a plan of war against Spain. In 1896, William Kimble, a naval officer, pointed out in his strategic report "war with Spain": the goal of the US war against Spain should be to make Cuba independent and capture the Philippines and Puerto Rico, and the main direction of attack should be Cuba and the Philippines; The key to the war is to seize the sea power and control the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean; The main type of war is naval warfare, and the action of the Navy will determine the course of the war. After the beginning of the war, the US government basically guided the war according to this strategic assumption. The United States did not aim at attacking Spain itself, but at attacking several Spanish overseas colonies. Its operational direction and region were on the edge of the Spanish Empire's sphere of influence. Therefore, the strategy of the United States in the Spanish American war is called "peripheral strategy", that is, the strategy of directly attacking the fragile periphery of the Spanish Empire.
Fourth, the United States began to break through the restrictions of Monroe Doctrine, turned its attention from America to other continents, and took the road of expansion outside Shanghai. In 1823, the United States put forward the "Monroe Doctrine" to guide the expansion in the Western Hemisphere. In April 1898, the United States launched the Spanish American War and seized Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam, extending its tentacles into the Pacific region. In 1899, U.S. Secretary of State John Hayes proposed the "open door" policy twice, demanding to share the right to invade China with other Western powers. Marked by the Spanish American War and the "open door" policy, American foreign policy has entered the regionalism stage of overseas expansion< Second, the formal formation and development of the US global strategy
on the eve of World War I, the famous British geopolitical scientist Mackinder set his eyes on the vast Eurasian continent and was the first to distinguish the concept of land power and sea power. He asked: from a certain consistency of geographical relations, isn't the central area of world politics the vast area between Eurasia? As a result, there is a famous political mantra in history: "who rules Eastern Europe, who can control the heart of the mainland; Who controls the heart of the continent can control the World Island (Eurasia); Whoever controls the world island will control the whole world. "< The Second World War was a turning point in the history of international relations and American strategy. In the past 300 years, especially since the 19th century, Europe has been at the center of world politics for a long time, maintaining the traditional pattern of international relations centered on the balance of power in Europe. World War II broke this pattern, Britain and France became second-class powers, West Germany and Italy were defeated, and the era when Europe was dominant in international affairs has become history. The United States not only stepped onto the stage of world strategy, but also greatly enhanced its economic, military and political strength in the war. With its strength far beyond any other country, the United States has become the overlord of the capitalist world and has risen to be the center of international relations. Therefore, it is inevitable to abandon the isolationist policy completely, move from the edge of international relations to the center, and expand globally. As early as ring the World War II, Roosevelt and others designed a set of methods to establish the post-war world order and realize the "American Century". By leading the establishment of the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the world bank and signing the "general agreement on Tariffs and trade", they laid the foundation for the establishment of the post-war world structure. The antagonism between the ideology and national interests of the United States and the Soviet Union and Truman's taking over the presidency in April 1945 accelerated the process of the United States pursuing globalism and confronting the Soviet Union. As the first and largest socialist country in the world, the Soviet Union paid great national sacrifice for the victory of World War II and gained unprecedented international status. Under the influence of the Soviet Union, the socialist camp went beyond the scope of a country, and its influence continued to expand. The Soviet Union was no longer limited by geography and extended its influence to Europe. Under this situation, the United States and the Soviet Union scrambled rapidly on a global scale, which made the United States "face unprecedented challenges to its traditional views on national security, war and peace" and "have to seek new ways to protect national security"
in order to fully implement the "containment strategy", the United States launched the "Marshall Plan" in Europe, established NATO and rearmed West Germany. In Asia, the United States has successively signed bilateral and multilateral treaties with the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea and other countries. On the basis of these treaties, the United States signed the Southeast Asia collective defense treaty with relevant countries in September 1954, forming a strategic encirclement against China in East and Southeast Asia; In the Middle East, it promoted Britain to preside over the establishment of the central Treaty Organization, and the Eisenhower Administration launched Eisenhower Doctrine. According to spickman, the essence of America's "containment strategy" against the Soviet Union (and the newly established people's Republic of China) is to maintain America's military superiority on the edge of Eurasia, so as to suppress the Soviet Union to break through to the edge, and then challenge the western maritime forces
"containment strategy" marks the qualitative change and leap of American strategy. This change is mainly reflected in: (1) from the alliance with the Soviet Union in wartime to jointly fight against Germany, Japan, Italy and other fascist countries, to taking the Soviet Union as the main opponent and combat object, and containing the Soviet Union and "Communist expansion" has become the strategic goal of the United States for more than 40 years after the war 2) The transition from the American fortress strategy centered on the U.S. to a real global strategy breaks through the isolationist strategic trend of thought that has long focused on the U.S. domestic security and has little involvement in European affairs, and focuses on U.S. interests and U.S. security