Computer computing power first
Publish: 2021-04-25 14:54:55
1. When we use different computers to calculate pi, we will find that one computer's calculation is more accurate than the other. Or when we are playing a gunfight game, when a bullet hits the wall, a wall will peel off. The performance of the same scene on a computer may be very rigid and artificial; And on another computer, it will be very vivid, even close to what we see in reality
everything we have seen above comes from the "floating point operation function" added inside the CPU. Floating point operation ability is an important index of multimedia and 3D graphics processing related to CPU. There are only two floating-point execution units in P4, and one of them has to process FADD at the same time
everything we have seen above comes from the "floating point operation function" added inside the CPU. Floating point operation ability is an important index of multimedia and 3D graphics processing related to CPU. There are only two floating-point execution units in P4, and one of them has to process FADD at the same time
2. The history of computer
the birth and development of modern computer before the advent of modern computer, the development of computer has gone through three stages: mechanical computer, electromechanical computer and electronic computer
as early as the 17th century, a group of European mathematicians began to design and manufacture digital computers that perform basic operations in digital form. In 1642, Pascal, a French mathematician, made the earliest decimal adder by using a gear transmission similar to clocks and watches. In 1678, Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed a computer to further solve the multiplication and division of decimal numbers
British mathematician Babbage put forward an idea when he made the model of difference machine in 1822. One arithmetic operation at a time will develop into a certain complete operation process automatically. In 1884, Babbage designed a program-controlled universal analyzer. Although this analyzer has described the rudiment of the program control computer, it can not be realized e to the technical conditions at that time< During the more than 100 years since Babbage's idea was put forward, great progress has been made in electromagnetics, electrotechnics and electronics, and vacuum diodes and vacuum triodes have been successively invented in components and devices; In terms of system technology, wireless telegraph, television and radar were invented one after another. All these achievements have prepared technical and material conditions for the development of modern computer< At the same time, mathematics and physics are developing rapidly. In the 1930s, all fields of physics experienced the stage of quantification. The mathematical equations describing various physical processes, some of which were difficult to solve by classical analysis methods. As a result, numerical analysis has been paid attention to, and various numerical integration, numerical differentiation, and numerical solutions of differential equations have been developed. The calculation process has been reced to a huge amount of basic operations, thus laying the foundation of modern computer numerical algorithm
the urgent need for advanced computing tools in society is the fundamental driving force for the birth of modern computers. Since the 20th century, there have been a lot of computational difficulties in various fields of science and technology, which has hindered the further development of the discipline. Especially before and after the outbreak of the Second World War, the need for high-speed computing tools in military science and technology is particularly urgent. During this period, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom started the research of electromechanical computer and electronic computer almost at the same time<
Giuseppe in Germany was the first to use electrical components to make computers. The fully automatic relay computer Z-3, which he made in 1941, has the characteristics of modern computer, such as floating-point counting, binary operation, instruction form of digital storage address and so on. In the United States, the relay computers mark-1, mark-2, model-1, model-5 and so on were made successively from 1940 to 1947. However, the switching speed of the relay is about one hundredth of a second, which greatly limits the computing speed of the computer
the development process of electronic computer has experienced the evolution from making components to whole machine, from special machine to general machine, from "external program" to "stored program". In 1938, the Bulgarian American scholar atanasov first made the computing unit of the electronic computer. In 1943, the communications office of the British Foreign Office made the "giant" computer. This is a special cryptanalysis machine, which was used in the Second World War< In February 1946, ENIAC, a large-scale electronic digital integrator computer, was developed by Moore College of the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. At first, ENIAC was also specially used for artillery trajectory calculation. Later, it was improved many times and became a general-purpose computer capable of various scientific calculations. This computer, which uses electronic circuit to perform arithmetic operation, logic operation and information storage, is 1000 times faster than relay computer. This is the first electronic computer in the world. However, the program of this kind of computer is still external, the storage capacity is too small, and it has not fully possessed the main characteristics of modern computer
the new breakthrough was completed by a design team led by mathematician von Neumann. In March 1945, they published a new general electronic computer scheme of stored program - electronic discrete variable automatic computer (EDVAC). Then in June 1946, von Neumann and others put forward a more perfect design report "preliminary study on the logical structure of electronic computer devices". From July to August of the same year, they taught a special course "theory and technology of electronic computer design" for experts from more than 20 institutions in the United States and Britain at Moore college, which promoted the design and manufacture of stored program computers< In 1949, the Mathematics Laboratory of Cambridge University in England took the lead in making EDSAC; The United States made the eastern standard automatic computer (SFAC) in 1950. At this point, the embryonic period of the development of electronic computer came to an end, and the development period of modern computer began
at the same time of creating digital computer, we also developed another kind of important computing tool analog computer. When physicists summarize the laws of nature, they often use mathematical equations to describe a process; On the contrary, the process of solving mathematical equations may also adopt the physical process simulation method. After the invention of logarithm, the slide rule made in 1620 has changed multiplication and division into addition and subtraction for calculation. Maxwell skillfully transformed the calculation of integral (area) into the measurement of length, and made the integrator in 1855< Fourier analysis, another great achievement of mathematical physics in the 19th century, played a direct role in promoting the development of simulators. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, a variety of analytical machines for calculating Fourier coefficients and differential equations were developed. However, when trying to popularize the differential analysis machine to solve partial differential equations and use the simulator to solve general scientific calculation problems, people graally realize the limitations of the simulator in the aspects of universality and accuracy, and turn their main energy to the digital computer
after the advent of electronic digital computer, analog computer still continues to develop, and hybrid computer is proced by combining with digital computer. Simulators and mixers have become special varieties of modern computers, that is, efficient information processing tools or simulation tools used in specific fields
since the middle of the 20th century, the computer has been in a period of high-speed development. The computer has developed from a hardware only system to a computer system which includes three subsystems: hardware, software and firmware. The performance price ratio of computer system is increased by two orders of magnitude every 10 years. The types of computers have been divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, general-purpose computers (including giant, large and medium-sized computers), and various special computers (such as various control computers and analog-to-digital hybrid computers)
computer devices, from electron tubes to transistors, from discrete components to integrated circuits to microprocessors, have made three leaps in the development of computers< In the period of electron tube computer (1946-1959), computers were mainly used for scientific calculation. Main memory is the main factor that determines the appearance of computer technology. At that time, the main memory included mercury delay line memory, cathode ray oscilloscope electrostatic memory, magnetic drum and magnetic core memory, which were usually used to classify computers.
the birth and development of modern computer before the advent of modern computer, the development of computer has gone through three stages: mechanical computer, electromechanical computer and electronic computer
as early as the 17th century, a group of European mathematicians began to design and manufacture digital computers that perform basic operations in digital form. In 1642, Pascal, a French mathematician, made the earliest decimal adder by using a gear transmission similar to clocks and watches. In 1678, Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed a computer to further solve the multiplication and division of decimal numbers
British mathematician Babbage put forward an idea when he made the model of difference machine in 1822. One arithmetic operation at a time will develop into a certain complete operation process automatically. In 1884, Babbage designed a program-controlled universal analyzer. Although this analyzer has described the rudiment of the program control computer, it can not be realized e to the technical conditions at that time< During the more than 100 years since Babbage's idea was put forward, great progress has been made in electromagnetics, electrotechnics and electronics, and vacuum diodes and vacuum triodes have been successively invented in components and devices; In terms of system technology, wireless telegraph, television and radar were invented one after another. All these achievements have prepared technical and material conditions for the development of modern computer< At the same time, mathematics and physics are developing rapidly. In the 1930s, all fields of physics experienced the stage of quantification. The mathematical equations describing various physical processes, some of which were difficult to solve by classical analysis methods. As a result, numerical analysis has been paid attention to, and various numerical integration, numerical differentiation, and numerical solutions of differential equations have been developed. The calculation process has been reced to a huge amount of basic operations, thus laying the foundation of modern computer numerical algorithm
the urgent need for advanced computing tools in society is the fundamental driving force for the birth of modern computers. Since the 20th century, there have been a lot of computational difficulties in various fields of science and technology, which has hindered the further development of the discipline. Especially before and after the outbreak of the Second World War, the need for high-speed computing tools in military science and technology is particularly urgent. During this period, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom started the research of electromechanical computer and electronic computer almost at the same time<
Giuseppe in Germany was the first to use electrical components to make computers. The fully automatic relay computer Z-3, which he made in 1941, has the characteristics of modern computer, such as floating-point counting, binary operation, instruction form of digital storage address and so on. In the United States, the relay computers mark-1, mark-2, model-1, model-5 and so on were made successively from 1940 to 1947. However, the switching speed of the relay is about one hundredth of a second, which greatly limits the computing speed of the computer
the development process of electronic computer has experienced the evolution from making components to whole machine, from special machine to general machine, from "external program" to "stored program". In 1938, the Bulgarian American scholar atanasov first made the computing unit of the electronic computer. In 1943, the communications office of the British Foreign Office made the "giant" computer. This is a special cryptanalysis machine, which was used in the Second World War< In February 1946, ENIAC, a large-scale electronic digital integrator computer, was developed by Moore College of the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. At first, ENIAC was also specially used for artillery trajectory calculation. Later, it was improved many times and became a general-purpose computer capable of various scientific calculations. This computer, which uses electronic circuit to perform arithmetic operation, logic operation and information storage, is 1000 times faster than relay computer. This is the first electronic computer in the world. However, the program of this kind of computer is still external, the storage capacity is too small, and it has not fully possessed the main characteristics of modern computer
the new breakthrough was completed by a design team led by mathematician von Neumann. In March 1945, they published a new general electronic computer scheme of stored program - electronic discrete variable automatic computer (EDVAC). Then in June 1946, von Neumann and others put forward a more perfect design report "preliminary study on the logical structure of electronic computer devices". From July to August of the same year, they taught a special course "theory and technology of electronic computer design" for experts from more than 20 institutions in the United States and Britain at Moore college, which promoted the design and manufacture of stored program computers< In 1949, the Mathematics Laboratory of Cambridge University in England took the lead in making EDSAC; The United States made the eastern standard automatic computer (SFAC) in 1950. At this point, the embryonic period of the development of electronic computer came to an end, and the development period of modern computer began
at the same time of creating digital computer, we also developed another kind of important computing tool analog computer. When physicists summarize the laws of nature, they often use mathematical equations to describe a process; On the contrary, the process of solving mathematical equations may also adopt the physical process simulation method. After the invention of logarithm, the slide rule made in 1620 has changed multiplication and division into addition and subtraction for calculation. Maxwell skillfully transformed the calculation of integral (area) into the measurement of length, and made the integrator in 1855< Fourier analysis, another great achievement of mathematical physics in the 19th century, played a direct role in promoting the development of simulators. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, a variety of analytical machines for calculating Fourier coefficients and differential equations were developed. However, when trying to popularize the differential analysis machine to solve partial differential equations and use the simulator to solve general scientific calculation problems, people graally realize the limitations of the simulator in the aspects of universality and accuracy, and turn their main energy to the digital computer
after the advent of electronic digital computer, analog computer still continues to develop, and hybrid computer is proced by combining with digital computer. Simulators and mixers have become special varieties of modern computers, that is, efficient information processing tools or simulation tools used in specific fields
since the middle of the 20th century, the computer has been in a period of high-speed development. The computer has developed from a hardware only system to a computer system which includes three subsystems: hardware, software and firmware. The performance price ratio of computer system is increased by two orders of magnitude every 10 years. The types of computers have been divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, general-purpose computers (including giant, large and medium-sized computers), and various special computers (such as various control computers and analog-to-digital hybrid computers)
computer devices, from electron tubes to transistors, from discrete components to integrated circuits to microprocessors, have made three leaps in the development of computers< In the period of electron tube computer (1946-1959), computers were mainly used for scientific calculation. Main memory is the main factor that determines the appearance of computer technology. At that time, the main memory included mercury delay line memory, cathode ray oscilloscope electrostatic memory, magnetic drum and magnetic core memory, which were usually used to classify computers.
3. CPU frequency is actually a camouflage data, the previous Pentium 4 is an example, single core high frequency, energy consumption Tiankeng! Multi core processing is now the king, multi task processing capacity, with graphics card GPU auxiliary, 22nm, 32nm, 45nm process, represents the potential of energy saving and performance. CPU's two-level cache and three-level cache represent the opening ability of high-speed channels. In the case of high computing power and low channel, what level can't be reached? Lga1355 and other architectures represent the foresight of the whole CPU, and the computing power is not frequency visible.... High frequency, can only say that the front-end appearance is good, depends on the number of cores, technology level and two or three level cache to see if it is enough, you did not say a few cores, let alone what model, this is not the standard! There is no answer to this question!
4. < UL >
the system is unstable e to high temperature. Please check if there is any problem in the heat dissipation of CPU, graphics card, memory, hard disk, motherboard, etc. When checking the above components, check whether there is a problem of false soldering of electronic components or circuits, which makes the system unstable at high temperature, and confirm again whether it is a problem of display or power supply
graphics card driver, the computer has a common feature when running software, that is, the screen resolution will be switched, if you use 1024 × 768 resolution, when running some large software, it is easy to switch to a lower resolution. If there is a problem with the driver of the graphics card, it is likely that there will be a failure when switching the resolution, resulting in the computer black screen. The problem can be solved after updating the driver of the graphics card
the version of DirectX is too low. If the version of DirectX is too low, the problem of black screen can be solved by installing the graphics card driver and the latest version of DirectX program
5. Blockchain is a basic technology of virtual currency. Its significance lies in being open, fair and tamperable, just like a public account book
6.
The world's first general-purpose computer "ENIAC" was born in the University of Pennsylvania on February 14, 1946. The inventors are American mokley and Eckert
the first computer was a giant, which used 18000 electron tubes, covered an area of 170 square meters, weighed 30 tons, consumed about 150 kW of power, and could perform 5000 operations per second, which was insignificant now, but it was unprecedented at that time. ENIAC is also known as electron tube computer, which is the first generation of computer. Electron tube computer because of the use of electron tube volume, power consumption, easy to heat, so the working time can not be too long
Extended data:ENIAC was born ring World War II. It was initially used as a tool to assist artillery to calculate the trajectory of artillery shells. It was manufactured one year before the Allied forces landed in Western Europe, but it was not completed until the cease-fire in 1945. In the early days of the cold war, the military discovered a large number of uses of ENIAC. Its 17468 vacuum tubes were used to test the feasibility of the early design of hydrogen bombs. The computer could execute 5000 instructions per second, which was 1000 times faster than an electric computer at that time
References: Network - first generation computers
7. In 1946, the first electronic computer appeared in the world. Today, it has been more than 30 years. In this short time, it has made great progress. The computing power of ordinary computers has reached 40 million times per second, faster than the speed of calculation and abacus
Why do computers work so fast
because the arithmetic unit and controller in the electronic computer are composed of bistable circuit and various "gate" circuits; In other words, they are calculated by using the high-speed transmission characteristics of electricity. We know that the transmission speed of electricity is 300000 kilometers per second, which is very fast. Therefore, the computing speed of the electronic computer is very fast< Secondly, the operation of electronic computer is very simple. No matter how complicated the problem is, as long as the personnel design the calculation program in advance and send the calculation program together with the original data to the computer, it can automatically calculate the original data step by step according to the manual program. Each operation is very simple. For example, to add, you only need to do 1 + 1 = 10, 1 + 0 = 1, 0 + 1 = 1, 0 + 0 = 0. There are only four cases (subtraction, multiplication and division are the same). Such a simple calculation, primary school students can quickly work out. Because the calculation is simple, the arithmetic unit can also be very simple; In other words, the bistable circuit and "gate" circuit are needed less, and the electronic path is also less, which makes the operation speed faster.
Why do computers work so fast
because the arithmetic unit and controller in the electronic computer are composed of bistable circuit and various "gate" circuits; In other words, they are calculated by using the high-speed transmission characteristics of electricity. We know that the transmission speed of electricity is 300000 kilometers per second, which is very fast. Therefore, the computing speed of the electronic computer is very fast< Secondly, the operation of electronic computer is very simple. No matter how complicated the problem is, as long as the personnel design the calculation program in advance and send the calculation program together with the original data to the computer, it can automatically calculate the original data step by step according to the manual program. Each operation is very simple. For example, to add, you only need to do 1 + 1 = 10, 1 + 0 = 1, 0 + 1 = 1, 0 + 0 = 0. There are only four cases (subtraction, multiplication and division are the same). Such a simple calculation, primary school students can quickly work out. Because the calculation is simple, the arithmetic unit can also be very simple; In other words, the bistable circuit and "gate" circuit are needed less, and the electronic path is also less, which makes the operation speed faster.
8. First of all, it's easy to say that the boss scorched earth lion scorpion can also brush the energy board. This thing has been strengthened and become handsome. Ha ha, it needs 6 players and 6 Tyrannosaurus Rex. Each player should have a lucky suit and water. In fact, water is very important. Later, it will be said that doping is also needed to prevent mistakes. In the first picture, I quickly dismount the dragon, and then blow t to pull a Tyrannosaurus Rex to the side.
at this time, the camera is the character's perspective. I must give the boss a wave of purple sticky poison bullets, which will add a lot of vertigo. At this time, I will take stimulants. I don't know if too many stimulants will lose water like ginkgo, However, we should be able to do so at this time.
when we all ride the Tyrannosaurus Rex, we can walk and try not to go to the purple poisonous fog. Vertigo is added to Tyrannosaurus Rex. When the boss doesn't attack, it's the card owner, and then you have to pay attention to the sand bug, because it will repel the Tyrannosaurus Rex, so you keep inserting it into the boss. If you don't have the card owner, you have to repeat the above steps. When you see the stone man, it means that you are going to succeed. Don't worry about the stone man's biting. After playing the boss, you must dismount the dragon and pull the Tyrannosaurus Rex away from the corpse of the boss. There is a high probability that if you don't dismount the dragon, the Tyrannosaurus Rex will die.
the lion scorpion boss Tyrannosaurus rex has a 700 attack on 6, which is relatively simple.
next, a gorilla is very simple. Prepare a Tyrannosaurus Rex, a Velociraptor, or you are confident that you can reach the boss with high speed, Before going in, the overlord's head was pasted with 400c4. The characters put on their sweaters. It was really cold inside., The boss is responsible for leading the spider to the Tyrannosaurus Rex. The unlocked person rides on the Tyrannosaurus Rex, but the Tyrannosaurus Rex rider doesn't need the remote control. He thinks that you are likely to be lost by the boss in seconds, so he can ask another person to detonate it. It's better not to look at the picture when it explodes, because it's bloody to turn the camera (in fact, the memory will explode, and it's easy to drop the line), It's OK for this main team to cooperate well, and it's also important to consider the server delay, so that spiders can damage Tyrannosaurus Rex, and it's not too late to blow it up.
then let's talk about the next spider boss. It's very easy for the boss to get stuck. Tyrannosaurus Rex can go without adding blood. More than 10 people and more than 10 Tyrannosaurus Rex can kill it if they attack 800 or so, I'm playing PVE. If I find that it's a little bit worse than blood, if I can't get through it, I'll take the RPG tribe to fight against spiders in advance. I think the PVE mechanism won't hit things that are not with my own tribe, so I don't worry. Only one or two can get down, not too much, or the boss will be embarrassed if he doesn't have a card owner.
the difficult star above has been changed, and the amount of blood has increased. It needs 500 c4sorry
and there are still many left. After all, the fire dragon who is easy to roll over is the most difficult to fight, because spiders can pass as long as you have enough T-Rex attack, Gorilla as long as the normal server does not delay very stable, but the fire dragon is not the same, fireball seconds kill the rider, extremely difficult to card the owner's position. And it's a great test of the team's execution. You should obey the command.
fire breathing dragon, first of all, you can wear lucky clothes, about seven people can pass. Of course, you should cooperate with Tyrannosaurus Rex and whole blood. You think it's easy to have no card owner, and you need blood. When you land on the card next time, the magma of the boss field can step on, and there is not a lot of blood. After you go in, the dragon will quickly pull away, The first person who goes in can hold the hatred. Anyway, you can't stop running before landing. When a person is sprayed on the fireball, you can GG. When it hits the ground and gets stuck, the T-Rex's head up is to pull up the angle of view. Don't bite before it doesn't have to bite. If it can't fly off at the next take-off, it's OK. Don't move after the card owner, because you don't know who is the T-Rex card owner
at this time, the camera is the character's perspective. I must give the boss a wave of purple sticky poison bullets, which will add a lot of vertigo. At this time, I will take stimulants. I don't know if too many stimulants will lose water like ginkgo, However, we should be able to do so at this time.
when we all ride the Tyrannosaurus Rex, we can walk and try not to go to the purple poisonous fog. Vertigo is added to Tyrannosaurus Rex. When the boss doesn't attack, it's the card owner, and then you have to pay attention to the sand bug, because it will repel the Tyrannosaurus Rex, so you keep inserting it into the boss. If you don't have the card owner, you have to repeat the above steps. When you see the stone man, it means that you are going to succeed. Don't worry about the stone man's biting. After playing the boss, you must dismount the dragon and pull the Tyrannosaurus Rex away from the corpse of the boss. There is a high probability that if you don't dismount the dragon, the Tyrannosaurus Rex will die.
the lion scorpion boss Tyrannosaurus rex has a 700 attack on 6, which is relatively simple.
next, a gorilla is very simple. Prepare a Tyrannosaurus Rex, a Velociraptor, or you are confident that you can reach the boss with high speed, Before going in, the overlord's head was pasted with 400c4. The characters put on their sweaters. It was really cold inside., The boss is responsible for leading the spider to the Tyrannosaurus Rex. The unlocked person rides on the Tyrannosaurus Rex, but the Tyrannosaurus Rex rider doesn't need the remote control. He thinks that you are likely to be lost by the boss in seconds, so he can ask another person to detonate it. It's better not to look at the picture when it explodes, because it's bloody to turn the camera (in fact, the memory will explode, and it's easy to drop the line), It's OK for this main team to cooperate well, and it's also important to consider the server delay, so that spiders can damage Tyrannosaurus Rex, and it's not too late to blow it up.
then let's talk about the next spider boss. It's very easy for the boss to get stuck. Tyrannosaurus Rex can go without adding blood. More than 10 people and more than 10 Tyrannosaurus Rex can kill it if they attack 800 or so, I'm playing PVE. If I find that it's a little bit worse than blood, if I can't get through it, I'll take the RPG tribe to fight against spiders in advance. I think the PVE mechanism won't hit things that are not with my own tribe, so I don't worry. Only one or two can get down, not too much, or the boss will be embarrassed if he doesn't have a card owner.
the difficult star above has been changed, and the amount of blood has increased. It needs 500 c4sorry
and there are still many left. After all, the fire dragon who is easy to roll over is the most difficult to fight, because spiders can pass as long as you have enough T-Rex attack, Gorilla as long as the normal server does not delay very stable, but the fire dragon is not the same, fireball seconds kill the rider, extremely difficult to card the owner's position. And it's a great test of the team's execution. You should obey the command.
fire breathing dragon, first of all, you can wear lucky clothes, about seven people can pass. Of course, you should cooperate with Tyrannosaurus Rex and whole blood. You think it's easy to have no card owner, and you need blood. When you land on the card next time, the magma of the boss field can step on, and there is not a lot of blood. After you go in, the dragon will quickly pull away, The first person who goes in can hold the hatred. Anyway, you can't stop running before landing. When a person is sprayed on the fireball, you can GG. When it hits the ground and gets stuck, the T-Rex's head up is to pull up the angle of view. Don't bite before it doesn't have to bite. If it can't fly off at the next take-off, it's OK. Don't move after the card owner, because you don't know who is the T-Rex card owner
9. I am in the CDC. When there is no outbreak, the CDC works very regularly compared with the hospital. You can have a normal rest on weekends and holidays. There is no night shift, and you will get off work on time. There is almost no overtime. But the disadvantage is that in addition to a big discount in income compared with the hospital, your clinical professional level will hardly go up, because of the physical examination, Just follow the rules. Nothing else.
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