Computing power of on board computer
recently, bitcoin's network computing power has entered the era of P computing power (1P = 1024t, 1t = 1024g, 1g = 1024m, 1m = 1024k). In the soaring computing power environment, the arrival of P era means that bitcoin has entered a new stage of arms race. This is the meaning of computing power. I would like to know more about it Please accept)
the birth and development of modern computer before the advent of modern computer, the development of computer has gone through three stages: mechanical computer, electromechanical computer and electronic computer
as early as the 17th century, a group of European mathematicians began to design and manufacture digital computers that perform basic operations in digital form. In 1642, Pascal, a French mathematician, made the earliest decimal adder by using a gear transmission similar to clocks and watches. In 1678, Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed a computer to further solve the multiplication and division of decimal numbers
British mathematician Babbage put forward an idea when he made the model of difference machine in 1822. One arithmetic operation at a time will develop into a certain complete operation process automatically. In 1884, Babbage designed a program-controlled universal analyzer. Although this analyzer has described the rudiment of the program control computer, it can not be realized e to the technical conditions at that time< During the more than 100 years since Babbage's idea was put forward, great progress has been made in electromagnetics, electrotechnics and electronics, and vacuum diodes and vacuum triodes have been successively invented in components and devices; In terms of system technology, wireless telegraph, television and radar were invented one after another. All these achievements have prepared technical and material conditions for the development of modern computer< At the same time, mathematics and physics are developing rapidly. In the 1930s, all fields of physics experienced the stage of quantification. The mathematical equations describing various physical processes, some of which were difficult to solve by classical analysis methods. As a result, numerical analysis has been paid attention to, and various numerical integration, numerical differentiation, and numerical solutions of differential equations have been developed. The calculation process has been reced to a huge amount of basic operations, thus laying the foundation of modern computer numerical algorithm
the urgent need for advanced computing tools in society is the fundamental driving force for the birth of modern computers. Since the 20th century, there have been a lot of computational difficulties in various fields of science and technology, which has hindered the further development of the discipline. Especially before and after the outbreak of the Second World War, the need for high-speed computing tools in military science and technology is particularly urgent. During this period, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom started the research of electromechanical computer and electronic computer almost at the same time<
Giuseppe in Germany was the first to use electrical components to make computers. The fully automatic relay computer Z-3, which he made in 1941, has the characteristics of modern computer, such as floating-point counting, binary operation, instruction form of digital storage address and so on. In the United States, the relay computers mark-1, mark-2, model-1, model-5 and so on were made successively from 1940 to 1947. However, the switching speed of the relay is about one hundredth of a second, which greatly limits the computing speed of the computer
the development process of electronic computer has experienced the evolution from making components to whole machine, from special machine to general machine, from "external program" to "stored program". In 1938, the Bulgarian American scholar atanasov first made the computing unit of the electronic computer. In 1943, the communications office of the British Foreign Office made the "giant" computer. This is a special cryptanalysis machine, which was used in the Second World War< In February 1946, ENIAC, a large-scale electronic digital integrator computer, was developed by Moore College of the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. At first, ENIAC was also specially used for artillery trajectory calculation. Later, it was improved many times and became a general-purpose computer capable of various scientific calculations. This computer, which uses electronic circuit to perform arithmetic operation, logic operation and information storage, is 1000 times faster than relay computer. This is the first electronic computer in the world. However, the program of this kind of computer is still external, the storage capacity is too small, and it has not fully possessed the main characteristics of modern computer
the new breakthrough was completed by a design team led by mathematician von Neumann. In March 1945, they published a new general electronic computer scheme of stored program - electronic discrete variable automatic computer (EDVAC). Then in June 1946, von Neumann and others put forward a more perfect design report "preliminary study on the logical structure of electronic computer devices". From July to August of the same year, they taught a special course "theory and technology of electronic computer design" for experts from more than 20 institutions in the United States and Britain at Moore college, which promoted the design and manufacture of stored program computers< In 1949, the Mathematics Laboratory of Cambridge University in England took the lead in making EDSAC; The United States made the eastern standard automatic computer (SFAC) in 1950. At this point, the embryonic period of the development of electronic computer came to an end, and the development period of modern computer began
at the same time of creating digital computer, we also developed another kind of important computing tool analog computer. When physicists summarize the laws of nature, they often use mathematical equations to describe a process; On the contrary, the process of solving mathematical equations may also adopt the physical process simulation method. After the invention of logarithm, the slide rule made in 1620 has changed multiplication and division into addition and subtraction for calculation. Maxwell skillfully transformed the calculation of integral (area) into the measurement of length, and made the integrator in 1855< Fourier analysis, another great achievement of mathematical physics in the 19th century, played a direct role in promoting the development of simulators. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, a variety of analytical machines for calculating Fourier coefficients and differential equations were developed. However, when trying to popularize the differential analysis machine to solve partial differential equations and use the simulator to solve general scientific calculation problems, people graally realize the limitations of the simulator in the aspects of universality and accuracy, and turn their main energy to the digital computer
after the advent of electronic digital computer, analog computer still continues to develop, and hybrid computer is proced by combining with digital computer. Simulators and mixers have become special varieties of modern computers, that is, efficient information processing tools or simulation tools used in specific fields
since the middle of the 20th century, the computer has been in a period of high-speed development. The computer has developed from a hardware only system to a computer system which includes three subsystems: hardware, software and firmware. The performance price ratio of computer system is increased by two orders of magnitude every 10 years. The types of computers have been divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, general-purpose computers (including giant, large and medium-sized computers), and various special computers (such as various control computers and analog-to-digital hybrid computers)
computer devices, from electron tubes to transistors, from discrete components to integrated circuits to microprocessors, have made three leaps in the development of computers< In the period of electron tube computer (1946-1959), computers were mainly used for scientific calculation. Main memory is the main factor that determines the appearance of computer technology. At that time, the main memory included mercury delay line memory, cathode ray oscilloscope electrostatic memory, magnetic drum and magnetic core memory, which were usually used to classify computers.
According to reports, quantum computing is a way of computing system (quantum computer) to calculate data based on quantum, such as superposition and entanglement. The basic principle is to use qubits as the basic unit of information coding and storage, and complete the computing task through the controlled evolution of a large number of qubits. Compared with the traditional equipment, the computing power of quantum computer will increase exponentially
with the improvement of software - the more you can do with quantum computer, more resources will flow into this field. Assuming that one qubit can perform two calculations at the same time, two qubits can perform four times, three qubits can perform eight times... It will proce a doubling speed. Thirty qubits is enough to perform more than one billion calculations at the same time
netizens have expressed their expectation that the quantum computer can be completed as soon as possible
the system is unstable e to high temperature. Please check if there is any problem in the heat dissipation of CPU, graphics card, memory, hard disk, motherboard, etc. When checking the above components, check whether there is a problem of false soldering of electronic components or circuits, which makes the system unstable at high temperature, and confirm again whether it is a problem of display or power supply
graphics card driver, the computer has a common feature when running software, that is, the screen resolution will be switched, if you use 1024 × 768 resolution, when running some large software, it is easy to switch to a lower resolution. If there is a problem with the driver of the graphics card, it is likely that there will be a failure when switching the resolution, resulting in the computer black screen. The problem can be solved after updating the driver of the graphics card
the version of DirectX is too low. If the version of DirectX is too low, the problem of black screen can be solved by installing the graphics card driver and the latest version of DirectX program
1. Supercomputers:
usually refers to the computer composed of hundreds, thousands or even more processors, which can calculate large and complex tasks that ordinary PC and server cannot complete. Supercomputer is a kind of computer with the strongest function, the fastest computing speed and the largest storage capacity. It is an important symbol of the national scientific and technological development level and comprehensive national strength
2. Server:
refers to some high-performance computers, which can provide services through the network. Compared with ordinary computer, the stability, security, performance and other aspects are higher, so the CPU, chipset, memory, disk system, network and other hardware are different from ordinary computer
the server is the node of the network, which stores and processes 80% of the data and information on the network, and plays an important role in the network. They are high-performance computers that provide various services for client computers. Their high performance mainly includes high-speed computing power, long-time reliable operation, strong external data throughput and so on
3. Desktop:
is a kind of independent and separate computer, which has no connection with other parts. Compared with notebook and netbook, the volume is larger, and the host, display and other devices are generally relatively independent, and generally need to be placed on the computer desk or special workbench. So it's called desktop
as a very popular microcomputer, most of the machines used in homes and companies are desktop computers. The performance of desktop is better than that of laptop
4. Embedded system:
that is, embedded systems
, is an application-oriented, microprocessor-based, software and hardware tailorable special-purpose computer system, which adapts to the application system's strict requirements on function, reliability, cost, volume, power consumption, etc. It is generally composed of embedded microprocessor, peripheral hardware, embedded operating system and user's application program
extended data
computer microprocessor (CPU) takes transistor as the basic component. With the continuous improvement of processor and the acceleration of update speed, computer structure and components will also change greatly. With the development of photoelectric technology, quantum technology and biotechnology, it has a great role in promoting the development of new computers
Since 1980s, ALU and control unit (CPU) have been integrated into one integrated circuit, which is called microprocessorthe working mode of this kind of computer is very intuitive: in a clock cycle, the computer first obtains instructions and data from memory, then executes instructions, stores data, and then obtains the next instruction
this process is repeated until a termination instruction is obtained. Explained by the controller, the instruction set executed by the arithmetic unit is a well-defined and very limited set of simple instructions
The traditional computer processing information is mainly characters and numbers. In fact, people are more used to pictures, words, sounds, images and other forms of multimedia information. Multimedia technology can integrate graphics, images, audio, video and text, making the object and content of information processing closer to the real world< br />Why do computers work so fast
because the arithmetic unit and controller in the electronic computer are composed of bistable circuit and various "gate" circuits; In other words, they are calculated by using the high-speed transmission characteristics of electricity. We know that the transmission speed of electricity is 300000 kilometers per second, which is very fast. Therefore, the computing speed of the electronic computer is very fast< Secondly, the operation of electronic computer is very simple. No matter how complicated the problem is, as long as the personnel design the calculation program in advance and send the calculation program together with the original data to the computer, it can automatically calculate the original data step by step according to the manual program. Each operation is very simple. For example, to add, you only need to do 1 + 1 = 10, 1 + 0 = 1, 0 + 1 = 1, 0 + 0 = 0. There are only four cases (subtraction, multiplication and division are the same). Such a simple calculation, primary school students can quickly work out. Because the calculation is simple, the arithmetic unit can also be very simple; In other words, the bistable circuit and "gate" circuit are needed less, and the electronic path is also less, which makes the operation speed faster.
there is no final conclusion whether the way of human thinking is a Turing machine. So it's still hard to pretend to be human with a Turing machine.