How can Sanya downtown travel to Paracel Islands?
Publish: 2021-04-25 08:04:29
1. Because HRC is less than 20 dozen, the hardness is not accurate
2. Hrc20-25 is the Lodi hardness value
hardness is one of the mechanical properties of metal materials
it refers to the resistance of metal surface to other objects< According to the different testing methods, hardness can be divided into Rockwell hardness (HRC HRA), Brinell hardness (HB3 & # 178;), And dimensional hardness (HV). They can be converted by (GB 1172-74).
hardness is one of the mechanical properties of metal materials
it refers to the resistance of metal surface to other objects< According to the different testing methods, hardness can be divided into Rockwell hardness (HRC HRA), Brinell hardness (HB3 & # 178;), And dimensional hardness (HV). They can be converted by (GB 1172-74).
3. There is no such conversion. HRC is a kind of Rockwell, but there must be other letters after HR, such as HRE, HRM, etc.
Guangzhou times instrument www.gdshdiai.cn
Guangzhou times instrument www.gdshdiai.cn
4.
5. In addition to the central bank's pilot digital currency, China does not recognize the legitimacy of other varieties
therefore, if you invest in it personally, no one will deal with any losses in the future.
therefore, if you invest in it personally, no one will deal with any losses in the future.
6. Hrc20-25 indicates that the Rockwell hardness of the material after quenching and tempering is between 20 and 25!!
7. E-commerce and logistics distribution
online trading has made a revolutionary progress in "business flow". With the development of online trading based on the Internet, the trading time of commodities has reached the state of "equal to or close to zero" as Marx said. Online trading has made a great revolution in commodity trading, which not only shortens the time, but also accelerates the trading speed, Moreover, it can greatly rece the transaction cost of commercial transactions, especially for the commodities with weak personalization, and for the procts with strict varieties, specifications and quality standards that are proced according to standards in modern economy, it can realize all commercial transactions on the Internet. In this regard, the online transactions based on the Internet platform have great advantages. It should be pointed out that most personalized goods are means of life; Most of the standardized and mass-proced goods are means of proction. In other words, online transactions based on the Internet platform are more suitable for means of proction. As far as the types of e-commerce are concerned, this is BtoB type e-commerce
online trading is more suitable for BtoB, which does not mean that BtoC's online trading has no prospect. In fact, as far as basic consumers are concerned, personalized demand is only a part of their demand. This part can also obtain information from the network, carry out comparison, complete a certain degree of transaction negotiation, and effectively optimize and support the transaction activities of personalized goods. What's more, in the new century, the consumption habits of basic consumers will also change greatly, and the standardization and personalization of goods will also be effectively integrated. People may spend more time pursuing services, and strive to save the purchase time of goods, and obtain satisfaction through services rather than purchasing goods in person, In this case, the future of BtoC e-commerce is also very broad
therefore, online trading based on the Internet is a revolutionary development for commercial trading activities
e-commerce can not only be understood as online trading.
from the current theory and practice, the role of online trading in commodity trading has been widely recognized. However, online trading is only a part of e-commerce. As a complete e-commerce process, it is just like a complete commodity circulation process, It can be divided into four main parts: business flow, logistics, information flow and currency flow. Any commodity circulation process, including complete e-commerce, is also the process of realizing the "four flows". Now it seems that business flow, information flow and money flow can be effectively realized through the Internet, and the transfer of commodity ownership can be easily completed on the Internet. But after all, this is a "virtual" economic process. The final allocation of resources needs to be realized through the transfer of commodity entities. That is to say, although most of the problems of commodity circulation can be solved online, it can not solve the problem of "logistics". In a period of time, people's understanding of e-commerce has some deviation, thinking that online trading is e-commerce. The deviation of this understanding lies in: the online transaction has not completed the actual transfer of goods, only completed the transfer of "ownership certificate" of goods, and the more important transfer is the entity transfer of goods accompanied by the transfer of "ownership certificate". Only when this transfer is completed, the ownership of goods will eventually change. In the period of planned economy, the transfer depends on taking goods. In the condition of market economy, after the transformation of the market from seller's market to buyer's market, the transfer depends on distribution, which cannot be solved on the network. Therefore, online trading is equivalent to e-commerce, which is a kind of cognitive bias, which can easily lead e-commerce astray. According to this biased understanding to guide practice, it is inevitable that most of the e-commerce websites are facing difficulties, and even turn to self denial of e-commerce
it should be noted that some well-known companies in developed countries describe e-commerce as the network connection of enterprises, suppliers and users. This statement is undoubtedly correct for western developed countries. The reason is that western developed countries have established relatively perfect social circulation system and distribution service system in the course of decades of development. These systems can effectively use distribution service to realize the delivery of goods for the results of online transactions. Therefore, as long as the use of the Internet to achieve a "network connection", after things, there is a mature social distribution service system to solve. But in China, it doesn't work. In China, if the construction of e-commerce does not include the distribution service, it is impossible to complete a complete business activity. This is China's national condition, and it is our punishment for neglecting the construction of distribution system for decades
e-commerce is the proct of the integration of network economy and modern logistics
the network economy based on the Internet is the core of the "new economy". Online information transmission and management, online transactions and online settlement are all new economic operation modes relying on the Internet, which is also an important part of the network economy
distribution mode is also a core content of modern logistics, which can be said to be a comprehensive proct of modern market economic system, modern science and technology and systematic logistics thought. It is essentially different from the familiar "delivery". From the perspective of the new economy, distribution is an important part of the "zero inventory proction mode" which is regarded as the new proction mode in the new economy and the typical new economic form repeatedly mentioned in this paper: e-commerce and so on. Therefore, distribution should also be included in the system of the new economy. Of course, the significance of distribution for economic development is not only an important part of e-commerce, but also a strategic means of enterprise development. In the past ten or twenty years, it has developed from the general delivery used in history to the distribution supported by high technology as a strategic means of enterprise development. Many countries did not really realize this until the 1980s. A foreign article said, "in the past decade, this attitude and understanding have changed greatly. Enterprises generally recognize that distribution is the main part of business activities, it can create more profits for enterprises, and it is the means for enterprises to enhance their competitiveness
it can be seen that the new economic form of e-commerce is created by network economy and modern logistics, and is the proct of the integration of the two. If we express the connotation of e-commerce, we can put forward the following formula:
e-commerce = online information transfer + online transaction online settlement and distribution
a complete business activity must be organized through four flow processes, namely information flow, business flow, currency flow and logistics. The particularity of e-commerce lies in that information flow, business flow and money flow can be realized mainly on the Internet, which is the "mouse" summarized by people. The other half of e-commerce can not be realized on the Internet (it can be optimized by the network at most), which is the "wheel" summarized by people, that is, distribution. Therefore, e-commerce is equal to mouse and wheel, which is a popular explanation of the above formula
of course, the physical movement in line with online transactions does not rule out that in a certain period of time, we can also take the means of picking up goods and traditional delivery, especially in the start-up period and early stage of the new economy, it is an inevitable process to adopt various applicable economic means and management methods. This is not only for physical movement, but also includes supplementary or dominant information transmission and settlement outside the network. The above formula should be understood as an ideal or theoretical e-commerce formula< In another paper, the author points out that e-commerce is still a comprehensive concept, but there is no detailed understanding of e-commerce in economic circles. According to the principle of marketing, according to the different status and leading role of e-commerce buyers and sellers, it can be divided into three types:
the first type is the seller's e-commerce, which is called first party e-commerce
under the premise of buyer's market, the fundamental purpose of seller's e-commerce is to realize proct sales. Through e-commerce, strive for buyers, expand sales and occupy the market. E-commerce is a means of marketing and competition for sellers
the second is that the buyer does e-commerce, which is purchasing e-commerce, called second-party e-commerce
under the premise of buyer's market, the fundamental purpose of buyer's e-commerce is to realize supply through procurement, optimize the supply of the enterprise, rece supply cost, stabilize supply channel and establish supply chain
the third kind is the intermediary e-commerce, which is service-oriented e-commerce, called third-party e-commerce
this kind of e-commerce can be operated by brokers, intermediaries, people's organizations and even the government who communicate with buyers and sellers in the market, or by professional e-commerce enterprises. The main purpose of this e-commerce is to establish an e-commerce platform with equal operation between buyers and sellers, effectively communicate with buyers and sellers through social forces, rece the total transaction cost of society, and benefit both buyers and sellers and the society
obviously, in the first party e-commerce, under the premise of the buyer's market, the seller must take delivery or distribution as a means of service, so as to win over users and occupy the market. For B2B e-commerce, e to the large sales volume, it is feasible and common to adopt the traditional delivery method. However, for B2C e-commerce, if the traditional way of delivery is adopted, the cost of delivery will reach an unbearable level. In this case, it is necessary to adopt the way of delivery to rece the cost of logistics
the situation of second-party e-commerce is different. Under the premise of the buyer's market, the buyer's dominant position enables him not only to demand the service of delivering goods to the door, but also to obtain the service at a low cost. For the seller, this is a very cruel reality. No matter how large the buyer's purchase volume is, it is necessary to win over the buyer in this form of service. Although large-scale distribution mode is adopted as far as possible, it is very difficult to achieve this. In this case, traditional delivery is essential. Especially C2B e-commerce, traditional delivery is often used
third party e-commerce is the type of e-commerce that is most easily combined with distribution. Because it can co-ordinate the logistics of multiple users and suppliers, it is easy to integrate a larger circulation scale and achieve scale efficiency, thus creating conditions for the adoption of distribution mode. This is the advantage of the highly respected "third party logistics" in modern society
it can be seen that it is almost impossible for the three types of e-commerce to adopt the traditional purchase and sale mode of pick-up logistics, and take distribution as the ideal logistics mode
the "logistics bottleneck" of e-commerce
the bottleneck of e-commerce is one of the issues that we talk about a lot now. In fact, although many people call it the "bottleneck" for the problems of network security and online settlement, in fact,
online trading has made a revolutionary progress in "business flow". With the development of online trading based on the Internet, the trading time of commodities has reached the state of "equal to or close to zero" as Marx said. Online trading has made a great revolution in commodity trading, which not only shortens the time, but also accelerates the trading speed, Moreover, it can greatly rece the transaction cost of commercial transactions, especially for the commodities with weak personalization, and for the procts with strict varieties, specifications and quality standards that are proced according to standards in modern economy, it can realize all commercial transactions on the Internet. In this regard, the online transactions based on the Internet platform have great advantages. It should be pointed out that most personalized goods are means of life; Most of the standardized and mass-proced goods are means of proction. In other words, online transactions based on the Internet platform are more suitable for means of proction. As far as the types of e-commerce are concerned, this is BtoB type e-commerce
online trading is more suitable for BtoB, which does not mean that BtoC's online trading has no prospect. In fact, as far as basic consumers are concerned, personalized demand is only a part of their demand. This part can also obtain information from the network, carry out comparison, complete a certain degree of transaction negotiation, and effectively optimize and support the transaction activities of personalized goods. What's more, in the new century, the consumption habits of basic consumers will also change greatly, and the standardization and personalization of goods will also be effectively integrated. People may spend more time pursuing services, and strive to save the purchase time of goods, and obtain satisfaction through services rather than purchasing goods in person, In this case, the future of BtoC e-commerce is also very broad
therefore, online trading based on the Internet is a revolutionary development for commercial trading activities
e-commerce can not only be understood as online trading.
from the current theory and practice, the role of online trading in commodity trading has been widely recognized. However, online trading is only a part of e-commerce. As a complete e-commerce process, it is just like a complete commodity circulation process, It can be divided into four main parts: business flow, logistics, information flow and currency flow. Any commodity circulation process, including complete e-commerce, is also the process of realizing the "four flows". Now it seems that business flow, information flow and money flow can be effectively realized through the Internet, and the transfer of commodity ownership can be easily completed on the Internet. But after all, this is a "virtual" economic process. The final allocation of resources needs to be realized through the transfer of commodity entities. That is to say, although most of the problems of commodity circulation can be solved online, it can not solve the problem of "logistics". In a period of time, people's understanding of e-commerce has some deviation, thinking that online trading is e-commerce. The deviation of this understanding lies in: the online transaction has not completed the actual transfer of goods, only completed the transfer of "ownership certificate" of goods, and the more important transfer is the entity transfer of goods accompanied by the transfer of "ownership certificate". Only when this transfer is completed, the ownership of goods will eventually change. In the period of planned economy, the transfer depends on taking goods. In the condition of market economy, after the transformation of the market from seller's market to buyer's market, the transfer depends on distribution, which cannot be solved on the network. Therefore, online trading is equivalent to e-commerce, which is a kind of cognitive bias, which can easily lead e-commerce astray. According to this biased understanding to guide practice, it is inevitable that most of the e-commerce websites are facing difficulties, and even turn to self denial of e-commerce
it should be noted that some well-known companies in developed countries describe e-commerce as the network connection of enterprises, suppliers and users. This statement is undoubtedly correct for western developed countries. The reason is that western developed countries have established relatively perfect social circulation system and distribution service system in the course of decades of development. These systems can effectively use distribution service to realize the delivery of goods for the results of online transactions. Therefore, as long as the use of the Internet to achieve a "network connection", after things, there is a mature social distribution service system to solve. But in China, it doesn't work. In China, if the construction of e-commerce does not include the distribution service, it is impossible to complete a complete business activity. This is China's national condition, and it is our punishment for neglecting the construction of distribution system for decades
e-commerce is the proct of the integration of network economy and modern logistics
the network economy based on the Internet is the core of the "new economy". Online information transmission and management, online transactions and online settlement are all new economic operation modes relying on the Internet, which is also an important part of the network economy
distribution mode is also a core content of modern logistics, which can be said to be a comprehensive proct of modern market economic system, modern science and technology and systematic logistics thought. It is essentially different from the familiar "delivery". From the perspective of the new economy, distribution is an important part of the "zero inventory proction mode" which is regarded as the new proction mode in the new economy and the typical new economic form repeatedly mentioned in this paper: e-commerce and so on. Therefore, distribution should also be included in the system of the new economy. Of course, the significance of distribution for economic development is not only an important part of e-commerce, but also a strategic means of enterprise development. In the past ten or twenty years, it has developed from the general delivery used in history to the distribution supported by high technology as a strategic means of enterprise development. Many countries did not really realize this until the 1980s. A foreign article said, "in the past decade, this attitude and understanding have changed greatly. Enterprises generally recognize that distribution is the main part of business activities, it can create more profits for enterprises, and it is the means for enterprises to enhance their competitiveness
it can be seen that the new economic form of e-commerce is created by network economy and modern logistics, and is the proct of the integration of the two. If we express the connotation of e-commerce, we can put forward the following formula:
e-commerce = online information transfer + online transaction online settlement and distribution
a complete business activity must be organized through four flow processes, namely information flow, business flow, currency flow and logistics. The particularity of e-commerce lies in that information flow, business flow and money flow can be realized mainly on the Internet, which is the "mouse" summarized by people. The other half of e-commerce can not be realized on the Internet (it can be optimized by the network at most), which is the "wheel" summarized by people, that is, distribution. Therefore, e-commerce is equal to mouse and wheel, which is a popular explanation of the above formula
of course, the physical movement in line with online transactions does not rule out that in a certain period of time, we can also take the means of picking up goods and traditional delivery, especially in the start-up period and early stage of the new economy, it is an inevitable process to adopt various applicable economic means and management methods. This is not only for physical movement, but also includes supplementary or dominant information transmission and settlement outside the network. The above formula should be understood as an ideal or theoretical e-commerce formula< In another paper, the author points out that e-commerce is still a comprehensive concept, but there is no detailed understanding of e-commerce in economic circles. According to the principle of marketing, according to the different status and leading role of e-commerce buyers and sellers, it can be divided into three types:
the first type is the seller's e-commerce, which is called first party e-commerce
under the premise of buyer's market, the fundamental purpose of seller's e-commerce is to realize proct sales. Through e-commerce, strive for buyers, expand sales and occupy the market. E-commerce is a means of marketing and competition for sellers
the second is that the buyer does e-commerce, which is purchasing e-commerce, called second-party e-commerce
under the premise of buyer's market, the fundamental purpose of buyer's e-commerce is to realize supply through procurement, optimize the supply of the enterprise, rece supply cost, stabilize supply channel and establish supply chain
the third kind is the intermediary e-commerce, which is service-oriented e-commerce, called third-party e-commerce
this kind of e-commerce can be operated by brokers, intermediaries, people's organizations and even the government who communicate with buyers and sellers in the market, or by professional e-commerce enterprises. The main purpose of this e-commerce is to establish an e-commerce platform with equal operation between buyers and sellers, effectively communicate with buyers and sellers through social forces, rece the total transaction cost of society, and benefit both buyers and sellers and the society
obviously, in the first party e-commerce, under the premise of the buyer's market, the seller must take delivery or distribution as a means of service, so as to win over users and occupy the market. For B2B e-commerce, e to the large sales volume, it is feasible and common to adopt the traditional delivery method. However, for B2C e-commerce, if the traditional way of delivery is adopted, the cost of delivery will reach an unbearable level. In this case, it is necessary to adopt the way of delivery to rece the cost of logistics
the situation of second-party e-commerce is different. Under the premise of the buyer's market, the buyer's dominant position enables him not only to demand the service of delivering goods to the door, but also to obtain the service at a low cost. For the seller, this is a very cruel reality. No matter how large the buyer's purchase volume is, it is necessary to win over the buyer in this form of service. Although large-scale distribution mode is adopted as far as possible, it is very difficult to achieve this. In this case, traditional delivery is essential. Especially C2B e-commerce, traditional delivery is often used
third party e-commerce is the type of e-commerce that is most easily combined with distribution. Because it can co-ordinate the logistics of multiple users and suppliers, it is easy to integrate a larger circulation scale and achieve scale efficiency, thus creating conditions for the adoption of distribution mode. This is the advantage of the highly respected "third party logistics" in modern society
it can be seen that it is almost impossible for the three types of e-commerce to adopt the traditional purchase and sale mode of pick-up logistics, and take distribution as the ideal logistics mode
the "logistics bottleneck" of e-commerce
the bottleneck of e-commerce is one of the issues that we talk about a lot now. In fact, although many people call it the "bottleneck" for the problems of network security and online settlement, in fact,
8. No.20 steel belongs to low carbon steel. To reach hrc20-25, it is better to carburize or nitride first, then quench, and then temper at low temperature to eliminate stress. The effect of such heat treatment is that the surface is hard and the heart is soft
quenching specification: temperature 910 ℃ ± 10 ℃, 10% NaCl brine cooling
tempering specification: temperature 625 ℃ ± 25 ℃ for 1-2 hours
quenching specification: temperature 910 ℃ ± 10 ℃, 10% NaCl brine cooling
tempering specification: temperature 625 ℃ ± 25 ℃ for 1-2 hours
9. Medium carbon steel or alloy steel and many other grades of steel after heat treatment can meet the technical requirements and can be used as spindle materials.
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