Computing power of ordinary home computer
Publish: 2021-04-24 14:39:17
1. The floating-point computing power of single processor is 3tflops
MPE, 8gflops
CPE, 11gflops
the peak computing power of Shenwei Taihu Lake light system reaches 100pflops<
it is necessary to mention here that floating-point computing power refers to the processing power of computer floating-point computing, and the computer has a special floating-point processor FPU for floating-point processing.
home computer 2G Hz, 4G Hz refers to the dominant frequency of the computer, the dominant frequency is 4G Hz, and the floating-point processing power of the computer is about 4gflops. However, the dominant frequency is not equal to floating-point processing power
dominant frequency means the number of computer clock cycles per second. The more processing per second, the more powerful the computer is
the main frequency of CPU does not represent the processing power of CPU and the influence of instruction pipeline on the processing power of CPU
clock cycle is the basic unit of CPU operation, and a floating-point calculation may need several to dozens of clock cycles. So the relationship between the dominant frequency and floating-point processing power is obvious.
MPE, 8gflops
CPE, 11gflops
the peak computing power of Shenwei Taihu Lake light system reaches 100pflops<
it is necessary to mention here that floating-point computing power refers to the processing power of computer floating-point computing, and the computer has a special floating-point processor FPU for floating-point processing.
home computer 2G Hz, 4G Hz refers to the dominant frequency of the computer, the dominant frequency is 4G Hz, and the floating-point processing power of the computer is about 4gflops. However, the dominant frequency is not equal to floating-point processing power
dominant frequency means the number of computer clock cycles per second. The more processing per second, the more powerful the computer is
the main frequency of CPU does not represent the processing power of CPU and the influence of instruction pipeline on the processing power of CPU
clock cycle is the basic unit of CPU operation, and a floating-point calculation may need several to dozens of clock cycles. So the relationship between the dominant frequency and floating-point processing power is obvious.
2. The history of computer
the birth and development of modern computer before the advent of modern computer, the development of computer has gone through three stages: mechanical computer, electromechanical computer and electronic computer
as early as the 17th century, a group of European mathematicians began to design and manufacture digital computers that perform basic operations in digital form. In 1642, Pascal, a French mathematician, made the earliest decimal adder by using a gear transmission similar to clocks and watches. In 1678, Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed a computer to further solve the multiplication and division of decimal numbers
British mathematician Babbage put forward an idea when he made the model of difference machine in 1822. One arithmetic operation at a time will develop into a certain complete operation process automatically. In 1884, Babbage designed a program-controlled universal analyzer. Although this analyzer has described the rudiment of the program control computer, it can not be realized e to the technical conditions at that time< During the more than 100 years since Babbage's idea was put forward, great progress has been made in electromagnetics, electrotechnics and electronics, and vacuum diodes and vacuum triodes have been successively invented in components and devices; In terms of system technology, wireless telegraph, television and radar were invented one after another. All these achievements have prepared technical and material conditions for the development of modern computer< At the same time, mathematics and physics are developing rapidly. In the 1930s, all fields of physics experienced the stage of quantification. The mathematical equations describing various physical processes, some of which were difficult to solve by classical analysis methods. As a result, numerical analysis has been paid attention to, and various numerical integration, numerical differentiation, and numerical solutions of differential equations have been developed. The calculation process has been reced to a huge amount of basic operations, thus laying the foundation of modern computer numerical algorithm
the urgent need for advanced computing tools in society is the fundamental driving force for the birth of modern computers. Since the 20th century, there have been a lot of computational difficulties in various fields of science and technology, which has hindered the further development of the discipline. Especially before and after the outbreak of the Second World War, the need for high-speed computing tools in military science and technology is particularly urgent. During this period, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom started the research of electromechanical computer and electronic computer almost at the same time<
Giuseppe in Germany was the first to use electrical components to make computers. The fully automatic relay computer Z-3, which he made in 1941, has the characteristics of modern computer, such as floating-point counting, binary operation, instruction form of digital storage address and so on. In the United States, the relay computers mark-1, mark-2, model-1, model-5 and so on were made successively from 1940 to 1947. However, the switching speed of the relay is about one hundredth of a second, which greatly limits the computing speed of the computer
the development process of electronic computer has experienced the evolution from making components to whole machine, from special machine to general machine, from "external program" to "stored program". In 1938, the Bulgarian American scholar atanasov first made the computing unit of the electronic computer. In 1943, the communications office of the British Foreign Office made the "giant" computer. This is a special cryptanalysis machine, which was used in the Second World War< In February 1946, ENIAC, a large-scale electronic digital integrator computer, was developed by Moore College of the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. At first, ENIAC was also specially used for artillery trajectory calculation. Later, it was improved many times and became a general-purpose computer capable of various scientific calculations. This computer, which uses electronic circuit to perform arithmetic operation, logic operation and information storage, is 1000 times faster than relay computer. This is the first electronic computer in the world. However, the program of this kind of computer is still external, the storage capacity is too small, and it has not fully possessed the main characteristics of modern computer
the new breakthrough was completed by a design team led by mathematician von Neumann. In March 1945, they published a new general electronic computer scheme of stored program - electronic discrete variable automatic computer (EDVAC). Then in June 1946, von Neumann and others put forward a more perfect design report "preliminary study on the logical structure of electronic computer devices". From July to August of the same year, they taught a special course "theory and technology of electronic computer design" for experts from more than 20 institutions in the United States and Britain at Moore college, which promoted the design and manufacture of stored program computers< In 1949, the Mathematics Laboratory of Cambridge University in England took the lead in making EDSAC; The United States made the eastern standard automatic computer (SFAC) in 1950. At this point, the embryonic period of the development of electronic computer came to an end, and the development period of modern computer began
at the same time of creating digital computer, we also developed another kind of important computing tool analog computer. When physicists summarize the laws of nature, they often use mathematical equations to describe a process; On the contrary, the process of solving mathematical equations may also adopt the physical process simulation method. After the invention of logarithm, the slide rule made in 1620 has changed multiplication and division into addition and subtraction for calculation. Maxwell skillfully transformed the calculation of integral (area) into the measurement of length, and made the integrator in 1855< Fourier analysis, another great achievement of mathematical physics in the 19th century, played a direct role in promoting the development of simulators. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, a variety of analytical machines for calculating Fourier coefficients and differential equations were developed. However, when trying to popularize the differential analysis machine to solve partial differential equations and use the simulator to solve general scientific calculation problems, people graally realize the limitations of the simulator in the aspects of universality and accuracy, and turn their main energy to the digital computer
after the advent of electronic digital computer, analog computer still continues to develop, and hybrid computer is proced by combining with digital computer. Simulators and mixers have become special varieties of modern computers, that is, efficient information processing tools or simulation tools used in specific fields
since the middle of the 20th century, the computer has been in a period of high-speed development. The computer has developed from a hardware only system to a computer system which includes three subsystems: hardware, software and firmware. The performance price ratio of computer system is increased by two orders of magnitude every 10 years. The types of computers have been divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, general-purpose computers (including giant, large and medium-sized computers), and various special computers (such as various control computers and analog-to-digital hybrid computers)
computer devices, from electron tubes to transistors, from discrete components to integrated circuits to microprocessors, have made three leaps in the development of computers< In the period of electron tube computer (1946-1959), computers were mainly used for scientific calculation. Main memory is the main factor that determines the appearance of computer technology. At that time, the main memory included mercury delay line memory, cathode ray oscilloscope electrostatic memory, magnetic drum and magnetic core memory, which were usually used to classify computers.
the birth and development of modern computer before the advent of modern computer, the development of computer has gone through three stages: mechanical computer, electromechanical computer and electronic computer
as early as the 17th century, a group of European mathematicians began to design and manufacture digital computers that perform basic operations in digital form. In 1642, Pascal, a French mathematician, made the earliest decimal adder by using a gear transmission similar to clocks and watches. In 1678, Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed a computer to further solve the multiplication and division of decimal numbers
British mathematician Babbage put forward an idea when he made the model of difference machine in 1822. One arithmetic operation at a time will develop into a certain complete operation process automatically. In 1884, Babbage designed a program-controlled universal analyzer. Although this analyzer has described the rudiment of the program control computer, it can not be realized e to the technical conditions at that time< During the more than 100 years since Babbage's idea was put forward, great progress has been made in electromagnetics, electrotechnics and electronics, and vacuum diodes and vacuum triodes have been successively invented in components and devices; In terms of system technology, wireless telegraph, television and radar were invented one after another. All these achievements have prepared technical and material conditions for the development of modern computer< At the same time, mathematics and physics are developing rapidly. In the 1930s, all fields of physics experienced the stage of quantification. The mathematical equations describing various physical processes, some of which were difficult to solve by classical analysis methods. As a result, numerical analysis has been paid attention to, and various numerical integration, numerical differentiation, and numerical solutions of differential equations have been developed. The calculation process has been reced to a huge amount of basic operations, thus laying the foundation of modern computer numerical algorithm
the urgent need for advanced computing tools in society is the fundamental driving force for the birth of modern computers. Since the 20th century, there have been a lot of computational difficulties in various fields of science and technology, which has hindered the further development of the discipline. Especially before and after the outbreak of the Second World War, the need for high-speed computing tools in military science and technology is particularly urgent. During this period, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom started the research of electromechanical computer and electronic computer almost at the same time<
Giuseppe in Germany was the first to use electrical components to make computers. The fully automatic relay computer Z-3, which he made in 1941, has the characteristics of modern computer, such as floating-point counting, binary operation, instruction form of digital storage address and so on. In the United States, the relay computers mark-1, mark-2, model-1, model-5 and so on were made successively from 1940 to 1947. However, the switching speed of the relay is about one hundredth of a second, which greatly limits the computing speed of the computer
the development process of electronic computer has experienced the evolution from making components to whole machine, from special machine to general machine, from "external program" to "stored program". In 1938, the Bulgarian American scholar atanasov first made the computing unit of the electronic computer. In 1943, the communications office of the British Foreign Office made the "giant" computer. This is a special cryptanalysis machine, which was used in the Second World War< In February 1946, ENIAC, a large-scale electronic digital integrator computer, was developed by Moore College of the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. At first, ENIAC was also specially used for artillery trajectory calculation. Later, it was improved many times and became a general-purpose computer capable of various scientific calculations. This computer, which uses electronic circuit to perform arithmetic operation, logic operation and information storage, is 1000 times faster than relay computer. This is the first electronic computer in the world. However, the program of this kind of computer is still external, the storage capacity is too small, and it has not fully possessed the main characteristics of modern computer
the new breakthrough was completed by a design team led by mathematician von Neumann. In March 1945, they published a new general electronic computer scheme of stored program - electronic discrete variable automatic computer (EDVAC). Then in June 1946, von Neumann and others put forward a more perfect design report "preliminary study on the logical structure of electronic computer devices". From July to August of the same year, they taught a special course "theory and technology of electronic computer design" for experts from more than 20 institutions in the United States and Britain at Moore college, which promoted the design and manufacture of stored program computers< In 1949, the Mathematics Laboratory of Cambridge University in England took the lead in making EDSAC; The United States made the eastern standard automatic computer (SFAC) in 1950. At this point, the embryonic period of the development of electronic computer came to an end, and the development period of modern computer began
at the same time of creating digital computer, we also developed another kind of important computing tool analog computer. When physicists summarize the laws of nature, they often use mathematical equations to describe a process; On the contrary, the process of solving mathematical equations may also adopt the physical process simulation method. After the invention of logarithm, the slide rule made in 1620 has changed multiplication and division into addition and subtraction for calculation. Maxwell skillfully transformed the calculation of integral (area) into the measurement of length, and made the integrator in 1855< Fourier analysis, another great achievement of mathematical physics in the 19th century, played a direct role in promoting the development of simulators. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, a variety of analytical machines for calculating Fourier coefficients and differential equations were developed. However, when trying to popularize the differential analysis machine to solve partial differential equations and use the simulator to solve general scientific calculation problems, people graally realize the limitations of the simulator in the aspects of universality and accuracy, and turn their main energy to the digital computer
after the advent of electronic digital computer, analog computer still continues to develop, and hybrid computer is proced by combining with digital computer. Simulators and mixers have become special varieties of modern computers, that is, efficient information processing tools or simulation tools used in specific fields
since the middle of the 20th century, the computer has been in a period of high-speed development. The computer has developed from a hardware only system to a computer system which includes three subsystems: hardware, software and firmware. The performance price ratio of computer system is increased by two orders of magnitude every 10 years. The types of computers have been divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, general-purpose computers (including giant, large and medium-sized computers), and various special computers (such as various control computers and analog-to-digital hybrid computers)
computer devices, from electron tubes to transistors, from discrete components to integrated circuits to microprocessors, have made three leaps in the development of computers< In the period of electron tube computer (1946-1959), computers were mainly used for scientific calculation. Main memory is the main factor that determines the appearance of computer technology. At that time, the main memory included mercury delay line memory, cathode ray oscilloscope electrostatic memory, magnetic drum and magnetic core memory, which were usually used to classify computers.
3. A price limit order is a transaction based on the price you set. Sometimes we judge that the price will rise, but it will fall before it rises. That is to say, in a later period of time, the price will be lower than the current market price, and then it will enter an upward trend. Therefore, the direction of trading is definitely to be long, but in order to get a better price, you can hang a limit order. Although the set price is below the market price (the limit order can only be set below the current market price), once the set price appears in the future, the hanging order will be turned into a market order and executed. The same logic applies to limit order, but the direction is opposite. Stop loss list is your own investment strategy. You can sell the stop loss to what extent the stock falls. Sometimes we will use the break through trading system. For example, when the price breaks through the resistance level, it can be determined that it is an upward trend. At this time, we can use the stop loss to pay. The set price will be above the current market price (the stop loss order can only be set above the current market price). Once the set price appears in the market, that is, breaking through the resistance level, the order will be converted into a market order. Stop loss selling is the same logic, but in the opposite direction. The most important thing in stock speculation is to master certain experience and skills, and make accurate judgments. If a novice is not familiar with the operation, he can use a simulation disk to practice for a period of time to sum up experience,
4. One bitcoin is now down to $135
one dollar equals 6.14
in other words, 1 bitcoin is equivalent to 828.9 yuan
and according to the latest news, bitcoin has been stolen, so the price will be lower.
one dollar equals 6.14
in other words, 1 bitcoin is equivalent to 828.9 yuan
and according to the latest news, bitcoin has been stolen, so the price will be lower.
5. < UL >
the system is unstable e to high temperature. Please check if there is any problem in the heat dissipation of CPU, graphics card, memory, hard disk, motherboard, etc. When checking the above components, check whether there is a problem of false soldering of electronic components or circuits, which makes the system unstable at high temperature, and confirm again whether it is a problem of display or power supply
graphics card driver, the computer has a common feature when running software, that is, the screen resolution will be switched, if you use 1024 × 768 resolution, when running some large software, it is easy to switch to a lower resolution. If there is a problem with the driver of the graphics card, it is likely that there will be a failure when switching the resolution, resulting in the computer black screen. The problem can be solved after updating the driver of the graphics card
the version of DirectX is too low. If the version of DirectX is too low, the problem of black screen can be solved by installing the graphics card driver and the latest version of DirectX program
6. Blockchain is a basic technology of virtual currency. Its significance lies in being open, fair and tamperable, just like a public account book
7. In 1946, the first electronic computer appeared in the world. Today, it has been more than 30 years. In this short time, it has made great progress. The computing power of ordinary computers has reached 40 million times per second, faster than the speed of calculation and abacus
Why do computers work so fast
because the arithmetic unit and controller in the electronic computer are composed of bistable circuit and various "gate" circuits; In other words, they are calculated by using the high-speed transmission characteristics of electricity. We know that the transmission speed of electricity is 300000 kilometers per second, which is very fast. Therefore, the computing speed of the electronic computer is very fast< Secondly, the operation of electronic computer is very simple. No matter how complicated the problem is, as long as the personnel design the calculation program in advance and send the calculation program together with the original data to the computer, it can automatically calculate the original data step by step according to the manual program. Each operation is very simple. For example, to add, you only need to do 1 + 1 = 10, 1 + 0 = 1, 0 + 1 = 1, 0 + 0 = 0. There are only four cases (subtraction, multiplication and division are the same). Such a simple calculation, primary school students can quickly work out. Because the calculation is simple, the arithmetic unit can also be very simple; In other words, the bistable circuit and "gate" circuit are needed less, and the electronic path is also less, which makes the operation speed faster.
Why do computers work so fast
because the arithmetic unit and controller in the electronic computer are composed of bistable circuit and various "gate" circuits; In other words, they are calculated by using the high-speed transmission characteristics of electricity. We know that the transmission speed of electricity is 300000 kilometers per second, which is very fast. Therefore, the computing speed of the electronic computer is very fast< Secondly, the operation of electronic computer is very simple. No matter how complicated the problem is, as long as the personnel design the calculation program in advance and send the calculation program together with the original data to the computer, it can automatically calculate the original data step by step according to the manual program. Each operation is very simple. For example, to add, you only need to do 1 + 1 = 10, 1 + 0 = 1, 0 + 1 = 1, 0 + 0 = 0. There are only four cases (subtraction, multiplication and division are the same). Such a simple calculation, primary school students can quickly work out. Because the calculation is simple, the arithmetic unit can also be very simple; In other words, the bistable circuit and "gate" circuit are needed less, and the electronic path is also less, which makes the operation speed faster.
8. Because the CPU operation speed also depends on all aspects of the CPU pipeline performance indicators (cache, instruction set, CPU bits, etc.). Since the dominant frequency does not directly represent the operation speed, there is no definite formula to quantify the numerical relationship between them
2.4GHz, the main frequency of CPU, indicates the speed of digital pulse signal oscillation in CPU, which has no direct relationship with the actual computing power of CPU. There is a certain relationship between the main frequency and the actual operation speed, but at present there is no definite formula to quantify the numerical relationship between them, because the operation speed of CPU depends on all aspects of the performance indicators of the CPU pipeline (cache, instruction set, CPU bits, etc.). Because the main frequency does not directly represent the operation speed, so in some cases, the actual operation speed of CPU with higher main frequency is lower
for example, most of AMD's Athlon XP series CPUs can achieve the performance of Intel's Pentium 4 series CPUs with lower dominant frequency, so Athlon XP series CPUs are named by PR value. Therefore, the dominant frequency is only one aspect of CPU performance, and does not represent the overall performance of CPU.
2.4GHz, the main frequency of CPU, indicates the speed of digital pulse signal oscillation in CPU, which has no direct relationship with the actual computing power of CPU. There is a certain relationship between the main frequency and the actual operation speed, but at present there is no definite formula to quantify the numerical relationship between them, because the operation speed of CPU depends on all aspects of the performance indicators of the CPU pipeline (cache, instruction set, CPU bits, etc.). Because the main frequency does not directly represent the operation speed, so in some cases, the actual operation speed of CPU with higher main frequency is lower
for example, most of AMD's Athlon XP series CPUs can achieve the performance of Intel's Pentium 4 series CPUs with lower dominant frequency, so Athlon XP series CPUs are named by PR value. Therefore, the dominant frequency is only one aspect of CPU performance, and does not represent the overall performance of CPU.
9. Tiandong county is located in the southwest of Guangxi, Southeast of Baise City, the center of Youjiang River Valley. It is located at 106 east longitude ° 53＇－107 ° 26 ', 23 n ° 16＇－24 ° 01＇ Pingguo County in the East, Debao county and Tianyang County in the south, and Bama Yao Autonomous County in the north. The total area of the county is 2816 square kilometers, equivalent to 4.224 million mu, accounting for 1.2% of the total area of Guangxi. It is 69 kilometers away from Baise and 168 kilometers away from Nanning< From 1996 to 2005, Tiandong County successively implemented the old city reconstruction project, the hundred mile civilized river valley construction project, the urbanization construction conference and the rural well-off demonstration village construction, and the revision of the overall planning of the county passed the approval of the higher authorities. The overall planning of some towns has been completed. The people's Square, which integrates leisure and entertainment, has been built and put into use. The municipal infrastructure has been significantly improved. The beautification, greening and lighting of the streets in the county and township towns have been further improved. The urban and rural areas of the county have taken on a new look. The carrying function and radiation capacity of the county and township towns have been significantly enhanced. The vitality of the city has been continuously improved, and the speed of rural population transfer to cities and towns has been accelerated. In 1996, the urban population of the county was 98000, and the urbanization rate was 25.3%; In 2000, the urban population of the county was 111000, with an urbanization rate of 28.6%; In 2005, the county's urban population was 119000, with an urbanization rate of 30.2%. The urban area of the county increased from 6 square kilometers in 1996 to 9 square kilometers in 2005, and the population increased from 60000 to 90000<
Tiandong county regards the promotion of urbanization as an important strategy to develop county economy and narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, continuously increases the investment and construction of cities and towns, improves the infrastructure of the county, develops the real estate instry healthily, and takes new steps in the construction of villages and towns. Since 1996, Tiandong county has won the "Advanced City Award" in the "Nanzhu Cup" competition for comprehensive improvement of urban appearance of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for four consecutive times, and won the title of "civilized county" of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 1998. At present, the county covers an area of 7 square kilometers and has a permanent population of more than 70000. The county has initially formed a new pattern of "four instrial zones and five markets", namely, the sugar instrial zone in the east of the city, the building materials Instrial Zone in the south of the city, the fuel material instrial zone in the west of the city, and the petrochemical instrial zone in the north of the city; East Dongfeng professional (building materials) market, West fruit and vegetable wholesale market, North Jinshui farmer's market, South Qingping market, middle Zhongshan market. At the same time, the development of the county has led to the progress of the surrounding towns. At present, it has initially formed an east-west River Valley town group with the county as the center, including Xiangzhou, Linfeng, Silin and other towns
Tiandong county regards the promotion of urbanization as an important strategy to develop county economy and narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, continuously increases the investment and construction of cities and towns, improves the infrastructure of the county, develops the real estate instry healthily, and takes new steps in the construction of villages and towns. Since 1996, Tiandong county has won the "Advanced City Award" in the "Nanzhu Cup" competition for comprehensive improvement of urban appearance of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for four consecutive times, and won the title of "civilized county" of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 1998. At present, the county covers an area of 7 square kilometers and has a permanent population of more than 70000. The county has initially formed a new pattern of "four instrial zones and five markets", namely, the sugar instrial zone in the east of the city, the building materials Instrial Zone in the south of the city, the fuel material instrial zone in the west of the city, and the petrochemical instrial zone in the north of the city; East Dongfeng professional (building materials) market, West fruit and vegetable wholesale market, North Jinshui farmer's market, South Qingping market, middle Zhongshan market. At the same time, the development of the county has led to the progress of the surrounding towns. At present, it has initially formed an east-west River Valley town group with the county as the center, including Xiangzhou, Linfeng, Silin and other towns
10. Brushing treasure does not kidnap mobile phones to mine. Users brush treasure voluntarily. The cash withdrawal procere is simple, as long as there is wechat
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