How to calculate the force of retaining wall
Publish: 2021-04-25 02:16:17
1.
It is the business of the geological prospecting unit to use any prospecting method. Whether he uses light penetration, standard penetration, 120 kg heavy hammer or drilling, the FAK value of his final geological prospecting report shall prevail. If the FAK of the conclusion is 68kpa, it belongs to soft soil and is not suitable to be used as the bearing stratum of foundation. We should find a deeper suitable bearing stratum or take foundation reinforcement treatment
see code for design of building foundation GB 50007-2011. The calculation is not a conversion formula as you imagine, so it's all in charge
for reference only, if you are interested, I am willing to communicate with you
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3. I haven't come yet
4.
Driver is the soul of hardware, without driver, graphics card will not work, computer display effect will be very poor
The driver of graphics card is the program used to drive the graphics card, which is the software corresponding to the hardware. Driver is a small piece of code added to the operating system, which contains information about hardware devices. With this information, the computer can communicate with the device. Driver is a configuration file written by hardware manufacturer according to the operating system. It can be said that without driver, the hardware in the computer will not work
the graphics driver is the program used to drive the graphics card, which is the software corresponding to the hardware. Driver is a small piece of code added to the operating system, which contains information about hardware devices
the graphics card is the core part of the computer graphics display. In the computer hardware, the graphics card is related to the graphics display ability of the computer. To put it bluntly, it is related to the screen. For game users, it is not strange to the graphics card. Many games have higher requirements for the graphics card. Update the graphics driver just as we all like to install new software
Network graphics driver5. The full name of graphics card is display interface card, also known as display adapter, which is one of the most basic configuration and important accessories of computer. As an important part of the computer host, the graphics card is the equipment of digital to analog signal conversion, and it undertakes the task of output display graphics The graphics card is connected to the main board of the computer, which converts the digital signal of the computer into the analog signal for the display. At the same time, the graphics card still has the image processing ability, which can help the CPU work and improve the overall running speed. For those engaged in professional graphic design, graphics card is very important
the suppliers of graphics chips for civil and military graphics cards mainly include amd (ultra micro semiconctor) and NVIDIA (NVIDIA)
no graphics card: the computer can't be started, the system self-test fails, and it can't enter the system
the performance of the graphics card will affect the game effect and the speed of the program editing video pictures< br />
6. Every investment has its own risks and returns. There is no risk and it is very reliable. Basically, it doesn't exist.
7. If a computer does not have a graphics card, no graphics can be seen on the display
all computers have integrated graphics card, but the effect of integrated graphics card in playing games is poor. If it is an ordinary flash game, there is no problem. If you want to run some online games and stand-alone games, the integrated graphics card will not work
independent graphics card is recommended to play games, which can get better game experience and image quality
integrated graphics card refers to the graphics card embedded in the motherboard and CPU, which can meet the needs of daily office, but has poor support for games
independent graphics card refers to a graphics card that exists in the form of an independent board and can be freely pluggable on the motherboard with graphics interface. Independent graphics card has a separate display memory, does not occupy the system memory, and is superior to the integrated graphics card in technology, which can provide better display effect and running performance. As an important part of the computer host, graphics card is very important for people who like to play games and engage in professional graphic design. At present, the suppliers of graphics chips mainly include AMD and NVIDIA.
all computers have integrated graphics card, but the effect of integrated graphics card in playing games is poor. If it is an ordinary flash game, there is no problem. If you want to run some online games and stand-alone games, the integrated graphics card will not work
independent graphics card is recommended to play games, which can get better game experience and image quality
integrated graphics card refers to the graphics card embedded in the motherboard and CPU, which can meet the needs of daily office, but has poor support for games
independent graphics card refers to a graphics card that exists in the form of an independent board and can be freely pluggable on the motherboard with graphics interface. Independent graphics card has a separate display memory, does not occupy the system memory, and is superior to the integrated graphics card in technology, which can provide better display effect and running performance. As an important part of the computer host, graphics card is very important for people who like to play games and engage in professional graphic design. At present, the suppliers of graphics chips mainly include AMD and NVIDIA.
8. The full name of display card is video card (graphics card), also known as video adapter. The display configuration card is called video card for short, which is one of the most basic components of personal computer. The purpose of the graphics card is to convert and drive the display information needed by the computer system, provide the line scan signal to the display, and control the correct display of the display. It is an important component connecting the display and the PC motherboard, and is one of the important equipment of "man-machine dialogue". As an important part of the computer host, the graphics card undertakes the task of output display graphics, which is very important for people engaged in professional graphic design
graphics card is an important part responsible for the final output of computer graphics. It receives display data and control commands from CPU, and then sends the processed image signal to the display
the graphics card itself is an intelligent embedded system, its core is the graphics processing chip (GPU), which is responsible for a lot of image operations and internal control work. The relevant data needed for display is stored in the video memory
this paper introces the image processing and control process of the graphics card. While reading this article, please refer to the basic structure of the graphics card to help you learn
the CPU transmits the drawing instructions and data to the graphics card through the bus. For the modern graphics card, because it needs to transmit a large amount of image data, the interface of the graphics card is constantly improving. From the earliest ISA interface to PCI, the popular AGP interface, and the popular PCI-E interface, the data throughput capacity of the graphics card is increasing< According to the requirements of CPU, GPU completes the image processing process and saves the final image data in the video memory
3. Final image output
for ordinary graphics card, RAMDAC reads image data from the memory, converts it into analog signal and transmits it to the display
for the graphics card with digital output interface, the data is directly transferred to the digital display
GPU is the core component of graphics card, which is responsible for a large number of image data calculation and internal control
whether GPU is powerful or not directly affects the image acceleration performance of graphics card. It is responsible for the following image operations:
3D image acceleration: GPU generates polygons based on 3D data, and performs mapping / rendering / Lighting / atomization calculations, as well as z-buffer occlusion calculations. In the advanced GPU, there are many pipelines for 3D processing, so it has strong performance
the acceleration function of GPU can be opened by supporting programs (such as DirectX of windows), so as to share the computing work of CPU and improve the performance of the whole computer. If the graphics acceleration function is not turned on, the computer CPU must undertake all the calculations required for image generation
the control program of GPU is stored in the BIOS of graphics card, and famous graphics card manufacturers provide the BIOS data and upgrade program of graphics card. By refreshing the BIOS of the graphics card, it can make the graphics card have more processing power and eliminate the defects of the old version
video memory is the special memory of the graphics card system, which stores the intermediate data and final data used in image processing
after GPU processing, the image is finally stored in the display memory in the form of dot matrix. For different display resolution and color depth, the final display data format is different<
memory size required for different display modes:
display resolution
color depth
memory size (bytes)
640 * 480
8bit
300K
640 * 480
24bit
1.2m
1024 * 768
24bit
2.034m
in order to speed up the display process, The video memory also has a multi page structure, which allows the background update of another page when one page is displayed, and then switches to the foreground display after the update
as can be seen from the above table, the final image data only accounts for a small part of the modern graphics memory. So what does the extra video memory do
the rest of the display memory is used to store the intermediate data of the image, including: 2D window movement, occlusion data, 3D graphics polygon data, mapping material data, and GPU calculation intermediate results
interface type refers to the type of interface used to connect the graphics card with the motherboard. The interface of the graphics card determines the maximum bandwidth of data transmission between the graphics card and the system, that is, the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted instantly. Different interfaces determine whether the motherboard can use this graphics card. Only when there are corresponding interfaces on the motherboard, can the graphics card be used, and different interfaces can bring different performance to the graphics card
at present, all kinds of 3D games and software have higher and higher requirements for graphics cards, and the amount of data to be exchanged between the motherboard and the graphics card is also increasing. In the past, the graphics card interface has long been unable to meet such a large amount of data exchange, so the motherboard usually has a special slot for inserting the graphics card. If the transmission speed of the graphics card interface can not meet the needs of the graphics card, the performance of the graphics card will be greatly limited, no matter how good the graphics card is. Since the development of graphics card, there have been several interfaces such as ISA, PCI, AGP and PCI Express, which can provide more data bandwidth in turn. PCI Express interface, which was launched in 2004, has become the mainstream to solve the bottleneck problem of data transmission between graphics card and system, while the graphics card with ISA and PCI interface has been basically eliminated
display card test software view
DirectX
DirectX is a game program development interface under the Microsoft operating system platform, namely the so-called game API for windows. Generally speaking, DirectX is composed of a series of hardware drivers (such as display card, sound card and other drivers). The main parts of DirectX include direct draw, direct input, direct play and direct sound, which are aimed at display, input system, network communication and sound effects. The biggest advantage of DirectX is that it provides a high-efficiency driver and unifies the program interface of game design, so that the program can be hardware independent
opengl
opengl is the abbreviation of opengraphicslib, is a set of 3D graphics processing library, and is also the instry standard in this field. Computer three-dimensional graphics refers to the technology of converting the three-dimensional space described by data into two-dimensional images and displaying or printing them. OpenGL is designed to be independent of hardware and windows system. It can be used on all kinds of computers running various operating systems, and can work in client / Server Mode under network environment. It is a standard graphics library for professional graphics processing, scientific computing and other high-end applications
bandwidth calculation formula
for graphics cards, the bandwidth calculation formula is & quot; Video frequency * sum of video bits / 8 & quot Here is the bandwidth formula. For example, if a video card uses SDRAM with 128 bits and 5 nanoseconds in total, and the video memory runs at 200MHz, its data bandwidth is 200MHz * 128bit / 8 = 3200mb / S = 3.2gb/s. If the video card uses DDR video memory, then you have to multiply this value by 2, that is, bandwidth = video frequency * sum of video bits / 8 * 2.
graphics card is an important part responsible for the final output of computer graphics. It receives display data and control commands from CPU, and then sends the processed image signal to the display
the graphics card itself is an intelligent embedded system, its core is the graphics processing chip (GPU), which is responsible for a lot of image operations and internal control work. The relevant data needed for display is stored in the video memory
this paper introces the image processing and control process of the graphics card. While reading this article, please refer to the basic structure of the graphics card to help you learn
the CPU transmits the drawing instructions and data to the graphics card through the bus. For the modern graphics card, because it needs to transmit a large amount of image data, the interface of the graphics card is constantly improving. From the earliest ISA interface to PCI, the popular AGP interface, and the popular PCI-E interface, the data throughput capacity of the graphics card is increasing< According to the requirements of CPU, GPU completes the image processing process and saves the final image data in the video memory
3. Final image output
for ordinary graphics card, RAMDAC reads image data from the memory, converts it into analog signal and transmits it to the display
for the graphics card with digital output interface, the data is directly transferred to the digital display
GPU is the core component of graphics card, which is responsible for a large number of image data calculation and internal control
whether GPU is powerful or not directly affects the image acceleration performance of graphics card. It is responsible for the following image operations:
3D image acceleration: GPU generates polygons based on 3D data, and performs mapping / rendering / Lighting / atomization calculations, as well as z-buffer occlusion calculations. In the advanced GPU, there are many pipelines for 3D processing, so it has strong performance
the acceleration function of GPU can be opened by supporting programs (such as DirectX of windows), so as to share the computing work of CPU and improve the performance of the whole computer. If the graphics acceleration function is not turned on, the computer CPU must undertake all the calculations required for image generation
the control program of GPU is stored in the BIOS of graphics card, and famous graphics card manufacturers provide the BIOS data and upgrade program of graphics card. By refreshing the BIOS of the graphics card, it can make the graphics card have more processing power and eliminate the defects of the old version
video memory is the special memory of the graphics card system, which stores the intermediate data and final data used in image processing
after GPU processing, the image is finally stored in the display memory in the form of dot matrix. For different display resolution and color depth, the final display data format is different<
memory size required for different display modes:
display resolution
color depth
memory size (bytes)
640 * 480
8bit
300K
640 * 480
24bit
1.2m
1024 * 768
24bit
2.034m
in order to speed up the display process, The video memory also has a multi page structure, which allows the background update of another page when one page is displayed, and then switches to the foreground display after the update
as can be seen from the above table, the final image data only accounts for a small part of the modern graphics memory. So what does the extra video memory do
the rest of the display memory is used to store the intermediate data of the image, including: 2D window movement, occlusion data, 3D graphics polygon data, mapping material data, and GPU calculation intermediate results
interface type refers to the type of interface used to connect the graphics card with the motherboard. The interface of the graphics card determines the maximum bandwidth of data transmission between the graphics card and the system, that is, the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted instantly. Different interfaces determine whether the motherboard can use this graphics card. Only when there are corresponding interfaces on the motherboard, can the graphics card be used, and different interfaces can bring different performance to the graphics card
at present, all kinds of 3D games and software have higher and higher requirements for graphics cards, and the amount of data to be exchanged between the motherboard and the graphics card is also increasing. In the past, the graphics card interface has long been unable to meet such a large amount of data exchange, so the motherboard usually has a special slot for inserting the graphics card. If the transmission speed of the graphics card interface can not meet the needs of the graphics card, the performance of the graphics card will be greatly limited, no matter how good the graphics card is. Since the development of graphics card, there have been several interfaces such as ISA, PCI, AGP and PCI Express, which can provide more data bandwidth in turn. PCI Express interface, which was launched in 2004, has become the mainstream to solve the bottleneck problem of data transmission between graphics card and system, while the graphics card with ISA and PCI interface has been basically eliminated
display card test software view
DirectX
DirectX is a game program development interface under the Microsoft operating system platform, namely the so-called game API for windows. Generally speaking, DirectX is composed of a series of hardware drivers (such as display card, sound card and other drivers). The main parts of DirectX include direct draw, direct input, direct play and direct sound, which are aimed at display, input system, network communication and sound effects. The biggest advantage of DirectX is that it provides a high-efficiency driver and unifies the program interface of game design, so that the program can be hardware independent
opengl
opengl is the abbreviation of opengraphicslib, is a set of 3D graphics processing library, and is also the instry standard in this field. Computer three-dimensional graphics refers to the technology of converting the three-dimensional space described by data into two-dimensional images and displaying or printing them. OpenGL is designed to be independent of hardware and windows system. It can be used on all kinds of computers running various operating systems, and can work in client / Server Mode under network environment. It is a standard graphics library for professional graphics processing, scientific computing and other high-end applications
bandwidth calculation formula
for graphics cards, the bandwidth calculation formula is & quot; Video frequency * sum of video bits / 8 & quot Here is the bandwidth formula. For example, if a video card uses SDRAM with 128 bits and 5 nanoseconds in total, and the video memory runs at 200MHz, its data bandwidth is 200MHz * 128bit / 8 = 3200mb / S = 3.2gb/s. If the video card uses DDR video memory, then you have to multiply this value by 2, that is, bandwidth = video frequency * sum of video bits / 8 * 2.
9. Independent, of course. According to the current trend, I suggest that the best configuration of 2 g independent graphics card
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