How to improve the calculation ability of international checkers

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let's put it this way: the "dark blue" that won the chess champion Kasparov in 1997 is a supercomputer, while alphago, who is going to play go with Li Shishi, is an artificial intelligence program developed by deepmind, a Google company. Let's talk about world peace. But alphago, as a program, has to run on a computer to compete with human beings. So change the question to "how many times more powerful is the computer that will play go with human beings than dark blue?"
we are still able to give an approximate answer by simple calculation. After all, in terms of measuring computer performance, we already have a fairly unified standard: the number of floating-point operations per second. For convenience, we all call it "flops" below
don't be scared away by the computer term "floating-point operation". In other words, floating-point operation is actually four arithmetic operations with decimals. For example, 1.2 plus 2.1 is a typical floating-point operation. If your primary school math teacher is not an American, then we estimate that at this moment you have already calculated the result by heart to be 3.3. But it's not that easy for computers
we know that computers operate on binary numbers composed of 0 and 1. For example, in the basic binary system, 1 is 1, 2 becomes 10, 3 is 11, 4 is 100... This operation mode allows us to assemble stable and effective computing machines with the simplest circuit components, but it also brings a problem: the number that computers can handle is only integers. If you want to express a 0.1 with 0 and 1 without any other mathematical method... Let's really talk about world peace
the solution to this problem is very simple: 0.1 can be regarded as the result of 1 divided by 10. If we want the computer to calculate a number with a decimal point, we just need to tell the CPU how many zeros are added after 1. But in this way, the computer in dealing with the decimal point, there are several more steps. So the speed of floating-point operation has become the standard to measure the performance of computer
take dark blue, which beat human beings in chess, for example, its computing power is 11.38 gflops, which means that dark blue can calculate 11.38 billion times of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division with decimals per second. ENIAC, the first general-purpose computer that helped the United States design and manufacture atomic bombs ring World War II, had only 300 flops
How about the performance of dark blue today? Three words: weak explosion. As far as the CPU used in PC is concerned, as early as 2006, Intel's first generation core 2 has steadily surpassed dark blue. This does not include the effect bonus brought by GPU in the graphics card. The performance of the most common integrated graphics card today has exceeded 700 gflops. If you really want to compete in performance, dark blue, the supercomputer of the last century, even if you are in a group, you may not be able to choose the laptop in front of you alone
what kind of performance level has today's supercomputers reached? Tianhe-2 is the fastest supercomputer in the world. Its floating-point computing capacity has reached 33.86 PFlops. In other words, dark blue needs to grow to 300000 times its own performance to be comparable to tianhe-2
however, for dark blue, such comparison is too unfair. Because even in those days, dark blue was not the fastest supercomputer. In contrast, only through the computers used by Google alphago can we compare the amazing development of our computers in the past 20 years
according to a paper published by the Google team in nature, alphago initially "trained" Ai to play go on a Google computer. According to the description in the paper, Google uses this computer to make alphago's go level close to that of European champion fan Hui. However, in addition to mentioning that the computer is equipped with 48 CPUs and 8 GPUs, the paper does not even mention the performance of the computer. Fortunately, alphago runs on the cloud computing platform. We only need to compare the computer data of our competitors, and then we can get the general information
for example, in December last year, Alibaba cloud opened its high-performance computing services to the public. According to Alibaba cloud's description, the single floating-point computing capability of these computers is 11 tflops, and they can also be used to train AI to learn by themselves. If Google's computer performance is close to that of Alibaba cloud, then the hardware driven by alphago has a performance at least 1000 times that of dark blue
but the story is not over yet. Alphago is not only a "stand-alone" version. In order to achieve higher computing power, Google has also connected alphago to a network of 1202 CPUs. After networking, alphago's computing power has increased by 24 times, jumping from the "stand-alone version" not to the level of the second stage of the career to the level of the fifth stage of the career
so how many times more powerful is alphago than dark blue? It's estimated that you've got the answer: 25000 times. From this point of view, we can also see how complicated go is. It takes 20 years to improve the performance of the computer before it can defeat human beings in chess and then sit in front of the top human players on the go board. But in the final analysis, alphago's most important achievement is not to use computers with excellent performance, but to make programs think, learn and improve in a human way for the first time. So in the next few days, no matter who wins or loses, we are witnessing the beginning of a new era
of course, don't forget to pay attention to Sina Technology. We will be at the front to welcome you to the first dawn of this new era.

2. I often play chess, finish the second round and sum up the experience and lessons. Read more professional books, focusing on Tactical Strike and the endgame.

3. I think four kinds of chess can develop children's intelligence, depending on whether children are interested. In terms of the simplicity of the introction of the four kinds of chess, I think international checkers are the easiest. The successful holding of the first world intellectual games in 2008 set off an upsurge of national jump in China. In fact, guotiao is the same as Chinese chess abroad. It can be seen everywhere. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 40 million fans all over the world. It's easy to learn and interesting. Children aged 4 or 5 can get started in a relatively short period of time, and the whole process is constantly eating chess pieces. No matter whether they win or lose, as long as they can eat a lot of chess pieces, they will always have a sense of achievement. It only takes a few minutes for alts to learn the rules, but international checkers are easy to learn but difficult to master, and the changes are quite complicated. Once upon a time, Lasker, the world champion of national elephant, praised checkers like this: "checkers is the mother of chess and a very loyal mother."
there are many arms of chess and national elephant. It will take a long time for such an old child to recognize the arms and eating methods, but there are few arms of national jump (soldiers and kings). We are all familiar with chess, so we won't say much about it. National elephant is a combination of chess and national jump, and the change is more complicated. Let alone go. If the introction is simple, what we see in the streets is not chess. It is precisely because it is difficult to get started that most talents can not play go. Many chess training institutions are struggling to improve the speed of children's introction to go
the four kinds of chess can develop children's computing power, memory, logical thinking ability, judgment, three-dimensional thinking and spatial imagination to varying degrees.

4. Checkers, also known as checkers, is an ancient intelligence game in the world. Its method is simple, but its content is rich and varied. The international checkers Federation has more than 20 member states. International checkers have a long history. Primitive checkers existed as far back as the time of the ancient Egyptian Pharaons. Now the original checkerboard preserved in the British Museum is exactly the same as the modern checkerboard. Modern checkers took shape in the 12th century. In English speaking countries, international checkers adopt the same method and uniform rules. The checkerboard is 64 squares. But in the Soviet Union and other European countries popular "Poland checkers", the board is 10 × 10 is 100 squares, 20 pieces for each side. In French speaking Canada, the chessboard is bigger, 12 × 12 squares, 15 pieces on each side
at present, the checkerboard of checkers used in international competitions is exactly the same as the checkerboard of chess, which is a square checkerboard composed of 64 black and white small squares. The chessmen are disc-shaped, 24 pieces in total, black and white. At the beginning of the game, each side has 12 pieces, as shown in Figure 1. The angle of monad is on the left, and that of Gemini is on the right. The chess pieces move on the dark or black grid. However, in order to make it clear, the checkerboard printed in general books and newspapers always shows the opposite color of the grid, and the pieces are placed on the white grid
the way of international checkers is very mechanical. The chess pieces are allowed to walk obliquely, and can advance to an adjacent space. If one of the other's pieces occupies the adjacent grid, and there is a space in front of it, the other's piece can jump over and eat the other's piece. If the same situation appears in front of this grid, we must use the same method to follow a straight line or "Zhi & quot; The zigzag line jumps in continuously. When more than one jump method appears on the chessboard, it can be freely chosen by the player whose turn is to go. When a chess piece of one side jumps into the first row of the other side for the first time, it is called "Wang Pai" (29, 30, 31, 32 in black); White chess is 1, 2, 3 and 4. As shown in Figure 2, it must be crowned by the opponent. That is to say, another piece of the same color (that is, the same side) is stacked on the top of this piece, which is called Cheng Wang“ Wang Qi has the privilege of jumping back. In a match, when one side annihilates or blocks all the pieces of the other side and is unable to move, it wins
the checkerboard of international checkers consists of small squares with 50.8 mm on each side; The diameter of the pieces is 31.75-38.1 mm

the rules of international checkers are: 1) guess first. At the beginning of the game, the color of the pieces held by both sides should be determined by drawing lots. It is stipulated that black should go first. After the first game, if the game continues, the two sides should exchange the colors of the pieces. ② Let's go. It takes five minutes for every walk. If at the end of 5 minutes, still unable to play this game, can ask for an extension of 1 minute. If it is extended for one minute but still does not walk out of the road, it will be judged as overtime negative. When there are more than two jumping methods, allow 5 minutes of thinking time; However, if there is only one way to jump in a certain position, you can only think for one minute. If you use one minute, you can add another minute to extend the time. If you still can't play chess, you will be judged negative if you exceed the time limit. In modern international checkers competition, the control of game time is changed to two clock clock. Imitates the chess, uses the cumulative time method. ③ Touch. When it's the turn of the player to touch a piece that his or her partner can walk around, he or she must walk this piece, otherwise he or she will be judged as negative. If a moving piece moves closer to another space, it must jump in this direction. ④ Repentance. Grabbing a piece without jumping is called return or repentance, which is not allowed by the rules. Every time you jump in, you must jump completely, and you must eat the pieces of the other side. ⑤ Cheng Wang. When a chess piece of one side reaches the bottom of the other side by walking or jumping, it can be promoted to "King", which is called "King". After Wang Qi is crowned by the opponent, he can move forward or backward, one space at a time, and jump one or more pieces in any direction at a time. ⑥ Draw. When neither side can win, a draw can be made.

5. Six years old is understandable. The first entry is go, because the rules are relatively simple (there is only one kind of chess, no arms). There is no difference between different arms (such as walking skills), so generally you can learn go at the age of 4, but you can learn chess only at the age of 5 or 6. However, it is not easy for the three to improve their level, and it is not easy to say who is easier than whom  Relatively speaking, the philosophy and culture of go are quite different from chess and chess.

6. Experience, it can be said, you next dozens of W disk, even if you do not use the brain, you also know where to go next. As for the hard to improve their ability to calculate chess, I recommend you to contact the go

7. The benefits of learning chess are the exercise of wisdom, the training of ability and the cultivation of temperament
the benefits of learning chess and checkers
chess and checkers are the two most popular intellectual sports in the world today. They are not only competitive, but also artistic and scientific. They are the crystallization of the collective wisdom of people all over the world for thousands of years, It is the cultural heritage of all mankind. We can learn many useful ideas and profound connotations through its rules and games. Chess and checkers are good for all stages of human growth, especially for young children. It is internationally recognized as the best chess to develop the intelligence of young children. Chen Zude, a famous chess player and former president of China Chess Academy, also compares the image of chess to "magic wand of enlightenment". One of the most common characteristics of teenagers and children is that they do not pay enough attention and are too sensitive to various external stimuli. That is to say, their attention is easily distracted by external things and can not focus on one point. This is very harmful to serious and in-depth learning, The obvious performance is that children in the classroom can not seriously and attentively listen to the teacher. And chess and checkers have a very high demand for attention. If you want to win in the game and understand the opponent's action, it is impossible to play chess and checkers well without enough attention. It can be seen that playing chess and checkers well will help children focus on one point
the benefits of chess and checkers for children are first reflected in intelligence. We know that intelligence factors generally include attention, observation, imagination, memory, thinking and creativity. And chess can make attention, observation, memory, imagination, thinking these five basic intelligence factors in a good unity, in the combination of intelligence factors proce creative intelligence and intelligence - that is creativity
the effects of chess and checkers on the growth of children's non intellectual quality are also very prominent. Non intelligence factors include emotion, will, interest, personality, need, motivation, goal, ambition, belief and world outlook. As a science of thinking, chess can help children learn the rules of life, so as to enhance their e discipline, patience and judgment. Cultivate strong and brave, resolute, resourceful and flexible will quality. Learning chess and checkers can make impatient children quiet, impulsive children good at thinking, cultivate their interest in sports, and temper their personality in the process of playing chess. Chess and checkers are really good for the growth of non intellectual factors, And chess and checkers play an important role in improving children's willpower: here is a simple example. When a child meets a master, it is difficult to win. Will he choose to escape or retreat, or dare to challenge his opponent, and constantly improve himself until he is defeated. This is just the process of a person's willpower growth! This is through a simple but not simple game of chess to realize the various difficulties that may be faced in the future life. How do we make a choice in the face of crisis? Playing chess can help children learn to adjust their emotions, improve their psychological enrance, learn to know themselves, know success and failure, and cultivate their sense of discipline and self-control. Experience setbacks in the competition and enhance the ability of cooperation. Through a game of chess, children can experience success or failure, honor or disgrace, sadness or joy, etc. In addition, he can cultivate sentiment and enrich our spare time cultural life. Can also make more partners and friends through chess sports< In the Renaissance, chess was one of the seven compulsory arts for knights. After that, many politicians, militarists, philosophers, writers, artists and scientists fell in love with it. Some call it "pocket war", some call it "thinking art", and some call it "intelligence teaching aids". Lenin, the great revolutionist and statesman, called chess the gymnastics of wisdom, while Goethe, the great poet, called chess the touchstone of wisdom. Chess has five functions: competitive function, ecational function, scientific research function, entertainment function and cultural function< On its ecational function:
1. Chess can train students' thinking ability. It enables our brain to operate at a high speed and keep forging ahead in an orderly, strategic and strategic way in the complicated chess game
2. Playing chess can exercise the planning ability of students, which requires us to have continuity and consistency in front and back
3. When playing chess, students should understand each other's intention and the purpose of their actions
4. When playing chess, students should have the ability of foresight, and consider how the other party should deal with it after they finish playing chess
5. Playing chess not only requires us to have a good plan, but also requires us to think clearly, carefully and correctly
6. Playing chess can improve students' choice ability. We should choose the best one among several feasible schemes. We should dare to use our existing ability and level, put forward our own opinions and solve problems independently
7. Playing chess can improve the students' computing ability. We should constantly dece the method behind the calculation, and constantly calculate the gains and losses in the chess game. If we get more and lose less, our method is feasible, otherwise it is not feasible
8. Playing chess can improve the observation ability of the students. We should be observant in the game, be good at finding the problems of the other side, and concentrate our superior forces to attack the weak links of the other side
9. Playing chess requires us to have a clear purpose in every move. If we don't do useless work, in the long run, we will make our classmates do things with clear goals, fast and efficient
10. Playing chess requires us to be good at summing up, insist on what is right and correct what is wrong. This is an important condition for doing everything well
11. Playing chess exerts students' innovation ability. Every game and every move is a process of continuous improvement and innovation
12. Playing chess can make the students pay more attention, focus on something for a long time, and do things with great devotion
13. Playing chess can train students' psychological quality and make us face the test of victory and failure correctly. We will not be complacent because we have achieved a little, nor will we lose confidence because of failure. We will face it calmly whether we win or lose
14. Playing chess requires us to constantly evaluate the chess game and verify whether our plan is successful or not. Our chess game is better than before, which indicates that our previous plan is successful, otherwise it will fail
15. Playing chess can make students have more competitive consciousness and fighting spirit, and make us more tenacious
16. Playing chess can enhance students' memory and imagination.

8. There is no good way to improve the power of Gobang except to watch the score and play more chess. If you insist on one thing, it is to think more and improve your computing power

if you often play chess online, use ORC. That's where it really improves. Orc experts gathered, regular competition, the most important thing it has "anti software" function, open "Blackstone" is impossible to play chess in Orc

I suggest you buy a relatively basic book of Gobang (sold in this bookstore), and then buy a good chess board. Play chess on the board according to the book. Try to figure out the author's words and experience the skills of playing chess. After a long time, your chess power will have a qualitative leap The score of chess depends on how many times you play chess, but it must be effective. Don't do useless work!) If you feel so troublesome, you can also download "Blackstone" software and log in www.rifchina.com (China Lianzhu. Com), it has a lot of content

in addition, if you want to be a Gobang master, you can master many effective attack and defense skills through the basic set. The basic formula of each opening game should be clear, but computing power will play a major role in actual combat. In a word, "calculation first, formula second"

finally, playing chess is a test of people's patience. Although the rules of Gobang are simple, the improvement of playing ability can not be completed in a short time, which requires experience. When you practice to a certain extent and have a "sense of chess", you can stand out in a room with rules!

9.

Introction:

1. know chessboard pieces and simple rules

2. understand the no hand rule

3. learn professional rules. Three handed exchange, five handed two dozen

4. learn common terms, learn to record chess score, and recognize the concept of hand number

5. understand the folk formation

6. understand the history and development status of Gobang

7. know the opening name, know that the open black will win the first two