How to check your CPU power

6.

Data: the physical symbols or the combination of these physical symbols that record the nature, state and relationship of objective things, also include numerical data and non numerical data

information is another form of data after data processing, which affects the behavior of the receiver to some extent. It has objectivity, subjectivity and usefulness

The relationship between data and information: information is the meaning of data and data is the carrier of information

< H2 > extended data:

data are numerical values, that is, the results obtained by observation, experiment or calculation. There are many kinds of data, the simplest of which is numbers. Data can also be text, image, sound, etc. Data can be used for scientific research, design, verification, etc

information refers to the objects transmitted and processed by audio, message and communication systems, and generally refers to all the contents transmitted by human society. By obtaining and identifying different information of nature and society, people can distinguish different things and understand and transform the world. In all communication and control systems, information is a form of universal connection

In 1948, the mathematician Shannon pointed out in his paper entitled "mathematical theory of communication" that "information is used to eliminate random uncertainty". Information is the most basic universal unit to create all things in the universe

7. Before we know how CPU works, let's talk about how CPU is proced. The CPU is made of very pure silicon. A CPU chip contains millions of smart transistors. Transistors are chemically etched or photolithographed on a silicon chip the size of a fingernail. Therefore, in this sense, CPU is composed of transistors. In short, transistors are micro electronic switches. They are the cornerstone of building CPU. You can think of a transistor as an electric light switch. They have an operation bit, representing two states: on and off. This on and off is equivalent to the transistor on and off, and these two states just correspond to the basic binary state "0" and "1"! In this way, the computer has the ability to process information

but don't think that the principle of transistors with simple "0" and "1" states is very simple. In fact, their development has been achieved through years of hard research by scientists. Before transistors, computers relied on slow, inefficient vacuum tubes and mechanical switches to process information. Later, researchers put two transistors in a silicon crystal, creating the first integrated circuit, and then the microprocessor

seeing this, you must wonder how transistors use "0" and "1" to execute instructions and process data? In fact, all electronic devices have their own circuits and switches. The flow or disconnection of electrons in the circuit is completely controlled by the switch. If you set the switch to off, the electrons will stop flowing. If you set it to on again, the electrons will continue to flow. The switch between on and off of transistor is only controlled by electronic signal. We can call transistor binary device. In this way, the on state of the transistor is represented by "1", while the off state is represented by "0", which can form the simplest binary number. The special order and pattern of "1" and "0" proced by many transistors can represent different situations, which are defined as letters, numbers, colors and graphics. For example, 1 in decimal is also "1" in binary mode, 2 is "10" in binary mode, 3 is "11", 4 is "100", 5 is "101", 6 is "110", and so on. This constitutes the binary language and data used in computer work. Groups of transistors can be combined to store numerical values, as well as perform logical and numerical operations. With the control of quartz clock, transistor groups perform their functions synchronously like a complex machine<

internal structure of CPU

now we have a general idea of what CPU is responsible for, but which components are responsible for processing data and executing programs< Alu (arithmetic logic unit)
Alu is the core of arithmetic unit. It is a circuit based on full adder, supplemented by shift register and corresponding control logic. Under the action of control signal, it can complete four arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and various logic operations. As mentioned just now, this is equivalent to the proction line in the factory, which is responsible for calculating data< In fact, RS (register set or registers)
is the place where data is temporarily stored in CPU, which holds the data waiting to be processed or processed. The CPU needs less time to access registers than memory. The use of registers can rece the number of CPU access to memory, thus improving the CPU speed. However, e to the limitation of chip area and integration, the capacity of register group can not be very large. Register group can be divided into special register and general register. The function of special register is fixed, which stores the corresponding data separately. General purpose registers are widely used and can be specified by programmers. The number of general purpose registers varies from microprocessor to microprocessor

3. Just like the Logistics Distribution Department of a factory, the control unit is the command and control center of the whole CPU, which is composed of instruction register (IR), instruction decoder (ID) and operation controller (0C). It is very important to coordinate the orderly work of the whole computer. According to the user's pre programmed program, it takes out each instruction from the memory in turn, puts it in the instruction register IR, determines what operation should be carried out through instruction decoding (analysis), and then sends the micro operation control signal to the corresponding components according to the determined timing through the operation controller OC. The operation controller OC mainly includes beat pulse generator, control matrix, clock pulse generator, reset circuit, start stop circuit and other control logic

4. Bus (bus)
is like the communication channel between various parts of a factory. Bus is actually a group of wires, a collection of various common signal wires, which is used as the "highway" for all components of the computer to transmit information. The bus directly connected with CPU can be called local bus. It includes data bus dB, address bus AB and control bus CB. The data bus is used to transmit data information; The address bus is used to transmit the address information sent by CPU; Control bus is used to transmit control signal, timing signal and status information<

CPU workflow

the CPU composed of transistors is the core of processing data and executing programs, and its English full name is: central processing unit, or central processing unit. Firstly, the internal structure of CPU can be divided into control unit, logic operation unit and storage unit (including internal bus and buffer). The working principle of CPU is like a factory's processing of procts: the raw materials (program instructions) entering the factory are sent to the proction line (logic operation unit) through the scheling and distribution of the material Distribution Department (control unit), and the finished procts (processed data) are proced and then stored in the warehouse (storage unit), and finally waiting to be sold on the market (for the application program to use). In this process, we notice that the CPU starts the formal work from the control unit, and the intermediate process is to carry out the operation processing through the logic operation unit, and then to the storage unit to represent the end of the work

operation of data and instructions in CPU

we have just introced the components and basic principles of CPU. Now, let's see how data runs in CPU. We know that data flows through the memory from the input device, waiting for CPU processing. The information to be processed is stored by byte, that is, 8-bit binary number or 8-bit as a unit. The information can be data or instructions. Data can be binary characters, numbers or colors, etc. Instructions tell the CPU what to do with the data, such as adding, subtracting, or shifting

we assume that the data in memory is the simplest raw data. First, the instruction pointer will inform the CPU to place the instruction to be executed in the memory. Because each memory unit in memory has a number (called address), the data can be taken out according to these addresses and sent to the control unit through the address bus. The instruction decoder takes the instruction from the instruction register IR and translates it into the form that can be executed by the CPU, and then decides what necessary operations are needed to complete the instruction. It will tell the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) when to calculate, Tell the instruction reader when to get the value, tell the instruction decoder when to translate the instruction, and so on

if the data is sent to the arithmetic logic unit, the data will perform the arithmetic operations and other operations specified in the instruction. When the data is processed, it will return to the register and continue to run through different instructions or send it to the data buffer through DB bus

basically, CPU performs three basic tasks: reading data, processing data and writing data to memory. But in general, an instruction can contain many operations executed in a clear order. The CPU's job is to execute these instructions. After completing an instruction, the CPU's control unit will tell the instruction reader to read the next instruction from the memory to execute. This process repeats itself quickly, executing one instruction after another quickly, procing the results you see on the monitor. It is easy for us to think that while processing so many instructions and data, e to the time difference of data transfer and CPU processing, chaotic processing will certainly occur. In order to ensure that every operation happens on time, the CPU needs a clock, which controls every action executed by the CPU. Clock is like a metronome, it keeps sending out pulses to determine the CPU's pace and processing time, which is known as the nominal speed of CPU, also known as the main frequency. The higher the dominant frequency is, the faster the CPU works

how to improve CPU efficiency

since the main work of CPU is to execute instructions and process data, then efficiency will become the main content of CPU. Therefore, CPU manufacturers also try their best to make CPU process data faster

according to the internal operation structure of CPU, some manufacturers add another arithmetic logic unit (ALU) or set another floating point unit (FPU) to process very large and very small data, which greatly speeds up the speed of data operation

in terms of execution efficiency, some manufacturers improve the execution speed of instructions by pipeline or almost parallel operation. Just now we mentioned that the execution of instructions requires many independent operations, such as fetching instructions and decoding. At first, the CPU must complete the previous instruction before executing the next instruction. Now, the distributed circuits perform their own operations. In other words, when this part of the circuit completed a work, the second work immediately occupied the circuit, which greatly increased the efficiency of execution

in addition, in order to make the connection between instructions more accurate, today's CPU usually uses a variety of prediction methods to control the execution of instructions more efficiently.