The basic teaching and research of force calculation

1. 1、 Background of the project
1. To cultivate students' computing ability is an important task of primary school mathematics teaching and an important foundation for students to learn mathematics in the future. According to the quality analysis of usual testing and final examination, students' computing ability is generally low, which undoubtedly causes great obstacles to students' learning and development. In order to quickly and effectively improve students' computing ability, better develop students' thinking, and improve the quality of mathematics teaching in a large area, it is necessary to strengthen the teaching of calculation as a breakthrough in primary school mathematics teaching
2. Through the research of this topic, we should strive to improve students' computing ability, cultivate their oral, mental and written abilities, and encourage students to graally like mathematics and become interested in calculation in lively and relaxed learning. So as to improve students' academic performance and lay a solid foundation for students' future study< Second, the goal of the research is to find out the reasons for the slow speed and low accuracy of students' mathematical calculation< Looking for teaching breakthrough and teaching training methods that can improve students' mathematical calculation speed and accuracy: (1) strengthen students' oral calculation training by taking oral calculation ability training as a breakthrough 2) Control a certain amount of training to cultivate students' sense of number 3) While paying attention to the training of students' thinking ability, we should pay attention to the training of students' mathematical calculation, grasp the basis, highlight the pertinence, find the regularity, and properly integrate< Third, research measures
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"in order to cultivate students' computational ability, we should pay attention to the basic training of oral arithmetic, insist on regular practice, and graally achieve proficiency." This is the requirement of mathematics curriculum standard. In the process of teaching, we should organize teaching and training in a planned, step-by-step and purposeful way, such as listening to arithmetic, reading cards and oral arithmetic, reading questions and calculating silently, and repeatedly emphasize that the first is correct and then fast
2. Strengthen basic knowledge and improve written calculation ability
in calculation teaching, oral calculation is the basis of written calculation, while written calculation is the key. Written calculation plays an extremely important role in primary school mathematics teaching. No matter how advanced the technology is in the future, the ability of written calculation is always a necessary ability for primary school students
(1) to enable students to understand the basic knowledge of mathematics and master skills is the primary condition for the formation of computational ability
each calculation is based on the corresponding concepts, rules, properties, formulas and other basic knowledge. If students don't understand these basic knowledge correctly and master them thoroughly, they can't calculate. Only after students understand and master the relevant operation properties, laws and skills, can they apply these knowledge in specific calculation to seek simple and reasonable methods, improve the accuracy of calculation and speed up calculation
(2) strengthening practice and skill training is the key to the formation of students' computing ability
for example, in the calculation of four items of scores, some students often encounter the situation that the calculation method is correct but the calculation result is wrong. The reason for the error lies in the basic skills such as score rection, general score or mutualization; Another example is the division of decimals, especially when the divisor is a decimal. The mistake is that when the divisor becomes an integer, the divisor does not expand the same multiple at the same time, resulting in a wrong quotient. So we should strengthen the training of basic calculation skills in calculation practice
(3) memorize common data to improve the calculation speed
in the four arithmetic operations, if students memorize some common data, it will not only help students to achieve the requirements of "correct and rapid", but also help them master the skills of calculation. For example: special data with sum and proct of whole hundred and thousand (for example: 75 + 25 = 100 + 25) × 4=100 125 × 8=1000 The proct of the approximate value of PI 3.14 with one digit and the proct with several common numbers 12, 15, 16, 25 and 36; The denominator is the decimal value of the simplest fraction of 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20 and 25, that is, the interaction of these fractions and decimals
the results of the above numbers, whether in daily work or in real life, are used very frequently. After mastering and remembering them, they can be transformed into abilities and proce high efficiency in calculation
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after mastering the calculation method, students tend to deal with the boring calculation, resulting in more calculation errors. At this time, the proper development of some computing competition activities, often can better mobilize the students' learning initiative, improve the interest in computing, and achieve the purpose of improving the accuracy of computing. This semester, I plan to carry out two calculation competitions in the class, in order to improve the students' interest in calculation and improve the accuracy of calculation. After the competition, pay attention to sort out the students' mistakes, analyze and classify them, and then make targeted remedies, so as to clear the obstacles for improving the students' computing ability
4. Encourage students to have a pleasant learning experience
teachers should encourage students to make mistakes e to carelessness. In the usual homework correction, we should affirm its strengths, enhance self-confidence, put forward ardent hope, and urge it to correct its shortcomings< 5. Expected effect
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2. Cultivate students to participate in the derivation of rules and formulas, and truly clarify the calculation
3. Help students memorize common data and improve the calculation speed
4. Pay attention to the analysis of wrong cases and suit the right medicine to the case
5. Cultivate students' habit of checking calculation consciously and correcting mistakes independently
6. Cultivate students' habit of summarizing and reflecting.

2. Research on the improvement of primary school students' computational ability
computational ability is the basic ability necessary for students to learn mathematics and the basis of learning mathematics. One of the main tasks of primary school mathematics is to cultivate and improve students' computational ability. The accuracy and speed of calculation will directly affect the quality of students' learning. Many students always think that computational problems are much easier than analyzing and solving problems, so they are overconfident or unable to concentrate in calculation, resulting in many mistakes. Therefore, calculation teaching can not be ignored. How to improve students' computing ability and make them calculate correctly, quickly, flexibly and reasonably? In the teaching work, I have done some discussion and research, and achieved some good results. I summarize the following experience:
first, find problems and change students' understanding< The main types of students' errors are as follows:
(1) reading mistakes, ing mistakes and scribbling. 6 and 0, 1 and 7 are ambiguous
(2) when the column is vertical, the digits are not aligned
(3) do not draft when calculating
(4) one digit addition and subtraction calculation errors lead to errors in the whole question< (5) when doing homework, they don't concentrate.
judging from the calculation errors of some students, there are two reasons for "carelessness": one is that children's physical and psychological development is not mature enough, the other is that they don't form good study habits. On the one hand, it is a natural growth process; on the other hand, it can be cultivated by corresponding methods. Therefore, while guiding students to analyze the reasons, it is necessary to highlight the cultivation of students' good learning habits, which is the key to improving their computing ability and the basic requirement of quality ecation< Second, cultivate students' good habit of calculation
most of the errors in calculation are caused by carelessness, carelessness, scribble and other bad habits. Therefore, a good calculation habit is the guarantee to improve the calculation ability. In the calculation training, students are required to do one look, two think, three calculate, four check
1. Look: it's serious. How can the result be correct if all the questions are copied wrong? Therefore, students are required to check with the original question or the previous formula in time when ing questions and calculating each step, so as to avoid ing wrong numbers or symbols. There are three points to be done: 1) check with the original question after ing the question; ② Check the numbers on the vertical type with those on the horizontal type; ③ Check the number in horizontal form with that in vertical form
2. Thinking is to examine the topic carefully. When guiding students to do a calculation problem, they should not pick up a pen to do the calculation. They must first examine the problem, make clear what the problem should be calculated first and then, and whether there is a simple calculation method, then they can do the calculation. In addition, the calculation must be accurate first, and then fast
3. Calculation: it means to write and calculate carefully. The writing of assignments and exercises should be neat, not scribbled, and the format must be standardized. The writing of numbers, decimal points and operational symbols in the title should be especially standardized. There should be appropriate intervals between the numbers, and the vertical type on the draft should be aligned and organized. The calculation should be concentrated and not rush
4. Check: it means calculating carefully. After the calculation, we should first check whether the calculation method is reasonable; Secondly, check whether the numbers and symbols are copied wrong, and whether the decimal point is written wrongly or omitted; Thirdly, we should check and calculate every number and final result in the process of calculation. Therefore, it is an important way to cultivate good learning habits to prevent calculation errors and improve calculation ability
Third, collect the types of wrong questions to suit the remedy to the case
I usually design the requirements for students in this way: judge the right and wrong → find out the wrong place → analyze the cause of the error → correct → summarize the methods to prevent similar errors. There are many forms of exercises: single exercises can be done, such as judging questions, finding out the mistakes in each question, correcting the mistakes and so on; You can also do comprehensive exercises; All kinds of wrong questions can be printed on the homework paper and sent to students for correction in class, or students can take out their own homework book and wrong question book and re analyze and revise the wrong questions in their homework.
in a word, the cultivation of students' computing ability should be carried out in the whole process of primary school mathematics teaching, which not only strengthens the training of students' basic skills, but also improves the teaching efficiency, At the same time, we should also pay attention to the targeted training of students. As long as we carefully study, constantly summarize and improve the work, and seriously dig out the ability factors in the calculation problems, the students' calculation ability will be improved.

3. 1、 Cultivate students' interest in calculation
simple calculation is often boring and students are easily bored. Therefore, according to the psychological characteristics of the lower grade students who are active and competitive, we can use a variety of training forms to replace the previous single form of practice. For example: training with games, competitions, etc; Driving trains, rushing to answer questions, breaking through barriers, etc. Various forms of training, not only stimulate students' interest in learning, but also make every student actively participate, so as to get twice the result with half the effort. Senior students can explain the principle of problem-solving more, let students understand the context of problem-solving ideas, know the reasons for this problem-solving, deepen the understanding, will improve interest< Second, pay attention to the training of oral arithmetic
oral calculation is the basis of written calculation, which requires not only accuracy but also speed. The formation of oral arithmetic skills and the improvement of speed can not be achieved by one or two days of training, but by constant training. In my opinion, the effect of mental arithmetic three minutes before class is very good. Before each class, prepare ten oral arithmetic questions for students to rush to answer, or let students write in a small book, check the answers in a unified way, make a summary every other time, and praise and reward the excellent students. The enthusiasm of students has been improved, and at the same time, they will pay attention to the correct rate. Of course, remember some common values, such as 2 π、 three π、 four π……， 112, 122, 132... And so on, which have a very good effect on speeding up the speed and accuracy of oral calculation< Third, strengthen the training of estimation
many problems in daily life don't need very accurate results, so we can use estimation to solve them. In this way, the speed is accelerated, and it does not affect the actual operation. When encountering such problems, let the students estimate as much as possible. In addition, even in the calculation of accurate results, the estimation will also play a monitoring role. Every time we finish a question, we can use the method of estimation to verify its correctness< 4. Pay attention to quick calculation and skillful calculation. Quick calculation and skillful calculation, that is, we usually say simple operation, the correct use of simple methods, on the one hand, can improve the speed of problem solving, on the other hand, can also make problem solving simple, improve students' self-confidence. The teacher can teach some basic laws first, let the students answer the questions, in the example of some calculation problems, let the students find the appropriate simple method. This requires students to have a clear grasp of the basic law of operation, especially the scope of its application. For example, multiplication has distributive law, but division does not. This requires students to divide by a number into its reciprocal, in the use of distribution law for calculation< 5. Develop good habits
we know that most of the time, students do not know how to calculate, but they wrong numbers, recite wrong multiplication formulas, or make mistakes in decimal points. These are tiny mistakes, but they often occur. Therefore, the usual practice should be strict, so that students develop a good habit of calculation. The first is to train students to be serious, meticulous, neat and standard. After careful calculation, we must emphasize checking calculation. There are many checking methods, such as checking step by step; It uses addition to check subtraction, multiplication to check division; Put it into the original question to check whether it is in line with the reality; It can also be checked by the above-mentioned estimation. Regular error correction training can also rece students' careless errors to a certain extent. Display the mistakes you are prone to make one by one, and compare them with your own reality. If you have them, you can correct them. If you don't have them, you will make fewer mistakes next time
in a word, computing teaching is a long-term and complex teaching process, and improving students' computing ability is not a matter overnight. Although the above points are not comprehensive, I believe that as long as we can seriously implement the above points, it will play a certain role in improving our computing power.

4. [how to improve pupils' computational ability]
students' computational ability is an important task of primary school mathematics teaching and an important foundation for students to learn mathematics in the future. So, as a junior mathematics teacher, how to cultivate pupils' computing ability? I start from the following aspects:
first, stimulate the interest in learning computing“ Interest is the best teacher. Interesting computing ability is a basic ability that everyone must have. Cultivating drama and vivid stories will make the relatively simple and boring learning of computing lively and interesting. It will make students interested in learning and get twice the result with half the effort
the game is exciting. For example: the division and combination of teaching numbers can adopt the mathematical game of "clapping hands" and take the division and combination of 10 as an example. The teacher patted his hand and asked: Liao Xiaohe, I ask you, what's my 4 beats? This game can be adjusted according to the change of learning content at any time. According to the students' proficiency, the rhythm can be adjusted at any time; It can change the form at any time, such as collective answer, group answer, indivial student answer, teacher ask student answer, student ask student answer and so on
the story is exciting. To stimulate interest with typical examples of Chinese and foreign mathematicians or short stories related to the classroom content. In teaching, we should timely list the typical examples of Chinese and foreign mathematicians. For example, Chen Jingrun, a famous mathematician in our country, constantly calculates in order to conquer "Goldbach conjecture", and the draft paper calculates in several sacks. Through such vivid and typical examples, we can stimulate students' will and arouse their interest in calculation; Or use the stories that students like to hear and see to activate the classroom atmosphere and attract students' attention. For example, in the two digit plus one digit carry addition, there are some mistakes that often appear when "little careless" is doing the problem. Let the students point out the mistakes first, and then look at the mistakes they have made. It not only arouses students' attention, but also stimulates students' interest in mathematics learning, so that students can concentrate on calculation and improve the learning effect in class
Second, cultivate good computing habits
a good habit of computing is a catalyst for success, which benefits people for life. The advantages and disadvantages of students' computing habits directly affect the formation and improvement of their computing ability. Therefore, in order to improve students' computing ability, we should first cultivate students' good habit of examining questions, writing and checking
the habit of examining questions. A good habit of examining questions is the key factor to improve the calculation ability, and the accuracy of calculation largely depends on the correctness of examining questions. Examination is the key first step in the process of calculation. Examination can overcome the influence of thinking set and eliminate the interference of thinking caused by strong information concentration. For example, when calculating 18-7 + 3, many students calculate 18-7 + 3 = 18 e to the strong information of "rounding". As soon as the students see the topic, they do it. They don't examine the topic carefully, and they don't think about what counts first and then what counts. As a result, such a simple calculation problem is wrong. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen the cultivation of good examination habits
writing habits. Good writing habits can help students rece unnecessary mistakes. Nonstandard writing is also a common reason for calculation errors. When students are calculating, they sometimes look at it by mistake because of the illegible handwriting, such as 6 and 0, 3 and 8; Some write, write, erase, and blur; Some vertical writing is not standard, the number is not aligned and so on, may cause the calculation error. Therefore, in teaching, it is necessary to require students to write neat, standard format, to urge students to write numbers correctly and clearly
the habit of checking calculation. Checking and checking calculation is not only an effective measure to ensure correct calculation, but also a means to promote students' understanding of calculation process and calculation skills. Students can further understand the inverse operation relationship between addition and subtraction through checking calculation. But because of their weak willpower, primary school students are often unable to consciously check and calculate. Therefore, in the teaching of calculation, we should pay attention to teach students the methods of checking calculation, such as: requiring students to do "four checks": one check whether the number is copied correctly; Second, check whether the symbols are accurate; Third, check whether the operation sequence is correct; 4. Check whether the results are correct and write them down. The cultivation of students' good habits is not a day's work, it needs us to persevere in our efforts. This is a good thing beneficial to students all their lives, and we must do a good job
Third, understand the calculation principle and optimize the algorithm in hands-on operation
calculation is the premise and basis of correct operation. In the students' mind, the examples are clear, and the calculation is orderly. It is a difficult point to explore the arithmetic of carry addition within 20. When learning carry addition within 20, students can put it into practice, experience the process of "making up ten", and understand the method of "making up ten". For example:. At the beginning of class, students list the corresponding formula: 8 + 5 through situations and questions. Some students immediately reported the answer: teacher, 8 + 5 = 13. I said: you are so smart! How many children know the result? If you know, try to verify whether your results are correct; Children who don't know can use learning aids to help us calculate. Under my guidance, students use learning aids to represent 8 and 5 respectively, and operate according to their own different ideas. In the process of operation, students can understand the arithmetic of addition and carry. In the report, I try my best to let the students narrate, supplement, collect all kinds of information, and show a variety of algorithms. On this basis, I guide the students to find that these algorithms are interlinked. They all achieve the purpose of oral calculation by rounding up 10, so that the students can understand this kind of problem. Through the method of "looking at the large number, dividing the decimal, first rounding up 10, then adding a few", they can "optimize" the "diversification" in time, Seek a simple and fast method, so as to improve students' computing ability< Fourth, pay attention to the training of oral arithmetic in the teaching of calculation
in order to make the students have higher computing ability in primary school, we must pay attention to oral arithmetic and strengthen the training of oral arithmetic. Because oral arithmetic is an important part of calculation ability, and it is also the basis of written arithmetic, abacus and estimation. It is widely used in daily life and study. Therefore, in mathematics teaching, I attach great importance to strengthening students' oral arithmetic training. Before each mathematics class, I will use 3 to 5 minutes to carry out various forms of oral arithmetic training for students. For example: (1) oral arithmetic competition, let students write the number directly after the oral arithmetic exercises in the book, and organize proofreading and evaluation after the competition. And let the students who can calculate quickly and correctly talk about their own tricks 2) Read the cards and write the numbers directly. You can write the numbers on the cards. Students can write the numbers one by one. At last, students can show the numbers to organize proofreading and evaluation 3) Look at the problem and answer it by mouth. Let the students do it by themselves and then answer it by name 4) Listen and count, the teacher read the problem, let the students write the problem directly, show the problem after listening and count, organize the students to proofread and evaluate the result 5) Find a friend: let the students take the mental arithmetic card to find the number, etc. This tense and orderly training form can not only pay attention to every student, but also arouse students' great interest, and greatly improve the quality of group students' oral arithmetic practice< 5. Carefully design the calculation exercises
practice is an important way for students to consolidate knowledge and form skills. When designing exercises, we should pay attention to the following points: 1. We can design some exercises that can reflect the basis of calculation theory and the formation of algorithm for students to practice, such as the calculation process of 9 + 5 =. In this way, students not only understand the calculation theory, but also master the calculation method, playing a multiplier effect with half the effort. 2. Practice with easy to confuse contrast. In order to improve the students' identification ability and accuracy of calculation, we put the confusing questions together and let them distinguish and compare. 3. Often make mistakes and practice over and over again. The students use the new algorithm to calculate some of the typical errors on the blackboard, let the students find out the mistakes, correct them, can clear the obstacles for the students algorithm. 4. The practice should be taught according to the person, and the practice goal should be put forward in different levels. For the students with strong computing ability, the requirements can be improved; For students with slow thinking, the requirements are lower; For poor students, let them do the most basic exercises, give help and encouragement in practice, let them overcome inferiority, build up confidence, and really mobilize their learning enthusiasm< Sixth, strengthen the collation and analysis of wrong questions
we should pay attention to the collection and collation of students' mistakes, and analyze the ideological roots of their mistakes. In my usual homework, I prepare a notebook to classify and record the errors in students' calculation, find out the common errors and find out the typical errors, so as to "suit the remedy to the case" in teaching, especially find out the typical errors with unclear calculation and wrong methods, organize students to analyze the root causes, find out the "cause", and then design a certain number of targeted exercises, Purposeful "living therapy". At the same time, each student is required to prepare a wrong problem book, and the students are required to "sort out the wrong problems", record the mistakes in their homework book, exercise book and test paper in the wrong problem book in time, find out the reasons for the mistakes, and correct and classify them in time
it's a long and hard process to cultivate students' computing ability. Let's all math teachers join hands and make unremitting efforts to improve students' computing ability

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6. How to improve students' computing ability
I. research topic: how to improve pupils' computing ability
2. Participants: all mathematics teachers 3. Research objects: primary school students (grade 3 to grade 6) 4. Activity background: mathematics curriculum standard clearly points out that mathematics is the basis and tool of daily life and learning, and mastering certain basic knowledge and skills of mathematics is the basic cultural literacy that a citizen should have, Calculation ability is a basic mathematical skill that everyone must master. Calculation teaching is a very important part of new mathematics teaching. It can be seen that students' computing ability is crucial. To improve students' computing ability is helpful to cultivate students' mathematical literacy, the ability to solve problems, and the quality of being earnest, meticulous, patient and fearless of difficulties. Therefore, how to improve students' computing ability has become an important issue in primary school mathematics teaching< (1) to cultivate students' computing ability is an important task of primary school mathematics teaching, an important basis for students to learn mathematics in the future, and one of the basic qualities necessary for students to study, live and participate in society in the future
(2) the accuracy of primary school students' calculation is often affected by students' interest, attitude, will, habits and other factors. When doing calculation problems, students generally have the attitude of contempt. Some calculation problems are caused by lack of concentration, wrong ing, careless calculation and no checking 3 Teachers attach importance to students' hands-on practice and mutual cooperation, pay attention to the change of students' learning style, and encourage students to diversify their algorithms. However, to a certain extent, they ignore the cultivation of students' good computing habits and the improvement of their actual computing ability. In other words, they spend less effort in the teaching of computing, which leads to students' difficulty in the process of computing, There are always mistakes like this and that< 4. Activity objectives:
1. Make students set up correct learning objectives, correct learning attitude, consciously study and cultivate good learning habits
2. Make students learn to allocate their time independently, organically combine in class and out of class, infiltrate and promote each other, so that students can improve their computing ability and overall quality in a relaxed and pleasant learning atmosphere
3. Through teaching and research activities, teachers are trained to be good at finding problems, diligent in learning, brave in innovation, and constantly improve their abilities in all aspects and the courage and ability to solve new puzzles
4. Strive to find a teaching method and teaching mode that can effectively rece the burden of students, effectively cultivate the ability of calculation and innovation, and promote students' lively and active learning, and graally form a personal teaching style and the characteristics of teaching and research group
5. Preparation for the activity. All teachers talk about how they carry out calculation guidance in daily teaching around the theme. Mr. Li Fuju: we should pay attention to the training level from shallow to deep, from simple to complex, and the training forms should be diversified. Games and competitions can stimulate students' enthusiasm for training and maintain the rability of training. Mr. Li Zhiying: when calculating, students are required to proofread everything they , so as to make sure that it is correct and accurate. Mr. Huang LiangFang: tell the students the order of the four mixed operations and the meaning of the operation law< Six, the specific activity process
1, each student has a mental arithmetic card to complete at least 10 mental arithmetic questions every day
2. In mathematics class, we should solidly implement the training of calculation
3. Cultivate students' good habits of conscientiousness, carefulness, neat writing, standard format, careful examination and analysis
students of grade 4 and 5 should prepare a Book of wrong questions. Some examples of mistakes in their homework should be extracted in their own book of wrong questions, and the reasons for the mistakes and the ways to correct them should be written down. Students can communicate with each other and often do so, so as to learn from the usual lessons and avoid or rece the mistakes in the future study
5. Strengthen practice and use various forms to make students form proficient skills. In a word, the students' computational ability is comprehensive, and it permeates and supports each other with observation ability, memory ability and thinking ability. In teaching, teachers should carefully cultivate and correctly guide students to fully develop their thinking activities, so as to continuously improve their computing ability.

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