Decentralizing the central platform architecture
Publish: 2021-04-24 10:50:31
1. Sharing from regional TV network: in a system with many nodes, each node has a high degree of autonomy. Nodes can connect freely to each other to form a new connection unit. Any node may become the stage center, but it does not have the mandatory central control function. The influence between nodes will form nonlinear causality through the network. This open, flat and equal system phenomenon or structure is called & quot; Decentralization & quot;.
2.
In a system with many nodes, each node has a high degree of autonomy. Nodes can connect freely to each other to form a new connection unit. Any node may become the stage center, but it does not have the mandatory central control function. The influence between nodes will form nonlinear causality through the network. This open, flat and equal system phenomenon or structure is called decentralization
with the deepening of the interaction between subject and object, the continuous balance of cognitive function and the continuous improvement of cognitive structure, indivials can be released from the egocentric state, which is called decentralization
3. What is "decentralization"
"decentralization" is translated from the English word decentralization, which is composed of the prefix de -, stem central and suffix ization. Among them, the stem central means "center", the suffix - ization means "... Hua", and the prefix de - has the meanings of leaving, removing, canceling and opposite. Therefore, it is very accurate to translate it into decentralization
what is the meaning of decentralization
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, published the article "the meaning of decentralization" in February 2017, elaborating the meaning of decentralization. He thinks that we should distinguish the centralization and decentralization of computer software from three perspectives: architecture, governance and logic
Architecture centralization refers to the number of nodes that the system can tolerate and continue to run; Governance centralization refers to how many indivials and organizations are needed to control the system; Logic centralization refers to whether the interface and data presented by the system are like a single whole
blockchain is a unified account book of the whole network, so it is logically centralized, which is beyond doubt. From the perspective of architecture, blockchain is based on peer-to-peer network, so it is decentralized. From the perspective of governance, blockchain makes it difficult for a few people to control the whole system through consensus algorithm, so it is decentralized. The decentralization of architecture and governance brings three benefits to blockchain: fault tolerance, anti attack and anti collusion
five differences between blockchain and traditional distributed system
as a new kind of distributed system, blockchain is often mistakenly regarded as a distributed database or log system. In fact, there is a fundamental difference between blockchain and traditional distributed system, namely decentralization. Now let's look at the main differences between blockchain and traditional distributed systems:
(1) consistency algorithm: what blockchain needs to solve is the Byzantine general problem, that is, there are one or more fraulent nodes in the network, which may deliberately violate the protocol or transmit wrong data, Therefore, Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithms, such as BFT, pow, POS, are often used in blockchain; The traditional distributed system only needs to consider the node failure and communication errors, and often uses consistency algorithms such as Paxos and raft, which can not resist the fraulent nodes
(2) central controller: there is no central controller in the blockchain network, and no node can control or coordinate the generation of ledger data. All nodes coordinate through consensus algorithm to generate consistent ledger. However, the traditional publishing system is often controlled by one organization, which uniformly dispatches all nodes to participate in the calculation
(3) rule making: the rule of blockchain is consensus protocol, also known as consensus mechanism, and consensus algorithm is a part of it. Consensus mechanism is generally designed and developed by a person or a team, and the corresponding proceres are developed for the community to use. This seems to be the same as the traditional distributed system, but the change and upgrading of the consensus mechanism of the blockchain requires the community to have a consensus on it. If no consensus can be reached, anyone can implement hard bifurcation and build another community and chain. This is the decentralization process of consensus mechanism.
"decentralization" is translated from the English word decentralization, which is composed of the prefix de -, stem central and suffix ization. Among them, the stem central means "center", the suffix - ization means "... Hua", and the prefix de - has the meanings of leaving, removing, canceling and opposite. Therefore, it is very accurate to translate it into decentralization
what is the meaning of decentralization
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, published the article "the meaning of decentralization" in February 2017, elaborating the meaning of decentralization. He thinks that we should distinguish the centralization and decentralization of computer software from three perspectives: architecture, governance and logic
Architecture centralization refers to the number of nodes that the system can tolerate and continue to run; Governance centralization refers to how many indivials and organizations are needed to control the system; Logic centralization refers to whether the interface and data presented by the system are like a single whole
blockchain is a unified account book of the whole network, so it is logically centralized, which is beyond doubt. From the perspective of architecture, blockchain is based on peer-to-peer network, so it is decentralized. From the perspective of governance, blockchain makes it difficult for a few people to control the whole system through consensus algorithm, so it is decentralized. The decentralization of architecture and governance brings three benefits to blockchain: fault tolerance, anti attack and anti collusion
five differences between blockchain and traditional distributed system
as a new kind of distributed system, blockchain is often mistakenly regarded as a distributed database or log system. In fact, there is a fundamental difference between blockchain and traditional distributed system, namely decentralization. Now let's look at the main differences between blockchain and traditional distributed systems:
(1) consistency algorithm: what blockchain needs to solve is the Byzantine general problem, that is, there are one or more fraulent nodes in the network, which may deliberately violate the protocol or transmit wrong data, Therefore, Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithms, such as BFT, pow, POS, are often used in blockchain; The traditional distributed system only needs to consider the node failure and communication errors, and often uses consistency algorithms such as Paxos and raft, which can not resist the fraulent nodes
(2) central controller: there is no central controller in the blockchain network, and no node can control or coordinate the generation of ledger data. All nodes coordinate through consensus algorithm to generate consistent ledger. However, the traditional publishing system is often controlled by one organization, which uniformly dispatches all nodes to participate in the calculation
(3) rule making: the rule of blockchain is consensus protocol, also known as consensus mechanism, and consensus algorithm is a part of it. Consensus mechanism is generally designed and developed by a person or a team, and the corresponding proceres are developed for the community to use. This seems to be the same as the traditional distributed system, but the change and upgrading of the consensus mechanism of the blockchain requires the community to have a consensus on it. If no consensus can be reached, anyone can implement hard bifurcation and build another community and chain. This is the decentralization process of consensus mechanism.
4.
The decentralization of blockchain refers to the form of social relations and content generation formed in the process of blockchain development. It is a new network content proction process relative to "centralization"
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin, which is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains the information of a batch of bitcoin network transactions, which is used to verify the effectiveness of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
blockchain is unified in the whole network, so it is logically centralized. From the perspective of architecture, blockchain is based on peer-to-peer network, so it is decentralized. From the perspective of governance, blockchain makes it difficult for a few people to control the whole system through consensus algorithm, so it is decentralized
extended data:
characteristics of blockchain Decentralization:
decentralization, not without the center, but by the node to freely choose the center, freely determine the center. In short, centralization means that the center determines the node. The node must depend on the center, and the node cannot survive without the center
in a decentralized system, anyone is a node, and anyone can be a center. Any center is not permanent, but phased, and no center is mandatory for nodes
with the diversification of network service forms, the decentralized network model becomes more and more clear and possible. After the rise of Web2.0, the services provided by Wikipedia, Flickr, blogger and other network service providers are decentralized. Any participant can submit content, and Internet users can create or contribute content together
reference source: network blockchain
reference source: Network decentralization
5. Why is decentralization the most fundamental feature of blockchain
since the birth of blockchain, decentralization has been regarded as one of the core attributes of blockchain by the instry. However, in recent years, some domestic instry leaders have begun to deny this,
even some people claim that the word decentralization is a major misleading translation of the blockchain instry, and call for the translation to be "point-to-point", and the rule maker of any blockchain application is the fundamental center. This is an extremely wrong tendency, which may mislead many blockchain entrepreneurs and make them detour in the process of exploring blockchain application landing
what is "decentralization"
"decentralization" is translated from the English word decentralization, which is composed of the prefix de -, stem central and suffix ization. Among them, the stem central means "center", the suffix - ization means "... Hua", and the prefix de - has the meanings of leaving, removing, canceling and opposite. Therefore, it is very accurate to translate it into decentralization
what is the meaning of decentralization
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, published the article "the meaning of decentralization" in February 2017, elaborating the meaning of decentralization. He thinks that we should distinguish the centralization and decentralization of computer software from three perspectives: architecture, governance and logic.
since the birth of blockchain, decentralization has been regarded as one of the core attributes of blockchain by the instry. However, in recent years, some domestic instry leaders have begun to deny this,
even some people claim that the word decentralization is a major misleading translation of the blockchain instry, and call for the translation to be "point-to-point", and the rule maker of any blockchain application is the fundamental center. This is an extremely wrong tendency, which may mislead many blockchain entrepreneurs and make them detour in the process of exploring blockchain application landing
what is "decentralization"
"decentralization" is translated from the English word decentralization, which is composed of the prefix de -, stem central and suffix ization. Among them, the stem central means "center", the suffix - ization means "... Hua", and the prefix de - has the meanings of leaving, removing, canceling and opposite. Therefore, it is very accurate to translate it into decentralization
what is the meaning of decentralization
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, published the article "the meaning of decentralization" in February 2017, elaborating the meaning of decentralization. He thinks that we should distinguish the centralization and decentralization of computer software from three perspectives: architecture, governance and logic.
6. The decentralization of blockchain refers to the form of social relations and content generation formed in the process of blockchain development. It is a new network content proction process relative to "centralization"
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the effectiveness of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
blockchain is unified in the whole network, so it is logically centralized. From the perspective of architecture, blockchain is based on peer-to-peer network, so it is decentralized. From the perspective of governance, blockchain makes it difficult for a few people to control the whole system through consensus algorithm, so it is decentralized.
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the effectiveness of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
blockchain is unified in the whole network, so it is logically centralized. From the perspective of architecture, blockchain is based on peer-to-peer network, so it is decentralized. From the perspective of governance, blockchain makes it difficult for a few people to control the whole system through consensus algorithm, so it is decentralized.
7. < Table > < tbody > < tr > < td > < div > is a new way to obtain information. Everyone is not only the information receiver, but also the information provider. The user's computer is not only the client, but also the server. This is a completely "decentralized" file exchange architecture.
8. Each node of the crowd node system has a high degree of autonomy, and the nodes are free to connect with each other. Any node can have a mandatory control function in stages. The nonlinear relationship between nodes can be expanded, flattened, and equal. The phenomenon or structure of the system is called by me The cognitive structure is broken and the physical self state is relieved
9. This is the second part of a series of articles on "key elements of becoming a better blockchain". Although decentralization is not an end in itself, it is a means to many ends, including resistance to censorship, corruption and collusion. Inclusive institutions with multi participation; And a fair distribution of wealth, power and influence. Decentralization is not suitable for most applications because of its low efficiency and high cost. However, for those applications that need decentralization, the underlying platform is much more reliable than the oral decentralized services. Did we go to the center? I want to remind us that decentralization is multidimensional, far from binary. Another closely related topic is unlicensed authorization, which will also be discussed here: allowing anyone anywhere to contribute to a project, platform or community is one of the most important parts of the spirit of decentralization
are there multiple client applications? There are two schools of thought. One assumption is that a single normative client application can concentrate limited resources on one project, and a development team can communicate more easily, which will maximize the success rate and competitiveness compared with other platforms. In addition, a single client application can prevent consensus failure caused by local account book inconsistency of different nodes (at least as long as each node upgrades its software after hard forking). On the other hand, the existence of multiple clients will make the network more likely to survive attacks (one client may stop block proction completely) or consensus failure (one or more clients cannot run the protocol correctly, which may lead to wrong block or stop block proction completely). In fact, both happened in Ethereum. But there are more subtle reasons. Firstly, the parallel application of multiple clients reces the dominant influence of a single core development team on the network, which is one of the biggest problems of bitcoin governance (zcash foundation will also decide to build a second zcash client to balance the power of electric coin). Moreover, different clients may make different architecture decisions and have different advantages (for example, mining, data search), and using different languages to write clients can enable more developers to participate in core development. Although parallel applications and beta applications are very good, the mainstream is the main network client: for example, bitcoin has at least 15 client applications, but 97% of the nodes run a program, that is, bitcoin core
how many organizations control mining computing power? The more parties involved in mining, the more difficult it is to collude with each other to engage in selfish mining, or to engage in double flower attacks (commonly known as 51% attacks, but the actual mathematical principles are more complex). This is not a hypothetical risk, as it has occurred in networks such as Ethereum classic and bitcoin gold. In addition, more miners means a fairer distribution of mining rewards. Although many indivial miners may participate in mining, because of incentives, they will gather in a few mines, and even a seemingly decentralized network may rely on a few entities for Mining: the three largest Ethereum mines jointly control 60% of the total power, while bitcoin's top four mines account for about 56%.
are there multiple client applications? There are two schools of thought. One assumption is that a single normative client application can concentrate limited resources on one project, and a development team can communicate more easily, which will maximize the success rate and competitiveness compared with other platforms. In addition, a single client application can prevent consensus failure caused by local account book inconsistency of different nodes (at least as long as each node upgrades its software after hard forking). On the other hand, the existence of multiple clients will make the network more likely to survive attacks (one client may stop block proction completely) or consensus failure (one or more clients cannot run the protocol correctly, which may lead to wrong block or stop block proction completely). In fact, both happened in Ethereum. But there are more subtle reasons. Firstly, the parallel application of multiple clients reces the dominant influence of a single core development team on the network, which is one of the biggest problems of bitcoin governance (zcash foundation will also decide to build a second zcash client to balance the power of electric coin). Moreover, different clients may make different architecture decisions and have different advantages (for example, mining, data search), and using different languages to write clients can enable more developers to participate in core development. Although parallel applications and beta applications are very good, the mainstream is the main network client: for example, bitcoin has at least 15 client applications, but 97% of the nodes run a program, that is, bitcoin core
how many organizations control mining computing power? The more parties involved in mining, the more difficult it is to collude with each other to engage in selfish mining, or to engage in double flower attacks (commonly known as 51% attacks, but the actual mathematical principles are more complex). This is not a hypothetical risk, as it has occurred in networks such as Ethereum classic and bitcoin gold. In addition, more miners means a fairer distribution of mining rewards. Although many indivial miners may participate in mining, because of incentives, they will gather in a few mines, and even a seemingly decentralized network may rely on a few entities for Mining: the three largest Ethereum mines jointly control 60% of the total power, while bitcoin's top four mines account for about 56%.
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