Decentralized transformation

4.

David Su, founder of Columbus cat project and core developer. Geek genius, Hefei University of technology, postgraate suspension, blockchain bottom developer, participation in Neo HPB and other community development work

5. Haier is now building a borderless platform model. Decentralization and borderless is the performance of Haier's strategy. Since 2005, Haier has been innovating its organizational structure, introcing the form of "independent business entity", breaking the organizational boundary and taking the road of platform transformation. Centralize the vertical structure of the organization, abolish the bureaucracy, and establish a self driving and sharing platform mechanism among departments and processes. The significance of this improvement lies in connecting more than two supply and demand sides through the unbounded way of thinking, creating a huge potential value

management ideas and models that are worth learning

6. hey. Energy is the material basis of human activities. In a sense, the development of human society is inseparable from the emergence of high-quality energy and the use of advanced energy technology. In today's world, the development of energy, energy and environment are issues of common concern to the whole world and mankind, as well as important issues of China's social and economic development“ In the past, people seldom talked about the term "energy". It was the two oil crises that made it a hot topic. Energy is the most basic driving force for the development and economic growth of the whole world and the basis for human survival. Since the instrial revolution, the problem of energy security has appeared. With the rapid development of global economy, international energy security has risen to the national level, and all countries have formulated energy policies with energy supply security as the core. In the next two decades, with the support of stable energy supply, the world economy has achieved great growth. However, while enjoying the benefits of economic development and scientific and technological progress brought by energy, human beings also encounter a series of unavoidable energy security challenges. Energy shortage, resource competition and environmental pollution caused by excessive use of energy threaten human survival and development. So what is "energy"? There are about 20 definitions of energy. For example: "science and technology network book" says: "energy is the resources from which heat, light and power can be obtained" "Energy is a term that includes all fuels, running water, sunlight and wind. With appropriate conversion means, human beings can make it provide the energy they need," the British Internet book said "In all kinds of proction activities, we use heat energy, mechanical energy, light energy and electric energy to do work, which can be used as various carriers in nature as these energy sources, which are called energy sources," said the great network Encyclopedia of Japan; China's energy network encyclopedia says: "energy is a kind of energy carrier resource that can directly or through conversion provide any form of energy, such as light, heat, power, etc., needed by human beings." It can be seen that energy is a source of energy in various forms and can be converted to each other. To be exact and simple, energy is the material resource in nature that can provide some form of energy for human beings. Generally, all kinds of sources that can be used by human beings to obtain useful energy can be called energy. Energy is also called energy resource or energy resource. It refers to all kinds of energy (such as heat, electric energy, light energy and mechanical energy) or materials that can do work. It refers to all kinds of resources that can obtain useful energy directly or through processing and conversion, including primary energy such as coal, crude oil, natural gas, coalbed methane, water energy, nuclear energy, wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, secondary energy such as electric power, heat, refined oil, and other new energy and renewable energy. There are many kinds of classified energy, and through the continuous development and research of human beings, more new energy has begun to meet the needs of human beings. According to different ways of division, energy can also be divided into different types. 1. According to the source, it can be divided into three categories: the energy contained in the earth itself usually refers to the energy related to the heat energy inside the earth and the energy related to the nuclear reaction. ① Energy (mainly solar energy) from celestial bodies outside the earth. In addition to direct radiation, it also provides the basis for the generation of wind energy, water energy, bioenergy and mineral energy. Most of the energy needed by human beings comes directly or indirectly from the sun. It is plants that convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis and store it in plants. Coal, oil, natural gas and other fossil fuels are also formed by ancient buried plants and animals after a long geological period. They are essentially solar energy fixed by ancient creatures. In addition, water energy, wind energy, wave energy and ocean current energy are all converted from solar energy. ② The energy of the earth itself. Such as nuclear energy, geothermal energy, etc. ③ The energy proced by the interaction between the earth and other celestial bodies. Such as tidal energy. The magma from hot springs and volcanic eruptions is the manifestation of geothermal energy. The earth can be divided into three layers: crust, mantle and core. It is a large heat reservoir. The earth's crust is a layer on the earth's surface, generally ranging in thickness from a few kilometers to 70 kilometers. Beneath the crust is the mantle, which is mostly molten magma with a thickness of 2900 km. Volcanic eruption is usually the eruption of this part of magma. The interior of the earth is the core, and the temperature of the core center is 2000 degrees. It can be seen that the geothermal resources on the earth are also very large. 2. According to the basic form of energy, there are primary energy and secondary energy. The former is natural energy, refers to the existing energy in nature, such as coal, oil, natural gas, water and so on. The latter refers to energy procts converted from primary energy processing, such as electricity, gas, steam and various petroleum procts. Primary energy is divided into renewable energy (water energy, wind energy and biomass energy) and non renewable energy (coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, etc.). According to the way of proction, it can be divided into primary energy (natural energy) and secondary energy (artificial energy). Primary energy refers to the energy resources that exist in nature in natural form and have not been processed or converted. Primary energy includes renewable water resources and non renewable coal, oil and natural gas resources. Three kinds of energy, including water, oil and natural gas, are the core of primary energy and become the basis of global energy; In addition, renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, biological energy and nuclear energy are also included in the scope of primary energy; Secondary energy refers to the energy resources directly or indirectly converted from primary energy into other types and forms, such as electricity, gas, gasoline, diesel, coke, clean coal, laser and biogas. 3. According to the nature of energy, there are fuel energy (coal, oil, natural gas, peat, wood) and non fuel energy (water energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy). People use energy other than their own physical strength from the beginning of fire, the earliest fuel is wood, and then use a variety of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, natural gas, peat and so on. Now we are studying the use of solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, tidal energy and other new energy. At present, the consumption of fossil fuels is very large, but the reserves of these fuels on the earth are limited. In the future, uranium and thorium will provide most of the energy needed by the world. Once the technical problems of controlling nuclear fusion are solved, human beings will actually get endless energy. 4. According to whether energy consumption causes environmental pollution, it can be divided into polluting energy and clean energy. Polluting energy includes coal, oil, etc., while clean energy includes hydropower, electric power, solar energy, wind energy and nuclear energy, etc. 5. According to the type of energy use, it can be divided into conventional energy and new energy. Conventional energy includes renewable water resources and non renewable coal, oil, natural gas and other resources in primary energy. New energy is relative to conventional energy, including solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, bioenergy and nuclear fuel for nuclear power generation. Because the energy density of new energy is small, or the grade is low, or there is intermittent, the economy of conversion and utilization according to the existing technical conditions is still poor, and it is still in the stage of research and development, so it can only be developed and utilized according to local conditions; But most of the new energy is renewable energy. Rich in resources and widely distributed, it is one of the main energy sources in the future. 6. People usually classify energy according to its morphological characteristics or the level of conversion and application. The energy types recommended by the world energy commission are: solid fuel, liquid fuel, gas fuel, water energy, electric energy, solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, ocean energy and geothermal energy. Among them, the first three types are collectively referred to as fossil fuels or fossil energy. The above-mentioned energy, which has been recognized by human beings, can be converted into some form of energy that people need under certain conditions. For example, firewood and coal can be heated to a certain temperature, and they can be combined with oxygen in the air to release a lot of heat. We can use heat for heating, cooking or refrigeration. We can also use heat to generate steam, which drives the steam turbine and turns the heat energy into mechanical energy; The steam turbine can also be used to drive the generator to change the mechanical energy into electrical energy; If electricity is sent to factories, enterprises, government agencies, farming, pastoral areas and households, it can be converted into mechanical energy, light energy or heat energy. 7. Commodity energy and non commodity energy, such as coal, oil, natural gas and electricity, are commodity energy. International statistics are limited to commodity energy. Non commercial energy mainly refers to firewood and crop resies (straw, etc.). In 1975, the world's non commercial energy was about 0.6 TWA, equivalent to 600 million tons of standard coal. It is estimated that China's non commercial energy in 1979 was about 290 million tons of standard coal. 8. Renewable energy and non renewable energy, people further classify primary energy. The energy that can be continuously supplemented or regenerated in a short period is called renewable energy, otherwise it is called non renewable energy. Wind energy, water energy, ocean energy, tidal energy, solar energy and biomass energy are renewable energy; Coal, oil and natural gas are non renewable energy. Geothermal energy is basically non renewable energy, but from the earth's huge reserves, it has the nature of regeneration. The new development of nuclear energy will make nuclear fuel cycle proliferative. The energy of nuclear fusion is 5-10 times higher than that of nuclear fission. The most suitable fuel for nuclear fusion, deuterium, is abundant in seawater. Nuclear energy is one of the pillars of the future energy system. With the increasing demand for energy in the global economic development, many developed countries pay more attention to the development and research of renewable energy, environmental protection energy and new energy; At the same time, we also believe that with the continuous progress of human science and technology, experts will continue to develop more new energy to replace the existing energy, in order to meet the high demand of global economic development and human survival for energy, and we can predict that there are many new energy on the earth that has not been discovered by human beings waiting for us to explore and research. China's energy China is a country rich in energy resources. The proven reserves of coal are more than 600 billion tons, ranking third in the world; The theoretical reserve of water resources is 680 million kilowatts, ranking the first in the world; The theoretical reserves of oil and natural gas are also abundant. However, e to China's large population, the average annual energy consumption per capita is still at a low level. According to the characteristics of China's energy resources and the actual situation of low energy utilization efficiency, China has determined the energy policy of attaching equal importance to development and energy conservation and giving priority to energy conservation in the near future. For a long time to come, China will give priority to the development of coal and hydropower; Vigorously explore and actively develop oil and gas; Nuclear power plants will be built in a planned way in areas with serious energy shortage; In the vast rural areas, biomass energy biogas and fast-growing forest of firewood carbon should be vigorously developed, and new stoves should be promoted; Actively carry out scientific experiments and demonstration utilization of new energy. China's energy situation as the largest developing country in the world, China is a big energy procer and consumer.