Decentralization of Philosophy
The literal meaning of "rendanheyi" is "person", which refers to employees“ "Single" refers to user value“ "Integration" refers to the integration of the value realization of employees and the value created by users
The basic meaning of "rendanheyi" is that every employee should face the users directly, create user value, and realize their own value sharing in creating value for users"rendanheyi" win-win nature is: I create my users, I share my value-added. In other words, employees have the right to make their own decisions according to the changes in the market, and they have the right to decide their own income according to the value created for users
In short, rendanheyi means that employees' income is determined by their own performance 
extended materials
significance:
"rendanheyi win-win mode" enables everyone to be their own CEO and form a self-organization facing the market, and each employee realizes their own value by creating value for users
at the level of management guiding ideology, the win-win mode of rendanheyi focuses on users and takes strategic innovation as the guidance, creatively develops the people-oriented management idea in depth, highlights the dominant position of indivials and independent management teams, promotes the continuous dynamic upgrading of business activities, and realizes the mutual benefit and win-win of enterprises, employees and customers
in the management practice level, the win-win mode of rendanheyi completely abandons the bureaucratic system under the traditional management mode, and makes the staff change from the original passive command executor to the self driven innovator on the platform; Entrepreneurial employees are not limited to enterprise employees, but the concept of ecosystem
ICO is the full name of initial coin offering, short for the first public offering of digital token, which imitates the IPO of the stock market. That is to say, the project sponsor can obtain financing by issuing initial token through blockchain technology, but the initial token cannot be purchased in legal currency (RMB, US dollar, etc.), because it violates the laws and regulations of various countries on financing, and needs to be purchased with digital assets with good liquidity such as bitcoin and Ethereum
At present, the supervision of ICO needs to be improved, which requires us to be careful in screening I"in fact, there are only a few criteria for evaluating projects. Is it a real blockchain? Is it necessary to use blockchain? Has the team really been engaged in the development of blockchain Technology (many people have fake resumes, blockchain technology is still difficult, and there are not many mature technicians)? Is there any entity registration (to prevent runaway) Lu Lihua, head of the world wide chain market, said
at the same time, a full and accurate white paper is very important. Generally, there will be a brief introction in the white paper, which will tell you what problems to solve, what is the principle behind, what is special, what is the value, how to divide the financing token, how to use the token, what are the ICO rules, what is the background of the team, and whether it is a project that can be implemented. Interestingly, there was an ICO project white paper before that, in which Satoshi Nakamoto's name was written as Zhong bencong, the degree of deception was astonishing
of course, even if the above elements are complete, ICO projects still have risks. After all, future technologies will take a long time to test
proct philosophy has the concepts of centralization and decentralization, but centralization and decentralization will appear in front-line operation and proct development, which are integrated in Internet procts.
and the additional currency can only be issued by the center, while the virtual currency is to be decentralized, so there is no solution to decentralization
virtual currency needs to be decentralized, but it is also said that people can have different amounts of wealth. As a result, people with more wealth become new centers, and then new decentralization will begin
at present, the value of virtual currency is linked to central currency. From the perspective of decentralization, we should hold virtual currency instead of changing it into central currency. Therefore, anyone who changes it into central currency is a progressive sinner
too much to think about
Deleuze's work is divided into two parts: 1; A variety of philosophical theories derived from various philosophical concepts
metaphysics
Deleuze's early main philosophical work (prior to his cooperation with guatari) can be summarized as systematically reversing the relationship between "identity" and "difference" in classical metaphysics. In classical metaphysics, the difference comes from the same: "x is different from y because there is a difference between the nature of X with fixed nature and that of Y with fixed nature". Deleuze believes that all identities are made up of differences. In other words, we classify "identity" from differences. Obviously, identity is constructed by endless differences: "big x is the difference aggregation of various small X, and small X is all kinds of X & # 39; In the face of the real world, Deleuze believes that we must grasp the real being of existence, but the concept in the sense of classification can not reach the internal difference. "If philosophy wants to be directly related to things, it must be" about grasping things themselves, reaching what they are, reaching the difference between things and other things, Such as Kant and Bergson, Deleuze thinks that the traditional view of time and space is based on the position and movement of the subject. In his opinion, pure difference is "non spatiotemporal", and difference is a concept of "the virtual"“ The "virtual" here is not the "virtual" of "virtual reality", but the definition of "past" in Proust's "reminiscence of time like water": real without being actual, ideal without being abstract "[3] Deleuze's "virtual" is in this sense. That is to say, Deleuze's "virtual" is "a kind of non entity that lies in things before" as the "past" is to the "present". Deleuze's "virtual" is the prior environmental condition of the current real experience, and it is the inherent difference of the thing itself, "from which the concept constructed is integrated with the thing that the concept refers to" [5]. Deleuze's theory of difference is not the abstract of practice, it is a set of effective system -- the relationship structure of difference, which constructs the real space, time and perception[ 6] Deleuze called his philosophy "transcendental empiricism". In Kant's transcendental idealism, experience only works after being organized and conceptualized. Deleuze believes that the concept of non contextualization can only generate metaphysical propositions that look perfect but actually have no meaning. For example, if the concept of "causality" is discussed beyond experience, the unsolved proposition of "egg or chicken" will be discussed. Deleuze reverses Kant's view: the proctive nature of experience enables it to transcend the concept, and this diverse experience can make the concept be proced, let us not be shackled by the classification, let us think unrestricted
at the same time, Deleuze thinks that the thing and concept of existence are simple, that is to say, all perception is proved from "one". Here, Deleuze borrows the theory of "ontological monosemy" from the medieval philosopher nce Scott. In the debate about God in the middle ages, many famous philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas, believed that when they said "God is good", God's "good" was only similar to human's "good" in rhetoric sense. But Scott thinks that when he says "God is good", God's "good" and "good" in "Jennie is good" are "good" in the same sense - the two "good" are not only similar, but basically the same - they are only different in degree. When it comes to attribute concepts such as "good" and "powerful", these concepts are applied in a single sense, whether they are applied to God, man or insects
Deleuze applies the theory of monosemy to "existence is different in monosemy", "this does not mean that difference itself is inevitable, but that existence is absolutely (monosemly) different, because existence has the attribute of difference. Furthermore, it is not to say that we are "singularly" (absolutely) different from us, but to say that we and our personality traits are absolutely (singularly) different (polysemous) "[7] here, Deleuze echoed and reversed Spinoza's argument:" all beings are the deformation of "one". Deleuze believes that there is no "one", only the flow process of eternal difference. Deleuze summed it up as "one equals many" [8]
difference and repetition is Deleuze's most persistent and systematic work in this metaphysics. His other works have developed similar concepts, such as "the body without organs" in anti Oedipus, "the plane of immanence" and "chaos" in what is philosophy.
nature is natural, natural inaction, inaction and inaction. Its center is only a set of philosophical culture originated from nature, which applies a set of "tribal cultural and economic theory system" of Mr. Feng xuanzi, and extends a kind of value presentation
therefore, the tribal economy does not take a certain person as the center. It is a decentralized ecosystem. The center has only a set of cultural ideas. Under the guidance of cultural ideas, it extends the embodiment of various commercial project platforms. All this embodiment benefits from the guidance of sages' wisdom and philosophical culture
the business is only a manifestation of the law of the road, and the manifestation of the law is the use of a set of operation system of governing by doing nothing<
in Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu advocated governing by doing nothing, that is, in the book of changes, he put forward the idea of "the Dragon without a head", that is, to decentralize the central idea<
in the history of the Zhou Dynasty, each vassal state, military, political and economic were independent, and the center of unifying the Zhou Dynasty was only a set of ideology and culture, which linked all vassals together, forming a system of rule by inaction, and the whole Zhou Dynasty lasted for 800 years
the whole Zhou Dynasty has occupied 800 years of Sinochem culture for more than 3000 years, accounting for a quarter of the historical process, indicating that a system of rule by inaction is the most stable operation structure
the country is such an operation system, and enterprises should also have such an operation system. The tribal economy realizes the double harvest of material and spirit according to such a system. Doing nothing without doing is to build a natural operation system, so that all people in the natural system can borrow the cultural ideas of the tribal economy, Carry on their own independent project operation, the achievement of their own good career in life.
; However, some people think that rock and roll was originally endowed with a rebellious spirit, attitude towards life or an idea. But anyway, & quot; Rock
Music" After more than 40 years of germination and growth of various types of schools, rock and roll music can present such a variety of styles and types today
generally speaking, after entering the 1990s, rock music has inherited the features of the 1980s and become more vigorous and rich. Many new derived music types or terms have emerged one after another and specifically described the new generation of music belonging to the 1990s. We can even say that after the 1990s, rock music is full of unknown potential and unexpected new forces<
[the emergence and controversy of post rock]
about 95, American Village Voice magazine published an article written by British music critic Simon
Reynolds. In this article, Mr. Simon mainly tried to describe a group of people with & quot; post rock 'in the mid-1990s; Drag City"、& quot; Trill
Jockey"、& quot; Too Pure" The music of these underground bands is mainly composed of cool jazz, free jazz, ambient music The b of reggae music, together with the progressive rock and Kraut rock styles of the 1970s, are the basic elements of their music creation experiments. In this context, there happened to be a group of local underground bands in Chicago, Britain, the United States and all over Europe at that time, which accorded with Mr. Simon's description; Post-
Rock" For the time being, these avant-garde groups have the courage to break through the existing definition of rock music. I didn't expect that before long, some music magazines began to use & quot; Post-Rock" To formally address this group of new generation bands dedicated to the new aesthetics of rock music
after that, although post rock had a more formal name, in fact, at the beginning, many music magazines were basically unable to make a certain conclusion about the music played by this group of people. For example, when Rolling Stone magazine introced these groups, it only used & quot; Instrument
Rock" The main reason is that most of these bands prefer to play purely musical instruments and have no lead singer. However, some journals are also called
& quot because of their music style or origin; DroneRock"、& quot; Space Rock"、& quot; Out Rock"、& quot; Neo-shoegazer-
rock" Or & quot; Kraut-Rock" And so on. However, & quot; Post rock & quot; When the name was officially adopted, it was still used systematically by the British music magazine wire; Post-
Rock" After a large-scale introction, the whole so-called & quot; Post rock movement & quot; Only then slowly spread. But up to now, there are still many music critics or groups labeled as post rock bands who still hate
or deny & quot; Post rock & quot; This is a noun. Because they don't think the label is enough to describe the music style they play; It is even regarded as
& quot; Post rock & quot; At the beginning, Chicago, one of its main bases, hardly mentioned the local alternative music publications or reviews; Post rock & quot; This term is used to describe the rising representative band tortoise or
sea and
cake. What's more, many critics think that the so-called & quot; Post rock & quot; This idea has appeared as early as the 1970s, but these ideas are only contained in various non mainstream music schools and several key bands, and at that time, they were only scattered creative concepts. Now, only through Mr. Simon's introction, can the media become a new generation of music<
[basic concept of post rock]
what is the original definition of Mr. Simon? And the so-called & quot; Post rock & quot; What is it? It is different from the so-called general & quot; Rock music & quot; What's the difference? If & quot; Post rock & quot; Music is like & quot; Postmodernism & quot; Relative to & quot; Modernism & quot; Then it is mainly an attempt to subvert the basic concept and traditional structure of rock music, or even a negative resistance to the operation of the whole so-called music instry. For example,
is also a rock group playing electric guitar, drum and bass, but switch to playing & quot; Post rock & quot; However, it may turn into a completely different creative concept. In short, the so-called & quot; Post rock & quot; In fact, it is a way to subvert the traditional rock music creation mode by concept
or theory (such as theme bridge melody bridge). And if you've heard a little & quot; Post rock & quot; You may find that most of the theories they quoted are based on the so-called & quot; Deconstructionism & quot; Or & quot; Postmodernism & quot; Or & quot; Post structuralism & quot; It's a new concept. As a result, it's just like the opposite ten years ago; Deconstructionism & quot; Works are the same, now if you go to
to find all & quot; Post rock & quot; Band, then you may find that they don't sound like a band with similar or similar style (maybe in their mind, the style has already been broken or does not exist)< In 1994, when the Chicago band tortoise and sea and
cake released their albums of the same name, the two albums presented two quite different styles: tortoise was deeply influenced by the ideas of can, a 70 year avant-garde rock band, and kraftwerk, an experimental band of electronic music, But some works are directly influenced by modern music, minimalism (such as Philip Glass) or free jazz masters Miles Davis, Ornette
Coleman and sun RA; As for sea and cake, it focuses on creating floating and low-key emotions; Even
in & quot; Post rock & quot; Stereolab, which is well-known in the field of music, uses a lot of the keynote of pop music, and then deconstructs and reorganizes it into another style
[an example of the failure of the experimental movement]
however,
in the past few years, when the discussion alternated, some situations changed, grunge or alternative music graally faced a decline, while electronica graally rose. At that time, Mr. Simon regarded it as a new concept of
music creation techniques, but now it has become the basic skills and common sense of electronic music; From Beck, a new generation of youth spokesperson, to massive
attack, prodigy or chemical brothers, they should be more or less influenced by these & quot; Post rock & quot; Group inspiration and influence. As a result, the post rock movement and the band that Mr. Simon referred to at the beginning have to move in a more difficult and avant-garde direction, and even some people have taken this movement as an example of the failure of the experimental movement< However, despite such severe misunderstandings and disputes, Chicago groups such as tortoise, Gastr del
sol and tran am have published their representative works to announce & quot; Post rock & quot; The time is coming. In addition to the album released from the independent brand of Chicago in 1994, the
millennia now living will never die, published by tortoise in 1996, was later regarded as a cross century classic by alternative
Press in the 1990s; The cold and precise Gastr del
sol was named & quot; in camoufleur in 1998; Post rock & quot; New milestone; Even other less well-known European and American groups, such as dirty
three, labradford, oval, UI, shellac, flying saucer attack,
spiritualized,
Mogwai, u.n.k.l.e, cul de sac, spectrum, third eye
foundation, etc., are constantly enjoying excellent works, The most influential R.E.M.
band in the United States also began to learn from these post rock groups. Other mainstream groups with more sensitive noses, of course, are also aware of this new trend and see if it can be used in the next album. Of course, some media
predict that the next wave of new trends should turn to post rock music. And these & quot; Post rock & quot; The band will slowly surface. However, they are graally attracted by the mainstream. For some people who adhere to their ideals and pursue avant-garde and new ideas, they once again raise doubts and objections; Post rock & quot; The method that the group has experimented with has been used too frequently and has lost the significance of pursuing innovation However, apart from those extremists, it's just like the beginning; Post rock & quot; Of & quot; post-" What is revealed is that many of the phenomena proced by traditional rock music or its music instry are in & quot; Post rock & quot; However, there are often subversive bands: for example, there is no guitar hero worshipped by music fans, the role played by guitar instruments in the works is newly positioned or cut, there is no lyrics or lead singer at all, and there is often a lack of perfect three to four minute song range; Even the ultimate real purpose of the traditional record instry or some creators. An eternal classic popular
single, to these & quot; Post rock & quot; In terms of groups, there is a lack of interest. Almost all the modes of the positive operation and control of the record instry, or the attitude and motivation of the creators under this ideology, can be said to be broken, subverted and deconstructed one by one
if the so-called & quot; Post rock movement & quot; Compared with the old traditional rock music, the future music world outlined by Mr. Simon is actually aimed at the current so-called & quot; Alternative rock & quot; Looking for or opening another new door to the embarrassment of the times: like a historical rumination on the development of rock and roll music when it has reached a certain limit along its revolving track. In other words, after graally playing light guitar or four to six person pattern with the band, electronica
and & quot; Post rock & quot; It seems that the rise of rock music can be seen as another large-scale transfer and inheritance of the origin of rock music. Of course, if we want to find our roots, spiderland, released by the American underground band slint in 1991, is a good starting point. If we push it forward and back, in addition to the music categories mentioned earlier, the & quot; Post punk & quot; New York in 1977 & quot; NoWave
Movement
New hermeneutics
New hermeneutics refers to the modern philosophical hermeneutics which was established by Heidegger and developed and perfected by Gadamer. Derrida, Foucault, Apel, Habermas and Rorty also contributed to the development of new Hermeneutics from different positions. Although new hermeneutics does not intend to launch post-modern topics in its own professional scope, it is regarded as post-modern and one of the main theoretical contents of post-modern philosophy. The challenges of post-modern hermeneutics to traditional hermeneutics can be summarized as five major contents. One is the digestion of the traditional subject. The traditional hermeneutics highly praises human being. The basic concepts of traditional hermeneutics are subject, self, human and human nature. In the view of postmodern hermeneutics, there is neither transcendental self nor universal human nature. The abstract human nature is a metaphysical fiction. The second is the transformation of the traditional interpretation object (this article). In the understanding of the extension of this paper, traditional hermeneutics only includes scientific theory, historical documents, legal provisions, literature, music, art, painting, architectural art and other things that reflect the author's subjective spirit. In postmodern hermeneutics, this paper covers almost everything, and generally refers to the signifier system existing in any time and space. Traditional hermeneutics refers to the expression of the author's intention and thought. Postmodern hermeneutics deny the author's intention and the connection between the text and the outside world. Third, correct the name of "Prejudice". In order to grasp the author's original intention, traditional hermeneutics takes a ruthless attitude to "Prejudice". Postmodern hermeneutics openly justifies "Prejudice" and defends its legitimacy. The fourth is to reject the purpose of traditional interpretation. The fifth is to criticize the traditional view of truth<
Neo pragmatism
refers to the school of philosophy proced by the revival of pragmatism. Pragmatism came into being in the United States in the 1970s and developed greatly in the first half of the 20th century. However, after World War II, pragmatism once declined in the United States because of the impact of European metaphysics, especially existentialism, which is closely related to humanism. In the second half of the 20th century, postmodernism spread to the United States, resulting in new pragmatism represented by Rorty. New pragmatism combines American pragmatism with European postmodernism and forms its own postmodern philosophy. Rorty's new pragmatism is the most thorough, and the break with traditional philosophy is also the most resolute. His book philosophy and the mirror of nature, published in 1979, is regarded as the most important classic of Neo pragmatism. Rorty transformed the pragmatism from the early to the middle of the 20th century to adapt to the context of postmodernism, and created a "post philosophical culture" with the new pragmatism philosophy as the dominant discourse
constructive postmodernism
the new pragmatism in the second half of the 20th century is the radical postmodernism, which is consistent with the postmodernism of Europe, Germany and France in attitude and position. In the late 80s and early 90s, the constructive postmodernism philosophy represented by Griffin and Cobb was formed on the basis of dissatisfaction with Neo pragmatism and response to the impact of postmodernism philosophy in Europe and the transformation of Whitehead's process philosophy. If radical postmodernism focuses on destroying the dominant way of thinking in the West for thousands of years, then constructive postmodernism focuses on engaging in constructive cultivation in the space opened up by radical postmodernism. As the name suggests, the biggest characteristic of this kind of postmodernism is its constructiveness<
decentralization is an important theoretical content of postmodern philosophy. Its theoretical basis is decentralization. There are two forms of non centrism: extreme and moderate. Moderate non centrism holds that nothing can be regarded as a satisfactory guiding principle for life, while extreme non centrism holds that nothing is substantial and there is no center. Mild non centrists focus on deconstructing all kinds of "centers", such as Foucault's proposition of "human death", structuralist philosophy of language's Deconstruction of human and its challenge to the concept of history, Lacan's psychoanalysis's view of human as "the unconscious subject", and Baudrillard's concept of "surrealism", etc. Extreme non centrists (represented by Derrida) directly challenge the concept of "center", trying to cut off people's pursuit of center once and for all
anti fundamentalism is an important part of postmodern philosophy. The traditional fundamentalism represented by Descartes and the modern fundamentalism represented by 20c analytical philosophy both advocate that there is an eternal knowledge base. The task of philosophers is to find such an Archimedean point. It is this belief that seeks an absolutely unshakable foundation for the building of knowledge that was first attacked by anti fundamentalists, who aim to liberate people from their addiction to the foundation. The belief of fundamentalism to foundation is regarded by anti fundamentalists as a wrong view and an impossible dream. The anti fundamentalists further destroyed the absolute Archimedean basic concepts (the concept of reason, the concept of truth, the concept of reality, etc.) and the "hierarchy" concept of fundamentalism
irrationalism
irrationalism is a philosophical trend of thought initiated by Danish philosopher Kierkegaard and other thinkers. In the view of irrationalists, reason stands on its own as the king and takes itself as the incarnation of absolute truth, which is illegal. From the perspective of epistemology, the early irrationalists believed that the mistake of traditional philosophy was to lift the rationality to the omnipotent and absolute height, rejecting, erasing and distorting the irrationality. After subverting the authority of reason, irrationalists push all kinds of irrationalities to the front stage. They are will to power (Nietzsche) thought (Heidegger), desire, text (Derrida), difference (levina), history (Foucault), machine (Deleuze), etc. After the war, irrationalists exposed the totalitarian and oppressive nature of reason politically. They thought that reason was equal to power. Another impact of irrationalism on Western rationality is rational method, which holds that rationality as a method is limited in nature. The mistake of rationalist thinkers is to exaggerate such a limited and problematic cognitive method into a unique and unlimited one. After challenging the limitations of rational methods, some irrationalists endow emotion with methodological significance (such as Kierkegaard), and some irrationalists use intuition and insight to fight against the traditional rational methods<
post humanitarianism
post humanitarianism is a philosophical trend of thought whose ty is to criticize traditional humanitarianism. Humanitarianism, which centers on human beings, advocates human being as the main body, emphasizes human power, human dignity and believes in human supremacy. Later humanism first encircled and suppressed the concept of "man" and declared the "death" of man. In post humanitarianism, man is no longer the center of the material world, nor the center of the psycho spiritual world. Secondly, "the theory of human nature" is an important part of traditional humanitarianism. A common theoretical premise of all kinds of theories of human nature is that there must be some common and eternal human nature and human nature. Later humanitarianism believes that there is no general eternal human nature and human nature, and that the traditional humanitarianism's concept of "human nature" and human nature should be abandoned. Foucault criticized all kinds of human nature. Thirdly, in the relationship between thinking and existence, humanitarianism firmly believes that human beings have innate and unlimited cognitive ability, and that thought can absolutely understand the truth of all things. Later humanitarianism subverts the self-confidence of humanitarianism through skepticism. On this basis, it further subverts the concept of "human progress" of humanitarianism
perspectivism
perspectivism is the abandonment of a fixed point of view and advocates the pluralism and multifaceted of perspectives. The first step of perspective operation is to destroy objective thinking. The object is reced to "the object of perspective" and the existence to "the existence for me". The perspective doctrine inherits the view of Husserl's phenomenology. It holds that once anything enters human's thinking, it has to be "essentialized". Therefore, pure and pure existence does not exist. Merleau Ponty believes that perspective is an attribute of the object itself, and the only meaning of "being" for me is "being for me". The second step of the operation of the perspective is to multiply the "absolute subject". It holds that the "general subject" constructed by all kinds of "subjective philosophy" since Kant in order to save the unity of the world and the universality of value does not exist and is a subjective fabrication. On the basis of the first two steps, the third step is to emphasize the multi-faceted perspective, the multiplicity of meaning and the multiplicity of interpretation<
pluralistic methodology
a postmodern theory initiated by the American philosopher Feyerabend, which is closely related to the theory of anarchism in epistemology. He advocated the anarchism of epistemology in his book against method published in 1975
Gilles Louis R é n é Deleuze, 1925-1995) French postmodern philosopher. Deleuze was born in Paris, the capital of France, on January 18, 1925. After graating from high school in 1944, he entered the Department of philosophy of Sorbonne University in Paris and began to devote himself to philosophical research. One of the main characteristics of his philosophy is the study of desire, and from this to the attack on the centralization and totalization of everything
gill Deleuze is a postmodern philosopher with great influence in France. He is a key figure in the revival of Nietzsche movement in France since the 1960s. It is by activating Nietzsche that Deleuze has aroused his Frankish enthusiasm for the philosophy of difference and the philosophy of desire. Nowadays, Deleuze's influence is all over the humanities. His anti Oedipus and Thousand Plateaus have gained worldwide reputation. In view of Deleuze's lack of e attention in the academic circles of our country, we specially publish the following articles in order to arouse the interest and attention of the intellectual circles to Deleuze. Deleuze's early main philosophical work (prior to his cooperation with guatari) can be summarized as a systematic reversal of the relationship between "identity" and "difference" in classical metaphysics. In classical metaphysics, the difference comes from the same: "x is different from y because there is a difference between the nature of X with fixed nature and that of Y with fixed nature". Deleuze believes that all identities are made up of differences. The same does not logically or metaphysically precede the difference. "There are differences between objects belonging to the same class in nature." that is to say, we classify "identity" from the difference. Obviously, identity is constructed by endless differences: "big x is the difference aggregation of various small X, and small X is all kinds of X & # 39; In the face of the real world, Deleuze believes that we must grasp the real being of existence, but the concept in the sense of classification can not reach the internal difference. "If philosophy wants to be directly related to things, it must be" about grasping things themselves, reaching what they are, reaching the difference between things and other things, Such as Kant and Bergson, Deleuze thinks that the traditional view of time and space is based on the position and movement of the subject. In his opinion, pure difference is "non spatiotemporal", and difference is a concept of "the virtual"“ The "virtual" here is not the "virtual" of "virtual reality", but the definition of "past" in Proust's "reminiscence of the past": real without being actual, ideal without being abstract " Deleuze's "virtual" is in this sense. That is to say, Deleuze's "virtual" is "a kind of non entity that lies in things before" as the "past" is to the "present". Deleuze's "virtual" is the prior environmental condition of the current real experience, and it is the inherent difference of the object itself. "The concept constructed from it is integrated with the object that the concept refers to.". Deleuze's theory of difference is not the abstract of practice, it is a set of effective system -- the relationship structure of difference, which constructs the real space, time and perception. At the same time, Deleuze thinks that the thing and concept of existence are simple, that is to say, all perception is proved from "one". Here, Deleuze borrows the theory of "ontological monosemy" from the medieval philosopher nce Scott. In the debate about God in the middle ages, many famous philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas, believed that when they said "God is good", God's "good" was only similar to human's "good" in rhetoric sense. But Scott thinks that when he says "God is good", God's "good" and "good" in "Jennie is good" are "good" in the same sense - the two "good" are not only similar, but basically the same - they are only different in degree. When it comes to attribute concepts such as "good" and "powerful", these concepts are applied in a single sense, whether they are applied to God, man or insects
Deleuze applies the theory of monosemy to "existence is different in monosemy", "this does not mean that difference itself is inevitable, but that existence is absolutely (monosemly) different, because existence has the attribute of difference. Furthermore, it is not to say that we are "singularly" (absolutely) different from us, but that we and our personality traits are absolutely (singularly) different (polysemous) "here, Deleuze echoed and reversed Spinoza's argument:" all beings are the deformation of "one". Deleuze believes that there is no "one", only the flow process of eternal difference. Deleuze summed it up as "one equals many."
difference and repetition is Deleuze's most persistent and systematic work in this metaphysics. His other works have developed similar concepts, such as "the body without organs" in anti Oedipus, "the plane of immanence" and "chaos" in what is philosophy. Deleuze's unusual metaphysics needs a set of unusual epistemology, which he calls "the turn of the image of thoughts". Deleuze believes that the image of thought in Aristotle, Descartes, Husserl and other classical theories mistakenly regards thinking as a kind of behavior without thinking: truth may be difficult to obtain, but thinking must be able to obtain correct facts and concepts; The eye of God and neutral angle may be difficult to achieve, but that is the ideal goal of our rational thinking; The reality of certainty and the orderly extension of perception. Deleuze rejected the classical epistemology through "flow" in the metaphysical sense. He believed that real thinking is a violent confrontation with reality and an unconscious rupture of order. The real world can change and adjust our thinking. Deleuze believes that thinking is not so much able to understand the real world as "thinking without image" - a kind of thinking process determined by problems rather than solving problems actively“ All the codes, theorems and so on as premises are not born by chance, but they are not free and rational. They are like Theology: you believe, it is, and its rational logic works. Rationality is always a kind of belief carved from Irrationality: it is not a principle hidden in irrationality, but a specific relationship interspersed between irrationality elements and only defined as between irrationality elements. Under all reason, there is madness and mobility. "
from his unique epistemology, Deleuze has his own unique interpretation of the history of philosophy. Reading philosophical works is no longer to seek a definite explanation, but to present the difficult attempts of philosophers to grasp the truth“ Philosophers introce new concepts and explain them, but they don't tell us that these concepts are responses to problems... The history of philosophy should not just repeat what philosophers say, but pay attention to the subconsciousness and hints that philosophers haven't said. "
similarly, Deleuze believes that philosophy is not so much the search for truth as the creation of concepts. For Deleuze, concept is not a fixed pre condition or proposition, but a metaphysical definition of a series of thinking (such as Plato's idea, Descartes' thought, etc.). A philosophical concept "asserts the concept and its object when it is created". According to Deleuze, philosophy is more like a practical or artistic work than an appendage of the pre physical world that can be described by scientific language, as Locke and Quine said
in his follow-up works, Deleuze divides art, philosophy and science into three different norms, each of which has its own way to interpret the world: the concept of philosophical creation, the specific expression of artistic creation perception, and the special theory of scientific creation based on element and function element. Deleuze believes that there is no distinction between the three norms. They are different ways to interpret and organize metaphysical flow. For example, Deleuze does not think that film is the expression of external reality, but that it is an ontological practice to create new movement and time organization (see film I: movement image). Philosophy, science and art are equal and essentially creative and practical. Therefore, compared with "is it true?"“ What is it? "Deleuze suggested that we put forward some functional and practical questions, such as" what does it do? "“ How it works. Deleuze's method of interpretation
Deleuze's study of philosophers and artists is deliberately heretical. In Nietzsche and philosophy, Deleuze claims that Nietzsche's pedigree of morality is an attempt to rewrite Kant's critique of pure reason. Although Nietzsche does not mention these, the chapters on morality in pedigree of morality are far from Kant's concern. Similarly, Deleuze claims that monosemy is the organizing principle of Spinoza's philosophy, although Spinoza does not mention it at all. Deleuze once specifically described his way of explaining philosophers as "buggery": a way of secretly adopting an author's theory and deriving it into a strange and different theory. In these works, Deleuze does not present the thoughts of Nietzsche and Spinoza truthfully, but refines and enlarges the bright spots he thinks useful. Deleuze's way of reiterating other philosophers' thoughts is not a deliberate misunderstanding, but a practice of his insistence on "philosophical inner creativity". Similarly, in Deleuze's view, in his own mathematical and scientific language, "I'm not talking about Resnais and Prigogine, Godard and Ren é It's the same thing. I mean, there are many similarities between the scientization of equations and the Filmization of images. These similarities also apply to philosophical concepts, because there are different concepts in these spaces. "
for this reason, the contradictions and challenges in the evolution of modern western philosophy are much more serious than those of Marxist philosophy. People often use "full of contradictions and perils" to describe their situation, which is not groundless. In the past, the tendency was to overemphasize it, as if modern western philosophy could never overcome its contradictions and difficulties, and could never make progress. This, of course, is not realistic. Since the middle of the 19th century, western philosophy has changed its mode of thinking, which is realized by overcoming the contradictions and difficulties of various schools and trends of thought in different degrees. However, as far as all kinds of specific schools and trends of thought of modern western philosophy are concerned, they will inevitably fall into their unique predicament and crisis because of their inherent contradictions. In fact, in the more than 100 years of the evolution of modern western philosophy, philosophers constantly exclaim that the philosophy in their period is in dilemma and crisis. They often claim that the goal of their philosophical theory is to get rid of this dilemma and crisis. However, they also fall into new difficulties and crises e to their internal contradictions, and are even quickly denied by other schools and philosophers. Almost no philosophical school or theory has long-term vitality. Therefore, in a certain sense, it can not be said that modern western philosophy is a kind of Philosophy in dilemma and crisis
this situation has been more obvious since the 1960s. With the decline of the Anglo American analytical philosophy movement and the challenge of the existentialism movement of the land bashing phenomenology, modern western philosophy seems to be in a comprehensive crisis because of its two main trends of thought can not get rid of their own difficulties. Therefore, the western philosophical circles generally call for overcoming the crisis and finding a new way out for the future development of philosophy. All kinds of new thoughts emerge as the times require us to surpass not only modern philosophy, but also modern philosophy, especially the above two thoughts and their opposites, so that the study of philosophy completely goes beyond their boundaries. One of the most prominent and widely hyped is the so-called postmodernism. It has been played up by some philosophers as a new change in philosophy, opening up a new era of western philosophy, but it has been severely criticized by other philosophers, and the views of Chinese philosophical circles are often quite different. What kind of ideological trend is postmodernism in philosophy? What role can it play in the development of western philosophy? This is a question we must answer when we study the trend of contemporary philosophy. The author's opinions have been discussed in some other places. For the sake of space limitation, the following is a brief description
postmodernist philosophy can have various meanings besides the specific trend of thought popular since the 1960s. From the semantic point of view of the word postmodernism in English, it can refer to modern "after" or "later" philosophy. Since "modern" generally refers to the whole capitalist era since the beginning of the "modernization" movement in the west, postmodern philosophy actually refers to the philosophy after or after the modern philosophy that started from Descartes (or the Renaissance). Some philosophers put forward that postmodernism only represents a way of thinking different from modernism, rather than the concept of time. Some of the different philosophical theories of the same era belong to the modern, some belong to the post-modern. From the perspective of the actual development of western philosophy, since the mid-19th century, there have been various kinds of thoughts of criticizing and surpassing modern philosophy. To a certain extent, they have realized the transformation of philosophical thinking mode, so they have the significance of Postmodern (Postmodern) philosophy. Since the meaning of modernism is not single, we should treat their functions according to their different meanings
If postmodernism is used to refer to the philosophy characterized by criticizing and surpassing modern philosophy in the whole west since the middle of the 19th century, then its evaluation is roughly consistent with that of modern western philosophy. Since the latter have fallen into a dilemma or even a crisis in their development, giving them a new post-modernism name can not get them out of this dilemma and crisis
If postmodernism refers to the philosophy after modern western philosophy, or the contemporary postmodernism rising after the 1960s, whether they should be evaluated differently from modern western philosophy depends on whether they theoretically go beyond the scope of modern western philosophy. On the one hand, the emergence of contemporary postmodernism meets the needs of new reflection and change on the development of modern western philosophy to a certain extent. Most of them have exposed and criticized the contradictions and defects of the theories of modern western philosophers since Nietzsche, and take it as their ty to open up a new direction of philosophy. From exposing the defects and contradictions of Western tradition and modern philosophy, their work is valuable, at least enlightening. To some extent, their propositions of anti system philosophy and absolute monism, anti alism, anti anthropocentrism, anti absolutism rationalism and irrationalism reflect a trend of modern philosophy< However, although contemporary postmodernists not only demand to surpass modern philosophy, but also modern philosophy, their philosophy does not really surpass the latter. There is no substantial difference between their basic philosophical thinking mode and the former modern western philosophy, and they still contain various inherent contradictions of the latter, Because their criticism of modern and Modern Philosophy (especially the so-called fundamentalism, essentialism, logocentrism, etc.) is more extreme than the former modern western philosophy, and has a stronger tendency of subjectivism, relativism, nihilism, irrationalism, and even mysticism, Therefore, it often intensifies the contradictions existing in modern western philosophy. Therefore, their philosophy can not adapt to the requirements of new changes in the development of western philosophy, and can not truly reflect the contemporary trend of western philosophy. For this reason, although it has been a sensation in western philosophy since the 1960s, it has been neglected in recent years because of more and more criticism. Western philosophers are discussing how to transcend postmodernism and explore ways to get rid of philosophical dilemma. The so-called post-modernism, which aims to replace and surpass it, also comes into being< It is worth mentioning that an international after post modernism conference was held at the University of Chicago in November 1997. APM Symposium. The theme of the conference is to explore a new way for the development of Philosophy in view of the decline of postmodernism. The conference's sponsor, gene. Gendlin of the University of Chicago, and others organized a very heated communication and discussion for several months through the Internet before the conference. People can receive new discussion letters almost every day through the Internet or e-mail. After the meeting, this kind of network discussion is still going on. The philosophical standpoints of the participants are different, but most of them question the extreme theories of postmodernism. The report on the APM conference released by the conference sponsor through the Internet on February 18, 1998 after widely soliciting the opinions of the participants clearly reflects this trend. For example, it points out: "we continue to criticize modernity, but we should go beyond the arbitrariness advocated by some postmodernist factions. We doubt the basis of all certainty, but it doesn't mean that nothing is worth mentioning. ". That's the motto of the 93 participants at the APM conference in Chicago. "
"although all words have inevitable metaphysics. Obviously, it is impossible and should not be solved. However, can we do more than... With decentralization, uncertainty, fracture
"the period we are now in is just past the period of destroying the basic principles of logic and the objectivity of science. We need a new understanding of the power and limitation of science and find a way to re conceptualize the scientific object. The excuse of scientific inaction cannot change the assumptions and values that still determine our social policies and systems. Then philosophy is, and always has been, a discipline that directly studies these hypotheses and explores how they can be possible. "
"the general statements about 'truth' and 'Objectivity' have always been ambiguous. But this is not to say that there is no truth and objectivity. "“ We do not want a simple pluralism, but can create a "composite of multiple truths."
the report also questions or even negates the relevant views of postmodernism from science, culture, history, ethics, language and other aspects
the above quotations show that in the United States and other western countries, a large number of philosophers have attempted to surpass postmodernism under the banner of "postmodernism", questioning and challenging the pure negativity, subjectivism,
relativism and nihilism of contemporary postmodernists, To overcome the extreme and one sidedness of postmodernists, and to find a more reasonable and sound way for the development of Western Philosophy in dilemma and crisis. However, the theories they put forward did not go beyond the scope of the theories put forward by Dewey, Wittgenstein, Heidegger and other famous Western philosophers in this century. They also did not make a systematic and sufficient argument for their own views. Most of them were only fragmentary views, and there were often great differences between them. Therefore, the so-called post-modernism is only a hazy tendency that has begun to appear. It can not be said that it has found a new way for the development of western philosophy. But, this kind of after