GMS decentralized currency
1 restart the app
enter the mobile settings, search into the app management interface, and find the application that has been flashed back, Click stop to exit the application. Then reopen the app
2 check for updates
it may be that the old version of the app is not compatible with the latest system version of the mobile phone. It is recommended that you update the app to the latest version in the Huawei app market or the official website of the app
some application adaptations may have requirements on the version of the mobile phone system. It is recommended that you check and update the version of the mobile phone system:
enter the mobile phone settings, search for software updates or system and updates, and click Check for updates. If there are new versions, it is recommended that you upgrade to the latest version in time
warm reminder: please back up the data in advance (wechat / QQ and other applications need to be backed up separately). Upgrading the system version may cause data loss
3 check the compatibility of the application
if it is a third-party application, you can search the application in the application market to see whether the application is compatible with the latest version of the mobile phone, or compare it with the Android version of the mobile phone. If the application market prompt is not compatible, or similar mobile phones also have this problem, it may be the problem of the application itself. It is suggested that you try to consult the application developer to find a solution
4 check the application permissions
if the mobile phone prohibits some permissions of the third-party software, the application may flash back. You can open permissions in permission management: enter mobile phone settings, search, enter permission management, find the application to be set, and open relevant permissions
5 clear the application data
maybe the application cache file is abnormal, you can delete the application data. Try: open the settings, search to enter the application management, find the specific application, and then click store & gt; Delete data
reminder: deleting data may delete some application data, such as "wechat, travel frog". It is recommended that you back up the data in advance
6 uninstall and reload apps
you can uninstall and reload apps: long press the app icon on the desktop and click uninstall. Then download, install and use it again in Huawei application market
reminder: unloading and reloading will result in the deletion of application data, such as "wechat, travel frog". It is recommended that you back up the data in advance
7 try to uninstall and update Android system WebView (GMS devices only)
for GMS devices (such as P30 and mate20 Series), please try to uninstall and update Android system WebView:
enter mobile phone settings & gt; Application & gt; Application management, and then click the three points in the upper right corner to select display system process. Find Android system WebView to enter
(1) if the enable button is available, click enable
(2) if there are three dot icons in the upper right corner, click the icon and select unload update. Then restart the device
8 clean up the storage space of the mobile phone
insufficient system memory may cause some applications that occupy a large amount of memory to flash back and have no response (such as game applications). It is recommended that you clean up the memory of the mobile phone in time. It is recommended to ensure that at least 20% of the available memory remains
mobile system space cleaning method:
(1) enter the recent taskbar interface, click the trash can icon to clean the background application
(2) open the mobile phone manager to optimize and clean up the space with one click, and unload the rarely used applications to ensure that the mobile phone has enough space
(3) you can try to restart the phone, which can effectively clean up the cache. It is recommended that you restart the phone every 2-3 days to keep the phone running well<
9 restore the factory settings
it is recommended that you restore the factory settings of your mobile phone after backing up the data (wechat / QQ and other applications need to be backed up separately):
enter the mobile phone settings, search and restore the factory settings, and complete the operation of restoring the factory settings according to the mobile phone interface prompts
if the problem still cannot be solved, please back up the data in advance (wechat / QQ and other applications need to be backed up separately), and bring the purchase voucher to Huawei customer service center for inspection.
The full name of Google service framework is Google Mobile Service (GMS). As a framework, GMS is an indispensable part for users to experience the whole set of Google services. A series of applications such as Google maps and play store need its support. Otherwise, they will not be able to open or use all functions. If we want to use Google play, GMS will be indispensable in mobile phones
if the mobile phone mainly uses Google related software, then the Google framework is essential
extended materials:
different from software framework, service framework integrates services based on SaaS distribution mode to proce new applications. It has the following characteristics:
1. It is a reusable software integration platform for specific fields
2. It reflects the general requirements and structure of the application in this field
It has the characteristics of partial implementation, including a group of components closely related to the integration of business functions and cooperating with each other4. In the service framework, components related to business but unrelated to the integration of business functions are introced in the form of external services
5. Application development based on service framework is realized by extending and reusing external services
compared with the definition of software framework, service framework can be defined as reusable design and incomplete implementation of a kind of services in a certain field. Different from software framework, service framework embodies service orientation at the same time. A service framework is usually composed of a group of associated components and a group of external services for service integration
from the perspective of application construction, a service framework can also be divided into two main parts: service engine and external services. The service engine defines the general structure of the framework and target services, and provides a set of internal components to support the integration of services. The core of the framework can also include the specific implementation of some typical functions of applications in the field, and also support the components in the application framework to expand new business functions
The external services introced byare driven by the service engine to participate in the business. They often appear in the form of independent external services (such as those provided by a third party) and are directly applied when building services based on the framework
source: Network Service Framework
Due to the cancellation of the Ministry of chemical instry, the nine major design institutes under the former Ministry of chemical instry have successively left the chemical instry department, and each design institute is good at its own fields and processes
1. China Tianchen Engineering Co., Ltd., Tianjin (the first Design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry)
China Tianchen Engineering Co., Ltd., formerly known as the first Design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry, was founded in 1953 and is the earliest national design unit of chemical system. It can undertake the design and engineering general contracting business of all 21 instries, including the planning, feasibility study, engineering design, equipment and material procurement, construction management and engineering supervision of engineering construction projects in chemical instry, petrochemical instry and other instries. It can provide users with services in line with the laws and regulations of the country and region Meet the user requirements and safety and environmental guidelines of the whole process of project implementation services
2. Saiding Engineering Co., Ltd., Taiyuan (the second Design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry)
saiding Engineering Co., Ltd. (the former second Design Institute of chemical instry) has complete professional settings, mainly including chemical process, chemical equipment, mechanical transportation, pipeline, installation, automatic control, electrical, communication, civil engineering, thermal engineering, water supply and drainage, heating and ventilation, general layout, fire control, etc Budget, technology and economy, environmental protection and other professional, can provide quality services for all sectors of society
3. Donghua Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei (the third Design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry)
Donghua Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., formerly known as the third Design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry, was a wholly-owned subsidiary of China National Chemical Engineering Corporation directly managed by the state owned assets supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, Now it is a subsidiary of China Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd. The company has more than ten Grade-A design qualifications in chemical instry, petrochemical instry, medicine, municipal engineering and construction, as well as Grade-A qualification in general contracting of projects, and has the right of general contracting of foreign projects and the right of import and export operation
China Wuhuan Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan (the fourth Design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry)China Wuhuan Engineering Co., Ltd., formerly known as the fourth Design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry, was founded in 1958. Now it is a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Chemical Engineering Group Corporation and a key scientific and technological enterprise in the field of chemical instry directly managed by the state owned assets supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. The company is one of the first engineering companies to obtain AAA credit enterprise qualification in China, with comprehensive Grade-A qualification of engineering design, engineering consulting, engineering supervision, engineering cost consulting, environmental impact assessment of construction projects, and the right of foreign engineering consulting, engineering design and engineering contracting
as a leader in many fields of chemical instry, China Wuhuan has always occupied the commanding height of instry development strategy in the fields of coal chemical instry, carbon chemical instry, chemical fertilizer, phosphorus chemical instry, new synthetic materials and other engineering science and technology, and is in the market leading and technology leading position. It has constructed a large number of high-end projects with significant instrial demonstration significance, and established a domestic well-known first-class brand
Sinopec Ningbo Engineering Co., Ltd. was approved by Sinopec on October 29, 2003, It was reorganized and established by Lanzhou Design Institute of Sinopec Group (hereinafter referred to as Lanzhou Design Institute) and the third construction company of Sinopec Group (hereinafter referred to as the third construction company) With technology as the guide, design as the basis, project contracting and project management as the main body, the company integrates scientific research and development, engineering design, equipment manufacturing, device construction and maintenance services. It has patents and know-how, and is oriented to domestic and international markets, providing consulting, design and service services in the fields of energy, environmental protection, petrochemical and thermal engineering Engineering general contracting, manufacturing and professional construction general contracting engineering services and management services all-round engineering company Hualu Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an (the Sixth Design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry)Hualu Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd. under the SASAC of the State Council, was founded in 1965, formerly known as the Sixth Design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry. Hualu has been focusing on services in oil and gas chemical instry, coal chemical instry, fine chemical instry, materials and energy, infrastructure and other business areas. Through the integration of global resources, we have successively completed more than 1200 large and medium-sized construction projects, including more than 40 general contracting projects, more than 200 design procts, more than 100 new processes and technologies, more than 80 proprietary and patented technologies, and won more than 300 national, provincial and ministerial awards
7. Sinopec Nanjing Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanjing (the seventh Design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry)
Sinopec Nanjing Engineering Co., Ltd. (snei for short) is an enterprise directly under Sinopec refining and chemical engineering (Group) Co., Ltd. It is a comprehensive and integrated international engineering company with design as the guide, patent, proprietary technology and process package development as the core, engineering general contracting, project management and professional construction as the main body, and providing technology and management services for domestic and foreign markets
Nanjing Engineering Company has a complete range of specialties and strong technical force, with 25 design specialties, including process system, pipeline engineering, environmental engineering, equipment and machinery, electrical automation, thermal engineering and powder engineering, basically covering all engineering disciplines. Professional fields include modern coal chemical instry, natural gas chemical instry, integration of coal and electricity, carbon chemical instry and extended procts, petrochemical instry, environmental engineering, clean energy, inorganic chemical instry such as sulfur and phosphorus, catalyst, instrial and civil buildings, etc
8. China Chengda Engineering Co., Ltd., Cheng (the eighth Design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry)
China Chengda Engineering Co., Ltd. is located in Cheng, a famous cultural city in Southwest China, formerly known as the eighth design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry. Founded in the 1950s, after decades of hard work, the company has become an international engineering company with design as the main body and engineering general contracting
At present, it is one of the first batch of engineering general contractors with design as the main body in China. He has undertaken the general contracting of domestic soda ash, chlor alkali, synthetic ammonia, urea, carbon black, methanol, polystyrene, styrene butadiene latex and other projects, and exported complete sets of equipment to Pakistan, Indonesia, Uzbekistan, Sudan, Vietnam, Hong Kong and other countries and regions, as well as engineering design, equipment and material procurement, construction management and commissioning guidance 9. Jilin Design Institute of CNPC Northeast Refining and Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd., Jilin (the Ninth Design Institute of the former Ministry of chemical instry)
Jilin Design Institute of CNPC Northeast Refining and Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd., formerly known as the Ninth Design Institute of the Ministry of chemical instry. Founded in 1958, after more than 50 years of struggle, it has graally transformed from a single engineering design mode to a general contracting mode. Now it has become a large engineering company that takes design as the main body and implements general contracting. With strong technical force and excellent equipment, the Institute has made great contributions to the capital construction in the fields of petrochemical instry, natural gas chemical instry, coal chemical instry, fine chemical instry, medicine, electric power, construction, municipal administration and environment
1. The Ministry of chemical instry of the people's Republic of China was established in May 1956. In June 1970, the Ministry of coal instry, the Ministry of petroleum instry and the Ministry of chemical instry merged to form the Ministry of fuel chemical instry. In February 1975, the Ministry of fuel chemical instry was abolished and the Ministry of petrochemical instry was established. In March 1978, the first session of the Fifth National People's Congress abolished the Ministry of petrochemical instry and restored it
the Ministry of chemical instry of the people's Republic of China kept it in 1988 and 1993. In 1998, in the structural reform of the State Council, the Ministry of chemical instry merged with the government functions undertaken by PetroChina and Sinopec to form the State Bureau of petroleum and chemical instry, which is the administrative body in charge of the petroleum and chemical instries under the administration of the State Economic and Trade Commission
2. Successive ministers
PENG Tao (may 1959 July 1962), Liang Yingyong (acting minister), Gao Yang (July 1962 June 1970), LAN Wenzhao (director of the CMC), sun Jingwen (March 1978 March 1982), Qin Zhongda (March 1982 July 1989), Gu Xiulian (July 1989 July 1998)
One turn: Demon blood moon chop 1 → demon acceleration full → dark agility full → blood moon chop full → HP full → scythe full. A turn is very weak. You don't have to worry about HP problem. First, add acceleration and other auxiliary skills to improve the upgrade efficiency
2 turns: 1 time enhancement → phagocytosis, attack, pursuit each point → physical training full → anger full → precision full → revenge full → phagocytosis, attack, attack, attack, attack, attack One of them is to track the dissatisfied demons for 2 turns, which mainly depends on blood moon cutting. Swallowing and attacking are good for gathering monsters, but they can only be used for gathering monsters
3 turns: 2 times strengthening → traction 1 point → breathing 1 point → torture full → concentration full → enrance full → breathing full → absorption full → protection full → remaining random → traction dissatisfied with 3 turns, which is similar to the God of war, Traction is also a good skill for gathering monsters. Jingqi series skills are good for upgrading monsters
4 turns: final strengthening → infinite essence, vampire → hardening 1 point each → demon shockwave full → deformation full → advanced precision full → bondage full → ghost weeping full (if someone takes the monster Park, it will be full at the first time) → Warrior Full → remaining at will → explosion dissatisfaction. The attack mode of demons is similar to that of ares (one fighting spirit, one essence). 4 turns also rely on blood moon to kill brush monsters, shockwave, Deformation and advanced effect greatly improve the panel. Ghost cry is the best skill to brush the park
after the outbreak of the Second World War, the Swedish Air Force learned from Victor hassou's published articles about his advanced camera design ideas, and ordered cameras for reconnaissance from him. For this reason, hassu made the first aerial camera hK7 in 1941, and then designed and manufactured ska4, ska5 and mk80 cameras for the army. From 1941 to 1945, hasul delivered 36 cameras to the Swedish Air Force and army
born in 1948, Hasu's first central frame single lens reflective camera 1600f marks the beginning of Hasu's camera's entry into the field of general photography. Its reliable performance and excellent imaging quality were not only quickly favored by professional photographers, but also attracted the attention of NASA because its original registration lens of crosshairs mark could effectively prevent the confusion of photo sources caused by multiple cameras. In 1969, the Apollo spacecraft made its first voyage to the moon. The photo of man's first landing on the moon was taken with the hassle camera, which has become even more famous ever since
in the history of the development of medium frame camera, Hasu's position is also very important: it was the first to use the shutter between mirrors to achieve a flash synchronization speed of 1 / 500 seconds; The first use of automatic shrinkage aperture, get rid of the cumbersome retraction aperture; Its shape design has rarely changed for decades, but with the improvement of its internal structure and the increase of its functions, it has developed many new models. Today, its brand and technology has become an eternal classic in the history of human camera development< First, the early F-series camera is the most memorable day of Hasu company. On this day, the first Hasu mid frame SLR camera 1600f (Figure 1) was launched in New York, USA. Hasu's first combined structure, up to 1 / 1600 second shutter speed, makes people marvel. 1600f adopts metal curtain shutter. The knob on the right side of the body can be pulled out to adjust the shutter speed clockwise or anticlockwise. Retracting inward and turning forward is the top chord of the shutter and the continuous movement of the film There is no mechanical contact between lens and fuselage ring. Focus with full aperture, otherwise the viewfinder is too dark; Before exposure, the aperture must be re shrunk to the preset level, otherwise overexposure will occur. The defects of 1600f are obvious, especially the low precision of high-speed shutter. Victor is a very accomplished photographer and naturally understands what these defects will bring. For many years, he devoted himself to improvement. For the 1000F (Fig. 2) proced in 1953, the maximum shutter speed is reced to 1 / 1000 second, and the shutter speed rotation adjustment is changed from bidirectional to unidirectional. The shutter accuracy and the rability of the shutter knob have been greatly improved< Second, the correction of aberrations and distortions of wide-angle mirrors for ultra wide angle s series cameras is a technical problem. At that time, because the aspheric surface technology was not developed, the optical correction encountered greater limitations. Hasu, on the other hand, uses a side axis view and omits the reflector, so that the rear mirror group of the lens can be closer to the focal plane, which makes the effect of distortion correction very ideal. In 1954, Hassel released the SWA wide-angle camera based on this technology (Figure 3). The camera, with its side axis view and extremely short body, has a 38 mm lens with a wide viewing angle fixed on the body (equivalent to about 22 mm focal length of a 135 camera). The image quality of SWA is as good as that of that year × The 5-seat wide-angle lens is comparable. In 1954, SWA camera made a big splash in Cologne photographic equipment fair and became the focus of news media. In 1982, the C lens of SWA was changed to CF lens, and the set-top level was changed to the viewfinder, which was called SWC / M (Fig. 4). Later, the latest model, known as 903swc, costs as much as 46000 yuan, which is the only fixed lens medium frame camera of Hasu< The year 1957 is an important turning point in the development of Hasu. The first camera 500C of Hasu 500 series first adopted the inter lens shutter to automatically shrink the aperture lens. Although the maximum shutter speed is reced from 1 / 1000 second of 1000F to 1 / 500 second, the shutter accuracy and shutter life are obviously improved. Compared with the previous 1 / 30 second synchronization of 1600f, the first full flash synchronization is a qualitative leap. It is worth mentioning that the first inter lens shutter auto shrinking aperture lens is a revolution in the manufacturing technology of medium frame camera, which gets rid of the cumbersome operation proceres of focusing, shooting, retracting and playing aperture. 500C created the first 500 classic series, which is an important historical turning point for Hasu to occupy the beachhead of China frame camera. It makes Hasu stand firm in the fierce market competition. To be fair, 500C still has some unsatisfactory points, such as the viewfinder is not bright enough; When the focal length is more than 150 mm, the viewfinder can't display the whole image, etc., but all these are flaws. In 1970, the 500C / M focusing screen was changed into a replaceable one; In 1982, CF lens replaced C lens, making the 500 series more mature. In 1988, 503cx (Fig. 6) replaced 500C / m. This is one of the most important backbone of the 500 series, the first generation camera of the 503 series. For the first time, 503cx adopts "TTL" and Minolta's acute matte-d focusing screen technology, which makes the viewfinder much brighter. At the same time, the professional flash proflas with 503cx makes the Hasu mechanical camera more widely applicable. 503cx continues to improve. In 1994, 503cx I (Figure 7), the second generation model of 503 series, came out. Its characteristics are as follows:
1. The diameter of shutter button is increased to make the hand feel more flexible and the hand shock smaller. The shutter lock button of 503cx is cancelled to prevent the shutter from being locked unintentionally ring operation
2. The winding crank has been improved, and the type I forward crank of 503cx has been changed to the detachable type E crank (this is the key point that 503cx I can install the accessory CW winder proced in 1996, but 503cx can't)
3. Improvement of fuselage base. A new 3 / 8-inch screw hole is added to the base of 503cx I fuselage, which is adaptable to various tripods. In addition, the bottom plastic supporting plate is added to prevent the fuselage from being damaged
4. The additional adapter of 503cx I fuselage can accommodate 6 × 4.5 and the baffle of panoramic film
Hasu company launched 503cw in 1996 (Figure 8), which makes 503 series fully mature. The GMS system is used for the first time. Each time when the shutter is on, the reflector will slide down about 3 mm in the process of falling back, so that the viewfinder can display the whole image completely when a lens with a focal length longer than 150 mm or an extension ring and a leather cavity are used. 503cw is equipped with CW film winder, which has the following shooting modes: s-single shooting; C - continuous shooting of 0.8 frames per second; M-multiple exposure; RC - remote control. The infrared remote control within 10 meters is very practical for macro photography, which is a pioneering improvement of mechanical camera. 503cw also has the function of mirror pre rising, which is particularly convenient and practical when using RC mode. After using CW film winder, for hand-held shooting, because the right hand holds the weight, the same hand index finger releases the shutter, which reces the hand shock of releasing the shutter. The development of CW winder has brought 503 series to the peak< As far as mechanical cameras are concerned, electric film passing is of certain practical value. For example, it can make the photographer pay attention to the constant change of the subject, strive for the opportunity to capture the wonderful moment. As early as the early 1960s, Hasu was committed to the development of this aspect. After several tests, the first 500el (Figure 9) was launched in 1965. 500el is based on the 500C add connected electric winding motor, to achieve 1.2 pieces per second automatic film. The launch of the 500el immediately attracted the attention of NASA and was later selected as a space model. In addition to Hassel's reliable performance and excellent image quality, El model is more suitable for astronauts to wear thick gloves. In 1969, the Apollo spacecraft carried human beings to the moon for the first time. The picture of the astronauts who landed on the moon with "one small step for human beings, one big step for human beings" recorded in the history of human beings is a masterpiece taken by hassu 500el / 70 camera
500el / M proced in 1971, the focusing screen can be replaced; TTL was added to 500elx in 1984; In 1988, 553elx was replaced by Minolta acute matte focusing screen, and the enlarged reflector (different from GMS) enables the viewfinder to display the whole image completely when equipped with long focus lens. In 1996, after the CW electric film winder came into the market, both 503cx I and 503cw can be equipped with CW film winder to realize electric film passing, only 0.4 frame per second slower than 553elx, and the advantage of El series is losing. Hassle couldn't bear its demise, and launched 555eld, which can replace the digital back, equipped with hassle IR remote control, and remote shooting. Hasu 555eld conforms to the development trend of digital photography, and the El series once again attracts the attention of the photography instry<
five, 500 series of "branch" C type
500 series of "elder" is 500C, 1970's 500C / M little change, but from this branch - 503cx is "upgrade" and 501c is "same level" improved (proced in 1994). Compared with 500C / m, 501c has no top / shutter release indicator. The shutter forward crank is type I non detachable, which makes it unable to adapt to CW film winder (this may be the "value" rating deliberately set by Hasu company). The latest version of 501c is 501cm (FIG. 10), which adopts a sliding mirror system. The head of the set is CB head, which is slightly simplified than CF lens in lens group, and omits "F" block. However, hasul said that "CB series lens is equivalent to CFI and CFE series lens, which has improved quality of CF lens and uses inter blade shutter." Compared with 503cw, 501cm omits TTL function
501cm is the most cost-effective camera in the whole hasuzhong frame system, and has been rated as one of the world's top ten best value for money cameras< In the 1970s, the camera began to develop in the direction of electronics. In order to adapt to the new historical trend, Hasu company has made great efforts, but at the same time, it is unwilling to give up the concept of original design. The 2000fc (FIG. 11), published in 1977, is just such a "contradictory" model. Although the electronic focal plane shutter of 1 / 2000 second is added, the basic framework is still the same: no internal metering and automatic exposure function. The defect of 2000fc is that the metal curtain shutter is easily damaged and wrinkled when loading and unloading the back Now Kiev 88 also has this problem.) Hasu company made rapid improvement after receiving complaints from users. 2000fc / M is an improved model. Ingenious design
Hasu company, which is famous for procing medium frame single lens reflective cameras, was founded in 1841. It was originally a small shop dealing in groceries, clothing and portrait materials. It began to deal in photographic sensitive materials in 1887 and became the general agent of Kodak in Sweden in 1908. The proction of cameras started with Victor hassou
Victor hassou, born in 1906 in Gothenburg, Sweden, was keen on bird photography in his youth, and was familiar with Leica, comtese, Graflex and lulai cameras on the market at that time. His dream is to build a "single lens reflex camera that can change lens, film box and viewfinder."
after the outbreak of the Second World War, the Swedish Air Force learned from Victor hassou's published articles about his advanced camera design ideas, and ordered cameras for reconnaissance from him. For this reason, hassu made the first aerial camera hK7 in 1941, and then designed and manufactured ska4, ska5 and mk80 cameras for the army. From 1941 to 1945, hasul delivered 36 cameras to the Swedish Air Force and army
born in 1948, Hasu's first central frame single lens reflective camera 1600f marks the beginning of Hasu's camera's entry into the field of general photography. Its reliable performance and excellent imaging quality are not only favored by professional photographers, but also attracted the attention of NASA. In 1969, the Apollo spacecraft made its first voyage to the moon. The photo of man's first landing on the moon was taken with the hassle camera, which has become even more famous ever since
in the history of the development of medium frame camera, Hasu's position is also very important: it was the first to use the shutter between mirrors to achieve a flash synchronization speed of 1 / 500 seconds; The first use of automatic shrinkage aperture, get rid of the cumbersome retraction aperture; Its shape design has rarely changed for decades, but with the improvement of its internal structure and the increase of its functions, it has developed many new models. Today, its brand and technology has become an eternal classic in the history of human camera development< First, the early F-series camera is the most memorable day of hasul company on October 6, 1948. On this day, the first Hasu mid frame SLR camera 1600f (Figure 1) was launched in New York, USA. Hasu's first combined structure, up to 1 / 1600 second shutter speed, makes people marvel. 1600f adopts metal curtain shutter. The knob on the right side of the body can be pulled out to adjust the shutter speed clockwise or anticlockwise. Retracting inward and turning forward is the top chord of the shutter and the continuous movement of the film There is no mechanical contact between lens and fuselage ring. Focus with full aperture, otherwise the viewfinder is too dark; Before exposure, the aperture must be re shrunk to the preset level, otherwise overexposure will occur. The defects of 1600f are obvious, especially the low precision of high-speed shutter. Victor is a very accomplished photographer and naturally understands what these defects will bring. For many years, he devoted himself to improvement. For the 1000F (Fig. 2) proced in 1953, the maximum shutter speed is reced to 1 / 1000 second, and the shutter speed rotation adjustment is changed from bidirectional to unidirectional. The shutter accuracy and the rability of the shutter knob have been greatly improved< Second, the aberration and distortion correction of the wide-angle lens of the ultra wide angle S-Series camera is a technical problem. At that time, because the aspheric surface technology was not developed, the optical correction encountered greater limitations. Hasu, on the other hand, uses a side axis view and omits the reflector, so that the rear mirror group of the lens can be closer to the focal plane, which makes the effect of distortion correction very ideal. In 1954, Hassel released the SWA wide-angle camera based on this technology (Figure 3). The camera, with its side axis view and extremely short body, has a 38 mm lens with a wide viewing angle fixed on the body (equivalent to about 22 mm focal length of a 135 camera). The image quality of SWA is as good as that of that year × The 5-seat wide-angle lens is comparable. In 1954, SWA camera made a big splash in Cologne photographic equipment fair and became the focus of news media. In 1982, the C lens of SWA was changed to CF lens, and the set-top level was changed to the viewfinder, which was called SWC / M (Fig. 4). Later, the latest model, known as 903swc, costs as much as 46000 yuan, which is the only fixed lens medium frame camera of Hasu< The year 1957 is an important turning point in the development of Hasu. The first camera 500C of Hasu 500 series first adopted the inter lens shutter to automatically shrink the aperture lens. Although the maximum shutter speed is reced from 1 / 1000 second of 1000F to 1 / 500 second, the shutter accuracy and shutter life are obviously improved. Compared with the previous 1 / 30 second synchronization of 1600f, the first full flash synchronization is a qualitative leap. It is worth mentioning that the first inter lens shutter auto shrinking aperture lens is a revolution in the manufacturing technology of medium frame camera, which gets rid of the cumbersome operation proceres of focusing, shooting, retracting and playing aperture. 500C created the first 500 classic series, which is an important historical turning point for Hasu to occupy the beachhead of China frame camera. It makes Hasu stand firm in the fierce market competition. To be fair, 500C still has some unsatisfactory points, such as the viewfinder is not bright enough; When the focal length is more than 150 mm, the viewfinder can't display the whole image, etc., but all these are flaws. In 1970, the 500C / M focusing screen was changed into a replaceable one; In 1982, CF lens replaced C lens, making the 500 series more mature. In 1988, 503cx (Fig. 6) replaced 500C / m. This is one of the most important backbone of the 500 series, the first generation camera of the 503 series. For the first time, 503cx adopts "TTL" and Minolta's acute matte-d focusing screen technology, which makes the viewfinder much brighter. At the same time, the professional flash proflas with 503cx makes the Hasu mechanical camera more widely applicable. 503cx continues to improve. In 1994, 503cx I (Figure 7), the second generation model of 503 series, came out. Its characteristics are as follows:
1. The diameter of shutter button is increased to make the hand feel more flexible and the hand shock smaller. The shutter lock button of 503cx is cancelled to prevent the shutter from being locked unintentionally ring operation
2. The winding crank has been improved, and the type I forward crank of 503cx has been changed to the detachable type E crank (this is the key point that 503cx I can install the accessory CW winder proced in 1996, but 503cx can't)
3. Improvement of fuselage base. A new 3 / 8-inch screw hole is added to the base of 503cx I fuselage, which is adaptable to various tripods. In addition, the bottom plastic supporting plate is added to prevent the fuselage from being damaged
4. The additional adapter of 503cx I fuselage can accommodate 6 × 4.5 and the baffle of panoramic film
Hasu company launched 503cw in 1996 (Figure 8), which makes 503 series fully mature. The GMS system is used for the first time. Each time when the shutter is on, the reflector will slide down about 3 mm in the process of falling back, so that the viewfinder can display the whole image completely when a lens with a focal length longer than 150 mm or an extension ring and a leather cavity are used. 503cw is equipped with CW film winder, which has the following shooting modes: s-single shooting; C - continuous shooting of 0.8 frames per second; M-multiple exposure; RC - remote control. The infrared remote control within 10 meters is very practical for macro photography, which is a pioneering improvement of mechanical camera. 503cw also has the function of mirror pre rising, which is particularly convenient and practical when using RC mode. After using CW film winder, for hand-held shooting, because the right hand holds the weight, the same hand index finger releases the shutter, which reces the hand shock of releasing the shutter. The development of CW winder has brought 503 series to the peak< As far as mechanical cameras are concerned, electric film passing is of certain practical value. For example, it can make the photographer pay attention to the constant change of the subject, strive for the opportunity to capture the wonderful moment. As early as the early 1960s, Hasu was committed to the development of this aspect. After several tests, the first 500el (Figure 9) was launched in 1965. 500el is based on the 500C add connected electric winding motor, to achieve 1.2 pieces per second automatic film. The launch of the 500el immediately attracted the attention of NASA and was later selected as a space model. In addition to Hassel's reliable performance and excellent image quality, El model is more suitable for astronauts to wear thick gloves. In 1969, the Apollo spacecraft carried human beings to the moon for the first time. The picture of the astronauts who landed on the moon with "one small step for human beings, one big step for human beings" recorded in the history of human beings is a masterpiece taken by hassu 500el / 70 camera
500el / M proced in 1971, the focusing screen can be replaced; TTL was added to 500elx in 1984; In 1988, 553elx was replaced by Minolta acute matte focusing screen, and the enlarged reflector (different from GMS) enables the viewfinder to display the whole image completely when equipped with long focus lens. In 1996, after the CW electric film winder came into the market, both 503cx I and 503cw can be equipped with CW film winder to realize electric film passing, only 0.4 frame per second slower than 553elx, and the advantage of El series is losing. Hassle couldn't bear its demise, and launched 555eld, which can replace the digital back, equipped with hassle IR remote control, and remote shooting. Hasu 555eld conforms to the development trend of digital photography, and the El series once again attracts the attention of the photography instry<
five, 500 series of "branch" C type
500 series of "elder" is 500C, 1970's 500C / M change is not big, but from this branch - 503cx is "upgrade" and 501c is "same level" improvement (proced in 1994). Compared with 500C / m, 501c has no top / shutter release indicator. The shutter forward crank is type I non detachable, which makes it unable to adapt to CW film winder (this may be the "value" rating deliberately set by Hasu company). The latest version of 501c is 501cm (FIG. 10), which adopts a sliding mirror system. The head of the set is CB head, which is slightly simplified than CF lens in lens group, and omits "F" block. However, hasul said that "CB series lens is equivalent to CFI and CFE series lens, which has improved quality of CF lens and uses inter blade shutter." Compared with 503cw, 501cm omits TTL function
501cm is the most cost-effective camera in the whole hasuzhong frame system, and has been rated as one of the world's top ten best value for money cameras< In the 1970s, the camera began to develop in the direction of electronics. In order to adapt to the new historical trend, Hasu company has made great efforts, but at the same time, it is unwilling to give up the concept of original design. The 2000fc (FIG. 11), published in 1977, is just such a "contradictory" model. Although the electronic focal plane shutter of 1 / 2000 second is added, the basic framework is still the same: no internal metering and automatic exposure function. The defect of 2000fc is that the metal curtain shutter is easily damaged and wrinkled when loading and unloading the back Now Kiev 88 also has this problem.) Hasu company made rapid improvement after receiving complaints from users. 2000fc / M is an improved model. The ingenious design solves this problem: the shutter curtain will automatically retract the fuselage when the fuselage is removed from the back, and the curtain will not be damaged
the main advantage of the 2000 series is the matching lens. at that time
Retailer refers to the middleman who sells the goods to the final consumers directly, and is in the final stage of commodity circulation
the basic task of retailers is to directly serve the final consumers, and its functions include purchase, sale, transfer, storage, processing, parts dismantling, subcontracting, information transmission and sales services. In terms of location, time and service, it is convenient for consumers to buy. It is also a bridge between manufacturers, wholesalers and consumers, and plays an important role in distribution channels
The retailer is the final link of distribution channel. Facing the indivial consumer market, it is the terminal of the distribution channel system, which directly connects the consumers and completes the task of realizing the final value of the proct. Retail business plays an important role in the development of the whole national economy. There are many kinds of retail business and the way of operation changes quickly, which constitute a variety of dynamic retail distribution system
extended information:
joint retail includes
1 and wholesale joint number. Small and medium-sized retailers are willing to join the chain of wholesalers. The members of the chain are connected by contract to clarify the rights and obligations of both sides. Wholesalers get loyal customers, and retailers purchase goods in the wholesale chain in proportion to ensure the supply channel
2. Mainly by a group of independent retailers in accordance with the principle of voluntariness, mutual benefit and mutual benefit, a joint organization for the purpose of unified procurement and joint promotion
3. Consumer cooperatives. Retail organizations set up with voluntary contributions from community residents shall be under democratic management. This kind of shop supplies members' goods at low price, or sets a certain price, and members pay dividends according to the amount of shopping
4. Store group. This is a large-scale form of retail organization, and there is no fixed mode. It is under the control of a holding company, including a number of stores in various instries, and usually adopts diversified operation
after the outbreak of the Second World War, the Swedish Air Force learned from Victor hassou's published articles about his advanced camera design ideas, and ordered cameras for reconnaissance from him. For this reason, hassu made the first aerial camera hK7 in 1941, and then designed and manufactured ska4, ska5 and mk80 cameras for the army. From 1941 to 1945, hasul delivered 36 cameras to the Swedish Air Force and army
born in 1948, Hasu's first central frame single lens reflective camera 1600f marks the beginning of Hasu's camera's entry into the field of general photography. Its reliable performance and excellent imaging quality are not only favored by professional photographers, but also attracted the attention of NASA. In 1969, the Apollo spacecraft made its first voyage to the moon. The photo of man's first landing on the moon was taken with the hassle camera, which has become even more famous ever since
in the history of the development of medium frame camera, Hasu's position is also very important: it was the first to use the shutter between mirrors to achieve a flash synchronization speed of 1 / 500 seconds; The first use of automatic shrinkage aperture, get rid of the cumbersome retraction aperture; Its shape design has rarely changed for decades, but with the improvement of its internal structure and the increase of its functions, it has developed many new models. Today, its brand and technology has become an eternal classic in the history of human camera development< First, the early f series camera is the most memorable day of hasul company. On this day, the first Hasu mid frame SLR camera 1600f (Figure 1) was launched in New York, USA. Hasu's first combined structure, up to 1 / 1600 second shutter speed, makes people marvel. 1600f adopts metal curtain shutter. The knob on the right side of the body can be pulled out to adjust the shutter speed clockwise or anticlockwise. Retracting inward and turning forward is the top chord of the shutter and the continuous movement of the film There is no mechanical contact between lens and fuselage ring. Focus with full aperture, otherwise the viewfinder is too dark; Before exposure, the aperture must be re shrunk to the preset level, otherwise overexposure will occur. The defects of 1600f are obvious, especially the low precision of high-speed shutter. Victor is a very accomplished photographer and naturally understands what these defects will bring. For many years, he devoted himself to improvement. For the 1000F (Fig. 2) proced in 1953, the maximum shutter speed is reced to 1 / 1000 second, and the shutter speed rotation adjustment is changed from bidirectional to unidirectional. The shutter accuracy and the rability of the shutter knob have been greatly improved< Second, the aberration and distortion correction of the wide-angle lens of the ultra wide angle S-Series camera is a technical problem. At that time, because the aspheric surface technology was not developed, the optical correction encountered greater limitations. Hasu, on the other hand, uses a side axis view and omits the reflector, so that the rear mirror group of the lens can be closer to the focal plane, which makes the effect of distortion correction very ideal. In 1954, Hassel released the SWA wide-angle camera based on this technology (Figure 3). The camera, with its side axis view and extremely short body, has a 38 mm lens with a wide viewing angle fixed on the body (equivalent to about 22 mm focal length of a 135 camera). The image quality of SWA is as good as that of that year × The 5-seat wide-angle lens is comparable. In 1954, SWA camera made a big splash in Cologne photographic equipment fair and became the focus of news media. In 1982, the C lens of SWA was changed to CF lens, and the set-top level was changed to the viewfinder, which was called SWC / M (Fig. 4). Later, the latest model, known as 903swc, costs as much as 46000 yuan, which is the only fixed lens medium frame camera of Hasu< The year 1957 is an important turning point in the development of Hasu. The first camera 500C of Hasu 500 series first adopted the inter lens shutter to automatically shrink the aperture lens. Although the maximum shutter speed is reced from 1 / 1000 second of 1000F to 1 / 500 second, the shutter accuracy and shutter life are obviously improved. Compared with the previous 1 / 30 second synchronization of 1600f, the first full flash synchronization is a qualitative leap. It is worth mentioning that the first inter lens shutter auto shrinking aperture lens is a revolution in the manufacturing technology of medium frame camera, which gets rid of the cumbersome operation proceres of focusing, shooting, retracting and playing aperture. 500C created the first 500 classic series, which is an important historical turning point for Hasu to occupy the beachhead of China frame camera. It makes Hasu stand firm in the fierce market competition. To be fair, 500C still has some unsatisfactory points, such as the viewfinder is not bright enough; When the focal length is more than 150 mm, the viewfinder can't display the whole image, etc., but all these are flaws. In 1970, the 500C / M focusing screen was changed into a replaceable one; In 1982, CF lens replaced C lens, making the 500 series more mature. In 1988, 503cx (Fig. 6) replaced 500C / m. This is one of the most important backbone of the 500 series, the first generation camera of the 503 series. For the first time, 503cx adopts "TTL" and Minolta's acute matte-d focusing screen technology, which makes the viewfinder much brighter. At the same time, the professional flash proflas with 503cx makes the Hasu mechanical camera more widely applicable. 503cx continues to improve. In 1994, 503cx I (Figure 7), the second generation model of 503 series, came out. Its characteristics are as follows:
1. The diameter of shutter button is increased to make the hand feel more flexible and the hand shock smaller. The shutter lock button of 503cx is cancelled to prevent the shutter from being locked unintentionally ring operation
2. The winding crank has been improved, and the type I forward crank of 503cx has been changed to the detachable type E crank (this is the key point that 503cx I can install the accessory CW winder proced in 1996, but 503cx can't)
3. Improvement of fuselage base. A new 3 / 8-inch screw hole is added to the base of 503cx I fuselage, which is adaptable to various tripods. In addition, the bottom plastic supporting plate is added to prevent the fuselage from being damaged
4. The additional adapter of 503cx I fuselage can accommodate 6 × 4.5 and the baffle of panoramic film
Hasu company launched 503cw in 1996 (Figure 8), which makes 503 series fully mature. The GMS system is used for the first time. Each time when the shutter is on, the reflector will slide down about 3 mm in the process of falling back, so that the viewfinder can display the whole image completely when a lens with a focal length longer than 150 mm or an extension ring and a leather cavity are used. 503cw is equipped with CW film winder, which has the following shooting modes: s-single shooting; C - continuous shooting of 0.8 frames per second; M-multiple exposure; RC - remote control. The infrared remote control within 10 meters is very practical for macro photography, which is a pioneering improvement of mechanical camera. 503cw also has the function of mirror pre rising, which is particularly convenient and practical when using RC mode. After using CW film winder, for hand-held shooting, because the right hand holds the weight, the same hand index finger releases the shutter, which reces the hand shock of releasing the shutter. The development of CW winder has brought 503 series to the peak< As far as mechanical cameras are concerned, electric film passing is of certain practical value. For example, it can make the photographer pay attention to the constant change of the subject, strive for the opportunity to capture the wonderful moment. As early as the early 1960s, Hasu was committed to the development of this aspect. After several tests, the first 500el (Figure 9) was launched in 1965. 500el is based on the 500C add connected electric winding motor, to achieve 1.2 pieces per second automatic film. The launch of the 500el immediately attracted the attention of NASA and was later selected as a space model. In addition to Hassel's reliable performance and excellent image quality, El model is more suitable for astronauts to wear thick gloves. In 1969, the Apollo spacecraft carried human beings to the moon for the first time. The picture of the astronauts who landed on the moon with "one small step for human beings, one big step for human beings" recorded in the history of human beings is a masterpiece taken by hassu 500el / 70 camera
500el / M proced in 1971, the focusing screen can be replaced; TTL was added to 500elx in 1984; In 1988, 553elx was replaced by Minolta acute matte focusing screen, and the enlarged reflector (different from GMS) enables the viewfinder to display the whole image completely when equipped with long focus lens. In 1996, after the CW electric film winder came into the market, both 503cx I and 503cw can be equipped with CW film winder to realize electric film passing, only 0.4 frame per second slower than 553elx, and the advantage of El series is losing. Hassle couldn't bear its demise, and launched 555eld, which can replace the digital back, equipped with hassle IR remote control, and remote shooting. Hasu 555eld conforms to the development trend of digital photography, and the El series once again attracts the attention of the photography instry<
five, 500 series of "branch" C type
500 series of "elder" is 500C, 1970's 500C / M change is not big, but from this branch - 503cx is "upgrade" and 501c is "same level" improvement (proced in 1994). Compared with 500C / m, 501c has no top / shutter release indicator. The shutter forward crank is type I non detachable, which makes it unable to adapt to CW film winder (this may be the "value" rating deliberately set by Hasu company). The latest version of 501c is 501cm (FIG. 10), which adopts a sliding mirror system. The head of the set is CB head, which is slightly simplified than CF lens in lens group, and omits "F" block. However, hasul said that "CB series lens is equivalent to CFI and CFE series lens, which has improved quality of CF lens and uses inter blade shutter." Compared with 503cw, 501cm omits TTL function
501cm is the most cost-effective camera in the whole hasuzhong frame system, and has been rated as one of the world's top ten best value for money cameras< In the 1970s, the camera began to develop in the direction of electronics. In order to adapt to the new historical trend, Hasu company has made great efforts, but at the same time, it is unwilling to give up the concept of original design. The 2000fc (FIG. 11) published in 1977 is just such a "contradictory" model. Although the electronic focal plane shutter of 1 / 2000 second is added, the basic framework is still the same: automatic exposure without internal metering. The defect of 2000fc is that the metal curtain shutter is easily damaged and wrinkled when loading and unloading the back Now Kiev 88 also has this problem.) Hasu company made rapid improvement after receiving complaints from users. 2000fc / M is an improved model. The ingenious design solves this problem: the shutter curtain will automatically retract the fuselage when the fuselage is removed from the back, and the curtain will not be damaged
the main advantage of the 2000 series is the matching lens. At that time, Carl Zeiss's matching lenses, known as "F", were all brand-new designs. They had the advantage of larger aperture (except for the head, they had a larger aperture than the "C" lens of the same model). At the same time, they were compatible with C series lenses. Later, the 2003 FCW only added an electric propeller to the reel handle, and the development of the 2000 model ended< 7. Hasu's 200 series has been explored by Model 2000
after the outbreak of the Second World War, the Swedish Air Force learned from Victor hassou's published articles about his advanced camera design ideas, and ordered cameras for reconnaissance from him. For this reason, hassu made the first aerial camera hK7 in 1941, and then designed and manufactured ska4, ska5 and mk80 cameras for the army. From 1941 to 1945, hasul delivered 36 cameras to the Swedish Air Force and army
born in 1948, Hasu's first central frame single lens reflective camera 1600f marks the beginning of Hasu's camera's entry into the field of general photography. Its reliable performance and excellent imaging quality are not only favored by professional photographers, but also attracted the attention of NASA. In 1969, the Apollo spacecraft made its first voyage to the moon. The photo of man's first landing on the moon was taken with the hassle camera, which has become even more famous ever since
in the history of the development of medium frame camera, Hasu's position is also very important: it was the first to use the shutter between mirrors to achieve a flash synchronization speed of 1 / 500 seconds; The first use of automatic shrinkage aperture, get rid of the cumbersome retraction aperture; Its shape design has rarely changed for decades, but with the improvement of its internal structure and the increase of its functions, it has developed many new models. Today, its brand and technology has become an eternal classic in the history of human camera development< First, the early f series camera is the most memorable day of hasul company. On this day, the first Hasu mid frame SLR camera 1600f (Figure 1) was launched in New York, USA. Hasu's first combined structure, up to 1 / 1600 second shutter speed, makes people marvel. 1600f adopts metal curtain shutter. The knob on the right side of the body can be pulled out to adjust the shutter speed clockwise or anticlockwise. Retracting inward and turning forward is the top chord of the shutter and the continuous movement of the film There is no mechanical contact between lens and fuselage ring. Focus with full aperture, otherwise the viewfinder is too dark; Before exposure, the aperture must be re shrunk to the preset level, otherwise overexposure will occur. The defects of 1600f are obvious, especially the low precision of high-speed shutter. Victor is a very accomplished photographer and naturally understands what these defects will bring. For many years, he devoted himself to improvement. For the 1000F (Fig. 2) proced in 1953, the maximum shutter speed is reced to 1 / 1000 second, and the shutter speed rotation adjustment is changed from bidirectional to unidirectional. The shutter accuracy and the rability of the shutter knob have been greatly improved< Second, the aberration and distortion correction of the wide-angle lens of the ultra wide angle S-Series camera is a technical problem. At that time, because the aspheric surface technology was not developed, the optical correction encountered greater limitations. Hasu, on the other hand, uses a side axis view and omits the reflector, so that the rear mirror group of the lens can be closer to the focal plane, which makes the effect of distortion correction very ideal. In 1954, Hassel released the SWA wide-angle camera based on this technology (Figure 3). The camera, with its side axis view and extremely short body, has a 38 mm lens with a wide viewing angle fixed on the body (equivalent to about 22 mm focal length of a 135 camera). The image quality of SWA is as good as that of that year × The 5-seat wide-angle lens is comparable. In 1954, SWA camera made a big splash in Cologne photographic equipment fair and became the focus of news media. In 1982, the C lens of SWA was changed to CF lens, and the set-top level was changed to the viewfinder, which was called SWC / M (Fig. 4). Later, the latest model, known as 903swc, costs as much as 46000 yuan, which is the only fixed lens medium frame camera of Hasu< The year 1957 is an important turning point in the development of Hasu. The first camera 500C of Hasu 500 series first adopted the inter lens shutter to automatically shrink the aperture lens. Although the maximum shutter speed is reced from 1 / 1000 second of 1000F to 1 / 500 second, the shutter accuracy and shutter life are obviously improved. Compared with the previous 1 / 30 second synchronization of 1600f, the first full flash synchronization is a qualitative leap. It is worth mentioning that the first inter lens shutter auto shrinking aperture lens is a revolution in the manufacturing technology of medium frame camera, which gets rid of the cumbersome operation proceres of focusing, shooting, retracting and playing aperture. 500C created the first 500 classic series, which is an important historical turning point for Hasu to occupy the beachhead of China frame camera. It makes Hasu stand firm in the fierce market competition. To be fair, 500C still has some unsatisfactory points, such as the viewfinder is not bright enough; When the focal length is more than 150 mm, the viewfinder can't display the whole image, etc., but all these are flaws. In 1970, the 500C / M focusing screen was changed into a replaceable one; In 1982, CF lens replaced C lens, making the 500 series more mature. In 1988, 503cx (Fig. 6) replaced 500C / m. This is one of the most important backbone of the 500 series, the first generation camera of the 503 series. For the first time, 503cx adopts "TTL" and Minolta's acute matte-d focusing screen technology, which makes the viewfinder much brighter. At the same time, the professional flash proflas with 503cx makes the Hasu mechanical camera more widely applicable. 503cx continues to improve. In 1994, 503cx I (Figure 7), the second generation model of 503 series, came out. Its characteristics are as follows:
1. The diameter of shutter button is increased to make the hand feel more flexible and the hand shock smaller. The shutter lock button of 503cx is cancelled to prevent the shutter from being locked unintentionally ring operation
2. The winding crank has been improved, and the type I forward crank of 503cx has been changed to the detachable type E crank (this is the key point that 503cx I can install the accessory CW winder proced in 1996, but 503cx can't)
3. Improvement of fuselage base. A new 3 / 8-inch screw hole is added to the base of 503cx I fuselage, which is adaptable to various tripods. In addition, the bottom plastic supporting plate is added to prevent the fuselage from being damaged
4. The additional adapter of 503cx I fuselage can accommodate 6 × 4.5 and the baffle of panoramic film
Hasu company launched 503cw in 1996 (Figure 8), which makes 503 series fully mature. The GMS system is used for the first time. Each time when the shutter is on, the reflector will slide down about 3 mm in the process of falling back, so that the viewfinder can display the whole image completely when a lens with a focal length longer than 150 mm or an extension ring and a leather cavity are used. 503cw is equipped with CW film winder, which has the following shooting modes: s-single shooting; C - continuous shooting of 0.8 frames per second; M-multiple exposure; RC - remote control. The infrared remote control within 10 meters is very practical for macro photography, which is a pioneering improvement of mechanical camera. 503cw also has the function of mirror pre rising, which is particularly convenient and practical when using RC mode. After using CW film winder, for hand-held shooting, because the right hand holds the weight, the same hand index finger releases the shutter, which reces the hand shock of releasing the shutter. The development of CW winder has brought 503 series to the peak< As far as mechanical cameras are concerned, electric film passing is of certain practical value. For example, it can make the photographer pay attention to the constant change of the subject, strive for the opportunity to capture the wonderful moment. As early as the early 1960s, Hasu was committed to the development of this aspect. After several tests, the first 500el (Figure 9) was launched in 1965. 500el is based on the 500C add connected electric winding motor, to achieve 1.2 pieces per second automatic film. The launch of the 500el immediately attracted the attention of NASA and was later selected as a space model. In addition to Hassel's reliable performance and excellent image quality, El model is more suitable for astronauts to wear thick gloves. In 1969, the Apollo spacecraft carried human beings to the moon for the first time. The picture of the astronauts who landed on the moon with "one small step for human beings, one big step for human beings" recorded in the history of human beings is a masterpiece taken by hassu 500el / 70 camera
500el / M proced in 1971, the focusing screen can be replaced; TTL was added to 500elx in 1984; In 1988, 553elx was replaced by Minolta acute matte focusing screen, and the enlarged reflector (different from GMS) enables the viewfinder to display the whole image completely when equipped with long focus lens. In 1996, after the CW electric film winder came into the market, both 503cx I and 503cw can be equipped with CW film winder to realize electric film passing, only 0.4 frame per second slower than 553elx, and the advantage of El series is losing. Hassle couldn't bear its demise, and launched 555eld, which can replace the digital back, equipped with hassle IR remote control, and remote shooting. Hasu 555eld conforms to the development trend of digital photography, and the El series once again attracts the attention of the photography instry<
five, 500 series of "branch" C type
500 series of "elder" is 500C, 1970's 500C / M change is not big, but from this branch - 503cx is "upgrade" and 501c is "same level" improvement (proced in 1994). Compared with 500C / m, 501c has no top / shutter release indicator. The shutter forward crank is type I non detachable, which makes it unable to adapt to CW film winder (this may be the "value" rating deliberately set by Hasu company). The latest version of 501c is 501cm (FIG. 10), which adopts a sliding mirror system. The head of the set is CB head, which is slightly simplified than CF lens in lens group, and omits "F" block. However, hasul said that "CB series lens is equivalent to CFI and CFE series lens, which has improved quality of CF lens and uses inter blade shutter." Compared with 503cw, 501cm omits TTL function
501cm is the most cost-effective camera in the whole hasuzhong frame system, and has been rated as one of the world's top ten best value for money cameras< In the 1970s, the camera began to develop in the direction of electronics. In order to adapt to the new historical trend, Hasu company has made great efforts, but at the same time, it is unwilling to give up the concept of original design. The 2000fc (FIG. 11) published in 1977 is just such a "contradictory" model. Although the electronic focal plane shutter of 1 / 2000 second is added, the basic framework is still the same: automatic exposure without internal metering. The defect of 2000fc is that the metal curtain shutter is easily damaged and wrinkled when loading and unloading the back Now Kiev 88 also has this problem.) Hasu company made rapid improvement after receiving complaints from users. 2000fc / M is an improved model. The ingenious design solves this problem: the shutter curtain will automatically retract the fuselage when the fuselage is removed from the back, and the curtain will not be damaged
the main advantage of the 2000 series is the matching lens. At that time, Carl Zeiss's matching lenses, known as "F", were all brand-new designs. They had the advantage of larger aperture (except for the head, they had a larger aperture than the "C" lens of the same model). At the same time, they were compatible with C series lenses. Later, the 2003 FCW only added an electric propeller to the reel handle, and the development of the 2000 model ended< 7. Hasu's 200 series