How to deal with decentralization in China
Publish: 2021-04-27 13:52:49
1. According to Hou Jietai: the so-called centralization refers to subtracting the mean value of a variable from its expected value. For sample data, each observation value of a variable is subtracted from the sample average value of the variable, and the transformed variable is centralized
for your question, subtract the mean from each measurement.
for your question, subtract the mean from each measurement.
2. The so-called Internet platform is to develop and utilize the information resources of the Internet. I personally understand that the instry should be concentrated together and one key solution should be taken to save the middle cumbersome steps. The 16 year Internet plus summit, which is the latest Internet plus summit held in Beijing in 16, will be held in the 16 month of. This will further promote the development of Internet +. To promote the integration of "Internet plus" with government, people's livelihood and all walks of life, we can learn about this area.
3. This topic is a bit big. In fact, you can refer to wechat's strategy. For example, before QQ built a group, there would be group owners. But now the wechat group has a group leader to say so. No, Anyone can pull people. Everyone is the master. With more and more open society, decentralization is the trend. It even includes the flattening of market and organization. Proction, channels, sales and customers will be squeezed more and more. The rise of e-commerce will shorten the whole chain of proction. Hope to help you.
4. The political pattern of global multi polarization is developing with an irresistible trend. What China can do is to speed up its own development, actively seize the opportunities, meet the challenges, and strive to become an important political force to maintain world peace and development.
5. Content abstract: the proposition of "modernization of national governance" implies the internal tension of political monism and pluralism, modernity and postmodernism. At the present stage of our country, what we need to pay more attention to is the issue of political modernization, including political procere and institutionalization, pluralism and integration, representative system and bureaucracy. At the same time, we should pay attention to the timing of development, correctly understand and deal with the timing logic of democracy and people's livelihood, representative democracy and deliberative democracy, modernization and postmodernism. At present, China is faced with the al tasks of the transformation from the former modern society to the modern country and how to deal with the challenges of post modernity. It is a great test for the leaders to balance the al tasks
key words: governance state governance political modernity postmodern representative bureaucracy development sequence
promoting the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity is a new proposition, and also the focus and highlight of comprehensively deepening reform. In the past decade, one of the most popular terms in international social science literature is "governance". However, it is the first time that relevant concepts have been put into our party's documents. There are two new ideas: first, the issue of "national governance" has been put on the important agenda of national construction for the first time, which is of great significance; Second, it further proposes the modernization of national governance system and capacity, which greatly enriches the connotation of China's modernization. This paper discusses the modernization of China's national governance from the perspectives of theory and practice, history and reality, domestic and international<
"governance" is a new term of political and public management that began to appear in the world at the end of the 20th century. It is a new paradigm of political management relative to "governance". In the western context, "governance" means "de nationalization" and "de centralization", replacing coercion with cooperation. From the perspective of international politics, governance is mainly to subvert the Westphalian order based on modern sovereign states and nation states, emphasize anarchic governance or post nationalist world order, weaken the role of sovereign states or governments, and advocate "global governance". From the perspective of domestic politics, the emphasis is on "pluralistic co governance" or "polycentric governance", and the state or government is only one of the "polycentric" centers, which challenges the modern state centered government model. In terms of political system, he advocated subversion of representative democracy and rational bureaucracy, and put forward so-called post-modern democratic theories such as participatory democracy and deliberative democracy
"governance" highlights the conflict between modernity and post modernity. It is the concept of western post-modern society, trying to surpass the past modernity of the West. Western countries have completed the political modernization, the most important sign of which is the establishment of representative system in democratic politics and bureaucracy in public administration. For the west, these structures are too mature and need to be "deconstructed" a little bit. In this context, some western scholars are concerned that the election competition as the main body of representative system is not enough to fully express the rich connotation of democratic politics, and the people should have more channels to participate; Bureaucracy is beyond the control of the people, so it needs to be reformed in order to make the administrative system more responsible to the people“ The concept of "governance" came into being, and its political background is pluralistic co governance, breaking the monopoly of the government. Of course, the concept of governance is also used in some development measures proposed by the United Nations, the world bank and other organizations for the third world, which is different from the context of "governance" proposed by the general western countries
in the framework of "governance", the government is only a member of the pluralistic political framework, and all governance subjects are equal partners. Democracy and the rule of law still recognize the absolute advantages of the government, but only limit the power of the government. Therefore, the concept of governance is much more radical than democracy and the rule of law. The government has the final say in the matter of the country. Now the government and NGOs and the wide participation of the society should form a pluralistic co governance situation. However, this has not been fully achieved in the West. The government still has an absolute advantage in national affairs, not just a single element in pluralism. For example, in the face of financial crisis, the government is mainly "rescuing the market", although the west is indeed more pluralistic and social autonomy is stronger. Under the current time and space conditions in China, it is even more impossible to come to this step all at once. The government power, including the ruling party, is still in the core position in the whole governance structure. This is the difference in the connotation of "governance" between China and the West
in China, the concept of "national governance" should focus on the tasks that western developed countries have completed but we have not yet completed, including democratic rule of law, improving democratic representative system, establishing the authority of the rule of law, establishing rational bureaucracy, and government administration according to law. China still has a long way to go. Therefore, to put forward the problem of modernization of governance system and governance capacity, we should first solve the problem of Political Modernity in China, especially to build a modern country, rather than focus on the outside of the country. On the basis of improving the national system, a multi center "governance" situation involving market, society and citizens should be formed. Therefore, China is faced with two tasks: first, to build the country well; Secondly, while building the country, we should give full play to the forces outside the country to participate in governance“ "Governance" originally focused on the latter, but we have special national conditions, and the construction of the country itself cannot be without it. Therefore, although there are disputes about the concept of "national governance" in academic circles, because "governance" should be de nationalized and de centralized, in order to achieve good governance or "good governance" in China, the first thing is to solve the problems of national governance and modernization. Therefore, it is of great significance to put forward the concept of "national governance"
from this context, the concept of "national governance" can be understood in two levels: one is to govern the country, which is the object of governance. Here, "country" is a broad concept, while "governance" can be understood as multi governance, that is, governance used internationally; The second is governance by the state, where the state changes from the object of governance to the subject of governance. The meaning is state power, which is roughly the same as that of the government. However, "governance" here is the abbreviation of "rule and management", which has little connection with governance and basically means government. Therefore, "national governance" in Chinese context has al meanings of "governance and management" and "multi governance", which is essentially the tension between modernity and post modernity
it can be seen that the concept of "national governance" implies the internal tension of political monism (State Center) and pluralism (multi center), modernity and postmodernism. At the present stage of our country, what we need to pay attention to most is the problem of political modernization, that is, how to make the country (government) the center well
in view of this, to promote the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity, we need to modernize the government itself and realize the transformation of the government. Without the transformation of government, the market cannot play a decisive role in the allocation of resources. It can be said that the decisive role played by the market in the allocation of resources depends on the degree of government streamlining and decentralization. Of course, government reform is not exactly the same as streamlining administration and delegating powers. Some powers need to be released, but some functions need to be strengthened. The biggest problem faced by the current government reform is that the government should not manage too much, but the government should not manage well. More than ten years ago, Friedman, the Nobel Laureate in economics, had a very insightful view. He said: is China's government too big or too small? The answer is too big and too small, too big in terms of intervening in the economy and controlling investment; But the provision of rule of law, public goods and public services is too small. More than ten years later, he is still very accurate about the problems existing in the Chinese government, and the problem has not been solved. Now the government is still facing a lot of offside, vacancy and dislocation of functions. Therefore, a very important point of government reform now is to carry out a reasonable functional orientation, to manage what should be managed well and to resolutely let go of what should not be managed< However, the improvement of government governance alone is not national governance. Improving government governance is only the first level to improve the national governance system. The most fundamental difference between "rule" and "governance" lies in that the subject of rule must originate from the public institutions of the state, and the subject of governance can be not only the public institutions, that is, the government, but also the market, society and citizens. Traditional "governance" is a center of the state or government, which plays a key role, while "governance" is polycentric. The state or government is only a center of governance, the market economy system and enterprises are the second center, the social organizations dominated by non-governmental organizations are the third center, and the citizens and their direct participation are the fourth center. So many centers connected together is an ideal governance structure. In this sense, the construction of our national governance system should not only reform the government, but also let the market, society and citizens play an important role
therefore, promoting the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity in China actually includes at least three levels. The first is to form a governance structure in which the government, the market, the society and the citizens participate and interact with each other; Second, it is to improve government governance and deepen government reform. What we talked about above is this problem, and the meaning of "government" is narrow; Third, from the broad sense of "government", we should also form a reasonable governance structure. In a broad sense, government governance is not only an administrative organ, but also a governance structure including the party, the people's Congress, the government and the CPPCC. In addition, it also includes three sets of institutions, namely, the Commission for Discipline Inspection, the court and the procuratorate, and strictly speaking, seven sets of institutions. Of course, the four groups should form a good governance system. How to change the ruling structure of the Party committee, the government, the people's Congress and the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference into the governance structure of the Party committee, the people's Congress, the government and the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference is a more arous task for comprehensively deepening the reform and promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity
undoubtedly, the emphasis on promoting the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity also shows that the current level of governance in China can not fully meet the requirements of the times. First of all, the politics of modernization is the politics of procere, not the politics of personification. But in China, the political structure of personification plays a greater role, which is the most important problem faced by China's governance modernization. Modern politics pays more attention to procere, but China pays more attention to entity. There are substantive justice and proceral justice in politics and law, and there are substantive democracy and proceral democracy in democracy. The political habits of the Chinese people are more biased towards the former. We have done a lot of polls, and the general people's definition of democracy is: "democracy is that the government does practical things and good things for the people", and solving people's livelihood is democracy. Democracy embodies the so-called "for the people". Lincoln once defined democracy as "of the people"
key words: governance state governance political modernity postmodern representative bureaucracy development sequence
promoting the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity is a new proposition, and also the focus and highlight of comprehensively deepening reform. In the past decade, one of the most popular terms in international social science literature is "governance". However, it is the first time that relevant concepts have been put into our party's documents. There are two new ideas: first, the issue of "national governance" has been put on the important agenda of national construction for the first time, which is of great significance; Second, it further proposes the modernization of national governance system and capacity, which greatly enriches the connotation of China's modernization. This paper discusses the modernization of China's national governance from the perspectives of theory and practice, history and reality, domestic and international<
"governance" is a new term of political and public management that began to appear in the world at the end of the 20th century. It is a new paradigm of political management relative to "governance". In the western context, "governance" means "de nationalization" and "de centralization", replacing coercion with cooperation. From the perspective of international politics, governance is mainly to subvert the Westphalian order based on modern sovereign states and nation states, emphasize anarchic governance or post nationalist world order, weaken the role of sovereign states or governments, and advocate "global governance". From the perspective of domestic politics, the emphasis is on "pluralistic co governance" or "polycentric governance", and the state or government is only one of the "polycentric" centers, which challenges the modern state centered government model. In terms of political system, he advocated subversion of representative democracy and rational bureaucracy, and put forward so-called post-modern democratic theories such as participatory democracy and deliberative democracy
"governance" highlights the conflict between modernity and post modernity. It is the concept of western post-modern society, trying to surpass the past modernity of the West. Western countries have completed the political modernization, the most important sign of which is the establishment of representative system in democratic politics and bureaucracy in public administration. For the west, these structures are too mature and need to be "deconstructed" a little bit. In this context, some western scholars are concerned that the election competition as the main body of representative system is not enough to fully express the rich connotation of democratic politics, and the people should have more channels to participate; Bureaucracy is beyond the control of the people, so it needs to be reformed in order to make the administrative system more responsible to the people“ The concept of "governance" came into being, and its political background is pluralistic co governance, breaking the monopoly of the government. Of course, the concept of governance is also used in some development measures proposed by the United Nations, the world bank and other organizations for the third world, which is different from the context of "governance" proposed by the general western countries
in the framework of "governance", the government is only a member of the pluralistic political framework, and all governance subjects are equal partners. Democracy and the rule of law still recognize the absolute advantages of the government, but only limit the power of the government. Therefore, the concept of governance is much more radical than democracy and the rule of law. The government has the final say in the matter of the country. Now the government and NGOs and the wide participation of the society should form a pluralistic co governance situation. However, this has not been fully achieved in the West. The government still has an absolute advantage in national affairs, not just a single element in pluralism. For example, in the face of financial crisis, the government is mainly "rescuing the market", although the west is indeed more pluralistic and social autonomy is stronger. Under the current time and space conditions in China, it is even more impossible to come to this step all at once. The government power, including the ruling party, is still in the core position in the whole governance structure. This is the difference in the connotation of "governance" between China and the West
in China, the concept of "national governance" should focus on the tasks that western developed countries have completed but we have not yet completed, including democratic rule of law, improving democratic representative system, establishing the authority of the rule of law, establishing rational bureaucracy, and government administration according to law. China still has a long way to go. Therefore, to put forward the problem of modernization of governance system and governance capacity, we should first solve the problem of Political Modernity in China, especially to build a modern country, rather than focus on the outside of the country. On the basis of improving the national system, a multi center "governance" situation involving market, society and citizens should be formed. Therefore, China is faced with two tasks: first, to build the country well; Secondly, while building the country, we should give full play to the forces outside the country to participate in governance“ "Governance" originally focused on the latter, but we have special national conditions, and the construction of the country itself cannot be without it. Therefore, although there are disputes about the concept of "national governance" in academic circles, because "governance" should be de nationalized and de centralized, in order to achieve good governance or "good governance" in China, the first thing is to solve the problems of national governance and modernization. Therefore, it is of great significance to put forward the concept of "national governance"
from this context, the concept of "national governance" can be understood in two levels: one is to govern the country, which is the object of governance. Here, "country" is a broad concept, while "governance" can be understood as multi governance, that is, governance used internationally; The second is governance by the state, where the state changes from the object of governance to the subject of governance. The meaning is state power, which is roughly the same as that of the government. However, "governance" here is the abbreviation of "rule and management", which has little connection with governance and basically means government. Therefore, "national governance" in Chinese context has al meanings of "governance and management" and "multi governance", which is essentially the tension between modernity and post modernity
it can be seen that the concept of "national governance" implies the internal tension of political monism (State Center) and pluralism (multi center), modernity and postmodernism. At the present stage of our country, what we need to pay attention to most is the problem of political modernization, that is, how to make the country (government) the center well
in view of this, to promote the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity, we need to modernize the government itself and realize the transformation of the government. Without the transformation of government, the market cannot play a decisive role in the allocation of resources. It can be said that the decisive role played by the market in the allocation of resources depends on the degree of government streamlining and decentralization. Of course, government reform is not exactly the same as streamlining administration and delegating powers. Some powers need to be released, but some functions need to be strengthened. The biggest problem faced by the current government reform is that the government should not manage too much, but the government should not manage well. More than ten years ago, Friedman, the Nobel Laureate in economics, had a very insightful view. He said: is China's government too big or too small? The answer is too big and too small, too big in terms of intervening in the economy and controlling investment; But the provision of rule of law, public goods and public services is too small. More than ten years later, he is still very accurate about the problems existing in the Chinese government, and the problem has not been solved. Now the government is still facing a lot of offside, vacancy and dislocation of functions. Therefore, a very important point of government reform now is to carry out a reasonable functional orientation, to manage what should be managed well and to resolutely let go of what should not be managed< However, the improvement of government governance alone is not national governance. Improving government governance is only the first level to improve the national governance system. The most fundamental difference between "rule" and "governance" lies in that the subject of rule must originate from the public institutions of the state, and the subject of governance can be not only the public institutions, that is, the government, but also the market, society and citizens. Traditional "governance" is a center of the state or government, which plays a key role, while "governance" is polycentric. The state or government is only a center of governance, the market economy system and enterprises are the second center, the social organizations dominated by non-governmental organizations are the third center, and the citizens and their direct participation are the fourth center. So many centers connected together is an ideal governance structure. In this sense, the construction of our national governance system should not only reform the government, but also let the market, society and citizens play an important role
therefore, promoting the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity in China actually includes at least three levels. The first is to form a governance structure in which the government, the market, the society and the citizens participate and interact with each other; Second, it is to improve government governance and deepen government reform. What we talked about above is this problem, and the meaning of "government" is narrow; Third, from the broad sense of "government", we should also form a reasonable governance structure. In a broad sense, government governance is not only an administrative organ, but also a governance structure including the party, the people's Congress, the government and the CPPCC. In addition, it also includes three sets of institutions, namely, the Commission for Discipline Inspection, the court and the procuratorate, and strictly speaking, seven sets of institutions. Of course, the four groups should form a good governance system. How to change the ruling structure of the Party committee, the government, the people's Congress and the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference into the governance structure of the Party committee, the people's Congress, the government and the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference is a more arous task for comprehensively deepening the reform and promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity
undoubtedly, the emphasis on promoting the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity also shows that the current level of governance in China can not fully meet the requirements of the times. First of all, the politics of modernization is the politics of procere, not the politics of personification. But in China, the political structure of personification plays a greater role, which is the most important problem faced by China's governance modernization. Modern politics pays more attention to procere, but China pays more attention to entity. There are substantive justice and proceral justice in politics and law, and there are substantive democracy and proceral democracy in democracy. The political habits of the Chinese people are more biased towards the former. We have done a lot of polls, and the general people's definition of democracy is: "democracy is that the government does practical things and good things for the people", and solving people's livelihood is democracy. Democracy embodies the so-called "for the people". Lincoln once defined democracy as "of the people"
6. Measures and suggestions to deal with globalization:
as a trend of modern economic development, economic globalization has been proved by the fact of world economic development. Judging from the history of human development, with the expansion of social interaction, social proction can no longer rely on one nation or one country alone. It must rely on world forces. The globalization of world economy based on mechanized proction and the formation of world market is consistent with the process of world history. Today, the economy of any country or nation is facing the severe challenge of world economic globalization
at present, the scientific and technological revolution represented by information technology is advancing by leaps and bounds, the cycle of knowledge and technology renewal is greatly shortened, and scientific and technological achievements are transformed into real proctive forces at an unprecedented scale and speed. The trend of economic globalization is speeding up, the influence of the world market on the economies of all countries is more significant, and international competition and cooperation are further deepened. Ideas are constantly updated, cultural exchanges are expanding, and awareness of openness, competition, and efficiency is significantly enhanced. For developing countries, it is useless to blame economic globalization itself, because it is a trend. If we do not integrate into this development process, we will always lag behind. The only way is to do a good job and make yourself a strong competitor. Specifically, we should take the following countermeasures and measures:
first, we must unswervingly and actively participate in economic globalization
economic globalization is the objective necessity of the development of proctive forces and the objective historical trend of world economic development. It is not the policy choice of a country or a certain kind of country, but the general trend of the changes of international economic relations across the century. If we deny or even reject it, it is neither a historical materialism view, but also will bring great harm to our economic development. Closing the door will inevitably lead to backwardness, and our country has had a painful historical lesson in this respect. Therefore, we should emancipate our minds, renew our concepts, conform to the historical trend, and actively participate in economic globalization. At present, China is already a major trading country, but the development of foreign investment and transnational operation is relatively slow. The amount of foreign investment is less than 1% of the world's foreign investment, which is not commensurate with China's overall economic development and the scale of introcing foreign capital, but also shows that China is in a disadvantageous position in the international division of labor. Therefore, on the one hand, we should give full play to the advantages of existing technology and expand direct investment in relevant countries; On the other hand, mature labor-intensive instries can be transferred to developing countries for proction. We should participate in economic globalization and keep a clear understanding of its risks. We should promote it step by step and in a planned way< Second, we should pay attention to the strategy of science and technology development and human resources training, and implement the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and ecation"
the rapid development and accelerated transmission of science and technology in the world provide opportunities for the transformation of economic system and economic growth mode of developing countries. Developing countries can learn valuable experience and lessons from developed countries in technological development. According to objective needs and realistic possibilities, they can directly start from a relatively high starting point and make use of and draw lessons from the relatively mature civilization achievements of some modern countries in terms of technological level and proction organization form
as a trend of modern economic development, economic globalization has been proved by the fact of world economic development. Judging from the history of human development, with the expansion of social interaction, social proction can no longer rely on one nation or one country alone. It must rely on world forces. The globalization of world economy based on mechanized proction and the formation of world market is consistent with the process of world history. Today, the economy of any country or nation is facing the severe challenge of world economic globalization
at present, the scientific and technological revolution represented by information technology is advancing by leaps and bounds, the cycle of knowledge and technology renewal is greatly shortened, and scientific and technological achievements are transformed into real proctive forces at an unprecedented scale and speed. The trend of economic globalization is speeding up, the influence of the world market on the economies of all countries is more significant, and international competition and cooperation are further deepened. Ideas are constantly updated, cultural exchanges are expanding, and awareness of openness, competition, and efficiency is significantly enhanced. For developing countries, it is useless to blame economic globalization itself, because it is a trend. If we do not integrate into this development process, we will always lag behind. The only way is to do a good job and make yourself a strong competitor. Specifically, we should take the following countermeasures and measures:
first, we must unswervingly and actively participate in economic globalization
economic globalization is the objective necessity of the development of proctive forces and the objective historical trend of world economic development. It is not the policy choice of a country or a certain kind of country, but the general trend of the changes of international economic relations across the century. If we deny or even reject it, it is neither a historical materialism view, but also will bring great harm to our economic development. Closing the door will inevitably lead to backwardness, and our country has had a painful historical lesson in this respect. Therefore, we should emancipate our minds, renew our concepts, conform to the historical trend, and actively participate in economic globalization. At present, China is already a major trading country, but the development of foreign investment and transnational operation is relatively slow. The amount of foreign investment is less than 1% of the world's foreign investment, which is not commensurate with China's overall economic development and the scale of introcing foreign capital, but also shows that China is in a disadvantageous position in the international division of labor. Therefore, on the one hand, we should give full play to the advantages of existing technology and expand direct investment in relevant countries; On the other hand, mature labor-intensive instries can be transferred to developing countries for proction. We should participate in economic globalization and keep a clear understanding of its risks. We should promote it step by step and in a planned way< Second, we should pay attention to the strategy of science and technology development and human resources training, and implement the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and ecation"
the rapid development and accelerated transmission of science and technology in the world provide opportunities for the transformation of economic system and economic growth mode of developing countries. Developing countries can learn valuable experience and lessons from developed countries in technological development. According to objective needs and realistic possibilities, they can directly start from a relatively high starting point and make use of and draw lessons from the relatively mature civilization achievements of some modern countries in terms of technological level and proction organization form
7. Policies and suggestions for economic globalization:
as a trend of modern economic development, economic globalization has been proved by the fact of world economic development. Judging from the history of human development, with the expansion of social interaction, social proction can no longer rely on one nation or one country alone. It must rely on world forces. The globalization of world economy based on mechanized proction and the formation of world market is consistent with the process of world history. Today, the economy of any country or nation is facing the severe challenge of world economic globalization
at present, the scientific and technological revolution represented by information technology is advancing by leaps and bounds, the cycle of knowledge and technology renewal is greatly shortened, and scientific and technological achievements are transformed into real proctive forces at an unprecedented scale and speed. The trend of economic globalization is speeding up, the influence of the world market on the economies of all countries is more significant, and international competition and cooperation are further deepened. Ideas are constantly updated, cultural exchanges are expanding, and awareness of openness, competition, and efficiency is significantly enhanced. For developing countries, it is useless to blame economic globalization itself, because it is a trend. If we do not integrate into this development process, we will always lag behind. The only way is to do a good job and make yourself a strong competitor. Specifically, we should take the following countermeasures and measures:
first, we must unswervingly and actively participate in economic globalization
economic globalization is the objective necessity of the development of proctive forces and the objective historical trend of world economic development. It is not the policy choice of a country or a certain kind of country, but the general trend of the changes of international economic relations across the century. If we deny or even reject it, it is neither a historical materialism view, but also will bring great harm to our economic development. Closing the door will inevitably lead to backwardness, and our country has had a painful historical lesson in this respect. Therefore, we should emancipate our minds, renew our concepts, conform to the historical trend, and actively participate in economic globalization. At present, China is already a major trading country, but the development of foreign investment and transnational operation is relatively slow. The amount of foreign investment is less than 1% of the world's foreign investment, which is not commensurate with China's overall economic development and the scale of introcing foreign capital, but also shows that China is in a disadvantageous position in the international division of labor. Therefore, on the one hand, we should give full play to the advantages of existing technology and expand direct investment in relevant countries; On the other hand, mature labor-intensive instries can be transferred to developing countries for proction. We should participate in economic globalization and keep a clear understanding of its risks. We should promote it step by step and in a planned way< Second, we should pay attention to the strategy of science and technology development and human resources training, and implement the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and ecation"
the rapid development and accelerated transmission of science and technology in the world provide opportunities for the transformation of economic system and economic growth mode of developing countries. Developing countries can learn valuable experience and lessons from developed countries in technological development. According to objective needs and realistic possibilities, they can directly start from a relatively high starting point and make use of and draw lessons from the relatively mature civilization achievements of some modern countries in terms of technological level and proction organization form
as a trend of modern economic development, economic globalization has been proved by the fact of world economic development. Judging from the history of human development, with the expansion of social interaction, social proction can no longer rely on one nation or one country alone. It must rely on world forces. The globalization of world economy based on mechanized proction and the formation of world market is consistent with the process of world history. Today, the economy of any country or nation is facing the severe challenge of world economic globalization
at present, the scientific and technological revolution represented by information technology is advancing by leaps and bounds, the cycle of knowledge and technology renewal is greatly shortened, and scientific and technological achievements are transformed into real proctive forces at an unprecedented scale and speed. The trend of economic globalization is speeding up, the influence of the world market on the economies of all countries is more significant, and international competition and cooperation are further deepened. Ideas are constantly updated, cultural exchanges are expanding, and awareness of openness, competition, and efficiency is significantly enhanced. For developing countries, it is useless to blame economic globalization itself, because it is a trend. If we do not integrate into this development process, we will always lag behind. The only way is to do a good job and make yourself a strong competitor. Specifically, we should take the following countermeasures and measures:
first, we must unswervingly and actively participate in economic globalization
economic globalization is the objective necessity of the development of proctive forces and the objective historical trend of world economic development. It is not the policy choice of a country or a certain kind of country, but the general trend of the changes of international economic relations across the century. If we deny or even reject it, it is neither a historical materialism view, but also will bring great harm to our economic development. Closing the door will inevitably lead to backwardness, and our country has had a painful historical lesson in this respect. Therefore, we should emancipate our minds, renew our concepts, conform to the historical trend, and actively participate in economic globalization. At present, China is already a major trading country, but the development of foreign investment and transnational operation is relatively slow. The amount of foreign investment is less than 1% of the world's foreign investment, which is not commensurate with China's overall economic development and the scale of introcing foreign capital, but also shows that China is in a disadvantageous position in the international division of labor. Therefore, on the one hand, we should give full play to the advantages of existing technology and expand direct investment in relevant countries; On the other hand, mature labor-intensive instries can be transferred to developing countries for proction. We should participate in economic globalization and keep a clear understanding of its risks. We should promote it step by step and in a planned way< Second, we should pay attention to the strategy of science and technology development and human resources training, and implement the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and ecation"
the rapid development and accelerated transmission of science and technology in the world provide opportunities for the transformation of economic system and economic growth mode of developing countries. Developing countries can learn valuable experience and lessons from developed countries in technological development. According to objective needs and realistic possibilities, they can directly start from a relatively high starting point and make use of and draw lessons from the relatively mature civilization achievements of some modern countries in terms of technological level and proction organization form
8. 1. Making full use of domestic and foreign capital and technological resources
globalization can effectively promote economic growth and make full use of domestic and foreign capital, technology, resources and markets, which is the most important benefit for developing countries to open to the outside world. Trade and investment liberalization can effectively promote the economic growth of a country or region, for example, the efficiency of resource allocation can be improved by giving full play to comparative advantages; We will expand aggregate demand through exports and drive economic growth
2. Create a large number of jobs
globalization can create a large number of new jobs. The transformation of China's economy from "shortage economy" type to "structural surplus" type of oversupply has led to the closing, stopping, merging, transferring and breaking of many enterprises, resulting in a sharp increase of laid-off workers in this period. However, as far as China's national conditions are concerned, "development is the absolute principle", which is not simply equivalent to GDP growth
therefore, in the face of the most basic national conditions of abundant labor resources and relatively scarce capital resources, China must develop labor-intensive export processing instry, open up service instry, and actively attract foreign direct investment, so that it can use the surplus capital of instrial countries to create more jobs for China's surplus labor force< 3. Remove the existing obstacles of market reform.
globalization helps to promote the construction of market economy. China has not only the lack of development power and new sources of investment and technology, but also the lack of reform power, competition mechanism and elimination mechanism
seizing the opportunity of globalization can effectively solve the problem of insufficient driving force for reform and development. The rules of the WTO and other international economic organizations are based on the market mechanism. China can use external forces to remove the obstacles in the market-oriented reform. Globalization will introce foreign competition mechanism, bring pressure and sense of urgency, and become a huge driving force to promote reform and development< It is decided by China's national conditions that China must continue to integrate into the world economy. China is rich in labor resources, accounting for 26% of the world; Agricultural resources are scarce, arable land and water resources only account for 7% of the world: energy shortage. Oil and natural gas reserves only account for 2.34% and 1.20% of the world's total respectively; There is a shortage of capital, and domestic investment accounts for only 3.4% of the world's total; The technology is backward, and the number of international patents approved is less than 1% of the world's
this basic national condition determines that China must effectively develop and import international resources such as agriculture, energy and minerals, introce foreign capital and advanced technology, and develop labor-intensive instries by using the international market
5. To narrow the technology gap and knowledge gap with developed countries
globalization is an important way for China to narrow the gap with developed countries. The world bank believes that if developing countries want to narrow the economic development gap with developed countries, they must first narrow the technology gap and knowledge gap, and the main ways to narrow these gaps are: introcing foreign direct investment, expanding international trade, technology transfer and technology license, etc
source: Sogou Network - economic globalization
globalization can effectively promote economic growth and make full use of domestic and foreign capital, technology, resources and markets, which is the most important benefit for developing countries to open to the outside world. Trade and investment liberalization can effectively promote the economic growth of a country or region, for example, the efficiency of resource allocation can be improved by giving full play to comparative advantages; We will expand aggregate demand through exports and drive economic growth
2. Create a large number of jobs
globalization can create a large number of new jobs. The transformation of China's economy from "shortage economy" type to "structural surplus" type of oversupply has led to the closing, stopping, merging, transferring and breaking of many enterprises, resulting in a sharp increase of laid-off workers in this period. However, as far as China's national conditions are concerned, "development is the absolute principle", which is not simply equivalent to GDP growth
therefore, in the face of the most basic national conditions of abundant labor resources and relatively scarce capital resources, China must develop labor-intensive export processing instry, open up service instry, and actively attract foreign direct investment, so that it can use the surplus capital of instrial countries to create more jobs for China's surplus labor force< 3. Remove the existing obstacles of market reform.
globalization helps to promote the construction of market economy. China has not only the lack of development power and new sources of investment and technology, but also the lack of reform power, competition mechanism and elimination mechanism
seizing the opportunity of globalization can effectively solve the problem of insufficient driving force for reform and development. The rules of the WTO and other international economic organizations are based on the market mechanism. China can use external forces to remove the obstacles in the market-oriented reform. Globalization will introce foreign competition mechanism, bring pressure and sense of urgency, and become a huge driving force to promote reform and development< It is decided by China's national conditions that China must continue to integrate into the world economy. China is rich in labor resources, accounting for 26% of the world; Agricultural resources are scarce, arable land and water resources only account for 7% of the world: energy shortage. Oil and natural gas reserves only account for 2.34% and 1.20% of the world's total respectively; There is a shortage of capital, and domestic investment accounts for only 3.4% of the world's total; The technology is backward, and the number of international patents approved is less than 1% of the world's
this basic national condition determines that China must effectively develop and import international resources such as agriculture, energy and minerals, introce foreign capital and advanced technology, and develop labor-intensive instries by using the international market
5. To narrow the technology gap and knowledge gap with developed countries
globalization is an important way for China to narrow the gap with developed countries. The world bank believes that if developing countries want to narrow the economic development gap with developed countries, they must first narrow the technology gap and knowledge gap, and the main ways to narrow these gaps are: introcing foreign direct investment, expanding international trade, technology transfer and technology license, etc
source: Sogou Network - economic globalization
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