Distributed computing and edge computing

1.

The hottest things this year are "bitcoin", "Ethereum" and all kinds of cryptocurrencies, so hot that even aunts and uncles are about to start talking about them. It is no exaggeration to say that 2017 is the first year of the development of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology

as the underlying technology behind bitcoin, the concept of blockchain has only been mentioned in the past two or three years, although as early as 2009, "Nakamoto Tsung" released bitcoin. After this wave of digital currency boom, the concept of blockchain technology has really entered the eyes of all walks of life. I'm afraid it's too early to mention the wide application of blockchain technology, which is still in a very early stage of development. However, e to the arrival of the boom, many technicians and teams have contributed their efforts to build some blockchain concept projects“ Needless to say, as the first application of blockchain technology, bitcoin of "Zhongben cong" has realized the function of distributed ledger, which can realize the first decentralized value transmission of human beings. It can be said that it is "blockchain 1.0". Then Ethereum invented the smart contract, which extended the function of blockchain technology to build applications. It is well deserved to be defined as "blockchain 2.0". However, the blockchain concept projects that came out later did not realize this leap forward role, but only improved to a certain extent at the application level, so they can not be called "blockchain 3.0"

so what is "blockchain 3.0"? Maybe bitcoin OS is the answer: an operation system that is completely based on blockchain technology and follows the concept of blockchain technology. In the 1980s, before Microsoft released the windows operating system, personal computers and Internet technology were still in a non systematic state and could not be popularized. After the release, personal computers were allowed to enter ordinary people's homes, making PC and Internet universal application procts. Recently, bitcoin OS team announced the implementation of the bifurcations of bitcoin and Ethereum on Christmas day, so as to officially publish the plan of developing blockchain OS

anyone who knows a little bit about blockchain technology knows that bitcoin solves the problem of account book, while Ethereum is a smart contract to realize application expansion. Later, a team will launch a distributed storage project. But these systems with only a single functional mole are not "operating systems". The traditional definition of operating system is a huge management and control program, which includes five management functions: process and processor management, job management, storage management, device management and file management. In fact, the OS based on blockchain does not need to change all the five functional blocks into distributed ones, as long as the parts related to the external transmission of value and information can be decentralized and distributed. Therefore, the blockchain operating system should have at least three functions of "account system management, computing resource management and storage resource management", which can realize distributed ledger, edge computing and edge storage. Although it is still too early to define the instry standard in this way, bitcoin OS team is committed to realizing the blockchain OS possessed by these three functional blocks first, and then improving it through iteration

according to the bitcoin OS team, the name "bitcoin OS" is actually "blockchain OS", which is named after "bitcoin", which is also a tribute to the inventor "Satoshi Nakamoto". At present, from the technical details given by the bitcoin OS team, we may be able to see some aspects of this "blockchain 3.0" project

firstly, the management function of the account book system supports locating the ownership of resources according to the account ID, such as the private key; Computing resource management can obtain corresponding computing resources according to the demand, support edge computing, and share distributed computing power. In addition, storage resource management can use storage resources according to the demand, and support edge storage. Compared with bitcoin OS, Ethereum only supports account system and smart contract, which can not meet the distribution of distributed computing tasks. Ethereum only supports the fair execution of contract code, let alone the management of storage resources. So Ethereum is only a custom calculator

in addition, it is worth mentioning that bitcoin OS self customized enhanced smart contract. It supports two modes, which are more flexible and efficient

1. Central computing mode: the outgoing node is responsible for executing the smart contract, and both the incoming parameters and the output results support sipfs to be stored in the storage node

Distributed computing mode: ordinary nodes can claim computing tasks, input parameters and output results support sipfs storage to storage nodes

finally, we also need to mention the built-in sipfs super interstellar file system of bitcoin OS. Sipfs can realize the decentralized storage of technical input parameters and output parameters. At the same time, the file has a life cycle, and the DNA description of the file descriptor is recorded on the blockchain. The file descriptor of sipfs does not exist on the blockchain, but it will be stored in a separate file descriptor data file. After the end of the file life cycle, the blockchain will automatically delete the file descriptor, Realize the intelligent slimming of blockchain

"blockchain 3.0" is worth looking forward to, and bitcoin OS team, as the vanguard, is worth paying attention to and encouraging. We are looking forward to the real blockchain operating system

2. Edge computing refers to an open platform that integrates the core capabilities of network, computing, storage and application at the network edge side near the object or data source, and provides edge intelligent services nearby, so as to meet the key needs of instry digitization in agile connection, real-time business, data optimization, application intelligence, security and privacy protection Yimai cloud launched a permanent activity for enterprises to purchase cloud servers at 0 yuan. Like cloud computing, fog computing is very vivid. Clouds float in the sky, high above, out of reach, deliberately abstract; But the fog is realistic, close to the ground, right beside you and me. Fog computing is not made up of powerful servers, but of weaker and more dispersed computers, which infiltrate into factories, automobiles, electrical appliances, streetlights and all kinds of things in people's material life
the core idea of cloud computing is & quot; Centralization;, Imagine that the future terminal itself no longer needs high-performance CPU, GPU, and storage space. All terminals are connected to the cloud, and every mirror and mobile phone are the entrance to the cloud. They do not (do not need) calculate and process data, and all of them are handed over to the cloud computing center for processing. The access terminal is only input and output. This idea is very good, but it is still a very distant goal for a long time to come

at this stage, the most practical and practical solutions are edge computing (front and back end mixed computing), decentralized distributed computing and fog computing. All terminals can become distributed computing nodes, and all terminals in a zone chain have parallel permissions. At present, this design idea has been applied in the development of cloud desktop.

3. The core idea of cloud computing is & quot; Centralization;, Imagine that the future terminal itself no longer needs high-performance CPU, GPU, and storage space. All terminals are connected to the cloud, and every mirror and mobile phone are the entrance to the cloud. They do not (do not need) calculate and process data, and all of them are handed over to the cloud computing center for processing. The access terminal is only input and output. This idea is very good, but it is still a very distant goal for a long time to come
at this stage, the most practical and practical solutions are edge computing (front and back mixed computing), decentralized distributed computing and fog computing. All terminals can become distributed computing nodes, and all terminals in a zone chain have parallel permissions. At present, this design idea has been applied in the development of cloud desktop.

4. Edge computing refers to an open platform that integrates the core capabilities of network, computing, storage and application at the network edge side near the object or data source, and provides edge intelligent services nearby, so as to meet the key needs of instry digitization in agile connection, real-time business, data optimization, application intelligence, security and privacy protection
like cloud computing, fog computing is very vivid. Clouds float in the sky, high above, out of reach, deliberately abstract; But the fog is realistic, close to the ground, right beside you and me. Fog computing is not made up of powerful servers, but of weaker and more dispersed computers, which infiltrate into factories, automobiles, electrical appliances, streetlights and all kinds of things in people's material life
the core idea of cloud computing is & quot; Centralization;, Imagine that the future terminal itself no longer needs high-performance CPU, GPU, and storage space. All terminals are connected to the cloud, and every mirror and mobile phone are the entrance to the cloud. They do not (do not need) calculate and process data, and all of them are handed over to the cloud computing center for processing. The access terminal is only input and output. This idea is very good, but it is still a very distant goal for a long time to come

at this stage, the most practical and practical solutions are edge computing (front and back end mixed computing), decentralized distributed computing and fog computing. All terminals can become distributed computing nodes, and all terminals in a zone chain have parallel permissions. At present, this design idea has been applied in the development of cloud desktop.

5. The total energy is equal to the kinetic energy when the vibration passes through the equilibrium point. Let the velocity be v0:1 / 2 m * V0 ^ 2 = e
the relationship between velocity V0 and amplitude and angular velocity: v = w * a
the relationship between period and angular velocity: t = 2 pi / W
the solution is a = sqrt (E / 2 / M) * t/ π
sqrt is the root sign

6. Carrier level = (12 + 4) / 2 = 8V.. molation signal amplitude = 8-4 = 4V. Ma = 4 / 8 = 0.5

7.

The amplitude of simple penlum depends on the system vibration energy = maximum elastic potential energy = maximum kinetic energy. If the velocity v [0] of a simple penlum passing through the lowest point is known, then 0.5 * m * V [0] ^ 2 = 0.5 * k * a ^ 2, k = sqrt (g / L), and l is the length of the penlum; Sqrt (x) is the square root of X -- "amplitude:

8.

At present, the recruitment related issues have been published on the official website. You can inquire by logging in the official website of ABC

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9. The bank's predecessor can be traced back to the agricultural cooperative bank established in 1951. Since the end of 1970s, the bank has experienced different stages of development, such as national professional banks, state-owned commercial banks and state-owned holding commercial banks. In January 2009, the bank was restructured as a company limited by shares. In July 2010, the bank was listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the stock exchange of Hong Kong. As one of the major comprehensive financial service providers in China, the bank is committed to building a world-class commercial bank group with obvious business characteristics, efficient and convenient services, complete functions and outstanding value creation ability. With its comprehensive business portfolio, huge distribution network and leading technology platform, the bank provides customers with a variety of corporate banking and retail banking procts and services, and carries out financial market business and asset management business. Its business scope also covers investment banking, fund management, financial leasing, life insurance and other fields. By the end of 2016, the bank had total assets of 19570.061 billion yuan, loans and advances of 9719.639 billion yuan, deposits of 15038.001 billion yuan, capital adequacy ratio of 13.04%, and net profit of 184.06 billion yuan
by the end of 2016, the bank had a total of 23682 domestic branches, including head office headquarters, head office business department, 3 head office franchised institutions, 37 Tier-1 (directly subordinate) branches, 365 tier-2 branches (including provincial branch business department), 3506 Tier-1 branches (including municipality directly under the central government, branch business department directly under the central government, tier-2 branch business department), 19, 714 grassroots business institutions and 55 other institutions. Overseas branches include 10 overseas branches and 3 overseas representative offices. The bank has 14 major holding subsidiaries, including 9 in China and 5 overseas
since 2014, the FSB has included the bank in the list of globally systemically important banks for three consecutive years. In 2016, the bank ranked 29th in Fortune Global 500; In the top 1000 global banks of Banker magazine, the Bank ranks fifth in terms of tier one capital. The bank's standard & Poor's issuer credit rating is a / A-1, and Fitch's long / short-term issuer default rating is a / F1.

10.

The reason why Facebook is banned in China is that it is not willing to comply with Chinese laws

compliance with the laws of the host country is the basic requirement for trade, and Chinese companies in the United States should comply with the laws of the United States. Similarly, American companies should abide by Chinese laws in China. This is about the sovereignty of the state

in the final analysis, the reason why China banned the use of Facebook is that the website has great influence and is not managed by China, so it is difficult for China to control the above content

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extended information:

Facebook (Facebook, Facebook) company was founded on February 4, 2004, headquartered in Menlo Park, California, USA. Facebook Messenger, a desktop chat software for windows, was released on March 6, 2012. Main founder Mark Zuckerberg

Facebook is the world's leading photo sharing site, uploading about 350 million photos per day as of November 2013. As of May 2012, Facebook had about 900 million users

from September 11, 2006, any user can enter a valid email address and his or her age group to join. Facebook has been blocked by China since 2009. The reasons for its ban include social and political factors. However, Facebook has never stopped its contact with the Chinese science and technology enterprises, hoping to get the Chinese government's gate through investing in Chinese science and technology enterprises

it was exposed on March 17, 2018 that Cambridge Analytics "stole" the information of 50 million Facebook users. On September 28, 2018, Facebook said that the website was attacked by hackers, involving nearly 50 million users

in July 2019, the Fortune Global 500 of 2019 will be released, ranking 184. In October 2019, Interbrand released the top 100 global brands ranking 14. On November 12, 2019, Facebook announced the launch of its mobile payment service, Facebook pay

in July 2020, Forbes 2020 global top 100 brand value was released, and Facebook ranked fifth