Decentralization of terrorism

1.

1. At present, Al Qaeda is still the largest "pole"

since 2010, dozens of senior leaders, such as Mustafa Yezid, bin Laden, Ilyas Kashmiri, have been killed, and the strength of Al Qaeda headquarters has been weakening day by day. However, Al Qaeda's branches have become a new source of global threat e to the contraction of the US anti-terrorism front

"Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula" is listed as "the biggest terrorist threat" by the United States, "Islamic Maghreb base" is expanding to the East, South and west of Sahara, "base in Iraq" is rebounding and making waves by taking advantage of the US withdrawal. It can be said that today's al Qaeda is not the past, but has evolved into a new type of transnational terrorist consortium

2. The radicalization in South Asia and the Middle East is intensifying, and the regional extremist forces have become the "new pole" of the international terrorist threat

"Lashkar" has set up branches all over the world and has a global network beyond al Qaeda“ The "Islamic Jihad Movement" has accelerated its expansion in South Asia, Europe and the United States. "Its strength is second only to Lashkar, which is very dangerous."

"Pakistan Taliban" has become an important force in the international jihadi network“ Al Shabaab announced its allegiance to Al Qaeda, expanded its activities to East African countries and penetrated into Europe and the United States

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strengthen the implementation of anti-terrorism measures:

1. We should give full play to our political and institutional advantages, and strive to fight a good anti-terrorism campaign of initiative, integrity and persistence

it is necessary to further deepen the special action to crack down on violent and terrorist activities, carry out in-depth crackdown on prominent problems such as the spread of violent and terrorist audio and video on the Internet and the illegal entry and exit of people involved in terrorism, and resolutely fight down the arrogance of violent and terrorist elements

We should adhere to the principle of treating both the symptoms and the root causes, establish a comprehensive governance mechanism with multi department participation, strengthen the ecation of ethnic and religious policies, strengthen the legal management of religious places, deeply promote the "de radicalization" work, and strive to eradicate the breeding soil of violence and terrorism fundamentally

we should improve the reward system for reporting terrorist clues, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all sectors of society to participate in the anti-terrorism work, constantly enhance the anti-terrorism awareness of the masses, actively build an anti-terrorism pattern of universal participation and mass prevention and mass governance, and resolutely fight the people's war against terrorism

2. Chinese scholars believe that since the 1990s, with the development of economic globalization, science and technology and the popularity of the Internet, there have been some new features and trends in the development of terrorism that deserve attention:
1. With the continuous acceleration of economic globalization, international terrorist networks and activities are also showing a trend of globalization. In today's world, a loose international terrorist network has been formed, and international terrorism has extended its tentacles all over the world< The internationalization of terrorism is one of the negative phenomena in the process of globalization. The "international" meaning of terrorism lies in the internationalization of objectives, actions and organizational systems. In addition, the economic sources on which terrorism depends are becoming more and more diversified and large-scale, and there are signs of infiltration from the traditional smuggling, drug trafficking, kidnapping and extortion to the new economic field
2. Political purpose and ideological fanaticism. The motive of terrorist activities has a distinct political nature. The main purpose of terrorist activities is not to eliminate and destroy the target of action, but to create fear and panic to affect the public psychology, create a specific atmosphere of terror and political pressure, thus forming pressure and deterrence on the government and specific social groups, forcing the other party, usually the government and social groups, to make concessions, In order to achieve the purpose of political revenge, destroy the ruling order or influence the internal and external policies of the government. Most terrorist activities have political or ideological motives, and have strong belief support and spiritual motivation. The motive of terrorist's behavior is different from that of general violent crime, and its behavior characteristics are also different. They are obstinate in thought, fanatical in spirit, extreme in behavior, and free from the constraints of law, morality, tradition and public opinion
3. Subject organization. Modern terrorist activities usually take the form of tight organization. Terrorist organizations have clear division of labor, strict organization and secretive activities. The recruitment and training of their personnel, the selection of their targets, the formulation of their plans, the use of their means, the use of their tools, the organization of their forces, and the routes and methods of their escape are generally carefully prepared and plotted in advance
4. High tech terrorist means. The development of high technology is like a double-edged sword, which not only brings benefits to mankind, but also provides terrorists with more favorable weapons and brings greater disasters to mankind. Terrorist activities and terrorist crimes are also developing in the direction of high intelligence and high technology, so that traditional means such as assassination, explosion, kidnapping, hijacking and poisoning are constantly used. At the same time, the use of biochemical weapons, nuclear weapons, computer networks and other terrorist activities are graally emerging, and there is a trend of further development
5. The violence and cruelty of terror. The scope and targets of contemporary international terrorism are constantly expanding, which is a very dangerous trend. If we say that the traditional terrorist activities are "to let more people see, not to let more people die", the current terrorist activities are "to let more people die, but also to let more people see", and the innocent people become the targets of large-scale terrorist attacks. In the past, terrorists often targeted political leaders, diplomats, military and police personnel, managers of multinational companies and so on. However, there are some worrying phenomena in the current international terrorism. They abandon the traditional terrorist activities and try not to hurt the ordinary civilians. They try to put pressure on the government by slaughtering civilians on a large scale, or to attack the government's prestige or destroy its international image
6. Symbolic goals. The targets of terrorist activities are carefully selected. These targets are selected because their identity, location or activities symbolize the system, regime or order that terrorists want to oppose, destroy or retaliate against. There is often no direct interest relationship and realistic connection between terrorist activities and their specific victims
7. Terrorist attacks targeting the United States are becoming more and more serious. Since the end of the cold war, terrorist activities targeting the United States have been on the rise. According to statistics, in recent years, the proportion of terrorist attacks on the United States in the world was 25% in 1996, 30% in 1997 and 35% in 1998. On September 11, 2001, international terrorist organizations launched unprecedented attacks against the United States
8. Terrorist forces collude with ethnic separatist forces, religious extremist forces and evil cult forces to seek "development", and terrorist organizations tend to further unite and cooperate with each other. Terrorist activities based on ethnic or racial separatism and religious contradictions are extremely active. After the end of the cold war, the ethnic and religious conflicts in some countries in the Middle East, South Asia and Europe have further intensified, resulting in many outbreak points of terrorist activities. Some scholars divide the terrorist activities related to religious contradictions or religious extremism into three categories. One is terrorism combined with national separatism. Northern Ireland is the most typical terrorist activity with the longest history; Second, terrorism is mainly religious extremism. Islamic extremism has become the most widespread, influential and harmful terrorist activity in the world, and is the main representative of international terrorism; Third, terrorism of religious worship groups, namely cult terrorism
9. Modern mass communication system has stimulated international terrorism. Mass media is an important external factor influencing terrorism. The characteristics of mass media and terrorism determine that there is a "partnership" between them. Some media reports promote the development of terrorism to a certain extent, but also have a negative impact on the government's anti-terrorism actions
10. Far right terrorism is frequent. With the change of the international environment, the extreme right-wing racist forces represented by Neo Nazis have revived in some western countries. They constantly set off a wave of extreme racism, spread Neo fascism and create all kinds of terrorist incidents. It is necessary to further analyze and think about the deep reasons.

3. What is interesting is that after Europe in the Middle Ages tried to absorb the great achievements of Islamic civilization and prosper, the West today stubbornly blamed Islam for all the maladies of Muslims, from lack of democracy to economic depression. Terrorists and their disasters are no exception. Some people say that they are the proct of an evil religious thought that must be completely eradicated. Even if this statement is true, it is only part of the truth. The question that we can't avoid is: why do those who make explosions chase this evil religious thought instead of others? Remember, in an Islamic society with obvious political and ideological differences, it is not orthodox religious thought
what drives them to deviate from the mainstream of Muslim thought and choose the evil idea that killing innocent civilians is just? What on earth inced this extreme ideology to break away from the abstract field of consciousness and become a real scene of explosion, so that there were mutilated limbs and charred bodies everywhere
if we choose Hegel's philosophy, we will accept that Blair and Bush use ideology to explain historical phenomena. However, I would rather follow Marx's example and turn history upside down. History is the source of ideology rather than the opposite. Ideology cannot be used to explain historical phenomena, because it needs to be explained. We must go beyond this extreme idea itself and face up to the evil reality that proced and bred it
ideology is not the root of crime, but the conclusion drawn when exploring its causes
taking the four attackers who carried out the big bang in London underground station a few months ago as an example, after a detailed investigation of every detail of their simple life, the media amazingly described them as four ordinary people, living a calm and ordinary life, no different from their peers
most of them were born in Leeds and attended primary and secondary schools. One of them helped in dad's non-staple food store. He is a sports enthusiast and loves cricket and hockey; The other is keen to play music so loud in his home in Buckinghamshire that it disturbs his neighbors; The third is disgusting because he likes to sit quietly by the sidewalk and drink beer with local young people
those who turn a blind eye to the facts stubbornly believe that terrorism is a proct of religious thought. Now, they have to answer this question: why do these young people cling to this terrible extreme thought of allowing indiscriminate killing of innocent people and abandon the calm and traditional beliefs of their parents and the peaceful and tolerant religious ideas of scholars, What about abandoning the spirit of Sufism and the orthodox position of mainstream Islamic revivalism
it is an undeniable fact that they have become extreme because they have witnessed the fierce political events on the TV screen at home and the scenes of death, suffering and destruction in Fallujah, Baghdad, Jenin and Gaza
a series of reports and leaky Memoranda on Foreign Affairs issued by some think tanks in Britain and the United States, such as the Advisory Council on social and economic research, have also confirmed that the foreign policy of Britain and the United States is inextricably linked with the current terrorist bombing activities
Caesar's mother is a well-known and neutral foreign affairs think tank with London as the center. It believes that a key problem for Britain in preventing terrorist activities is that the country "sits in the back seat of the motorcycle of the US war on terror", and it believes that the Iraq war accelerated the recovery of Al Qaeda
as the former head of the binradin division of the Central Intelligence Agency said, "to deny that terrorism is linked to our foreign policy is in itself a foolish act."
Osman Hussein was one of the suspects in the July 21 bombing. It is said that when he was young, he had always been a notorious lecher. He told the Italians who interrogated him that he and his friends had seen a film about the Iraq war, "women and children killed by British and American soldiers, weeping widows, mothers and children."
the same chilling message came from the video of Dick Khan found in the basement, who declared in a monotonous Yorkshire accent: "our fighting will never stop until you stop bombing, gassing and releasing your captivity."
in this era of globalization, power is in the dominant position, and the concept of geography has almost lost its practical significance. Today, the tragedies in Palestine, Iraq, Afghanistan and other distant lands have become an integral part of our daily lives
we can no longer stay far away from our country and go to distant lands to rave and devour unknown nations. In this way, they are bound to invade our coasts, cities and villages, attack our weak places and end our sense of security
in fact, the London bombings are just a small episode in a drama being staged around the world. In the whole Arab world, in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Algeria and Tunisia, many families are still helplessly watching their sons suddenly disappear from university classes and workplaces to join the terrible death team of suicide bombings in Iraq
this is the folly of the American colonialist adventurers in Iraq. It has released al Qaeda from the caves and mountains of Kandahar and brought it into the hearts of Muslims. With the occupation of Iraq, it has become a breeding ground for terrorism and a magnet for disillusioners. Facts show that American tanks and B52 bombers do not bring freedom and liberation to Baghdad, but death, destruction, chaos, sectarian division and Al Qaeda
however, the reason why the bombers in London are so eye-catching is their obvious sense of belonging. They do not belong to the majority of the people around them, nor to their ethnic and religious communities. They neither accept the mainstream Western culture, which is far behind them, nor accept the traditional culture of the Islamic community. They do not belong to either side. They are the minority in the minority
they seek an explanation from the extreme thoughts of Al Qaeda to express the great injustice rooted in their hearts. Ideology, no matter nationalism, socialism or Islamism, is only an expression of social and political injustice< Simultaneous interpreting the phenomenon of terrorism with religious ecation system, many people frantically associate it with traditional Islamic ecation.
However, after a careful investigation of the bombings in London, New York and Washington, we seriously question this statement. None of the young people involved in the bombing had received real religious ecation, graated from the theology Department of the Islamic University, or even went to a school that taught faith at all. In fact, religious institutions have been strongly condemned by radical groups because of their so-called indifference to politics and acquiescence in political dictatorship
for all young people suspected of bomb making, their common problems are: obvious lack of religious and cultural knowledge and ignorance of Islamic doctrine, rather than excessive knowledge. Under the sudden emotional impulse, they were led into the fierce abyss of extremism because they did not have reasonable and correct religious understanding and sufficient political experience
although the understanding of Islamic thought varies from person to person, orthodox belief is always the mainstay, which is interpreted by the noble Islamic UMA (scholar). This peaceful Islamic spirit has been increasingly destroyed by the turbulent situation of Muslim society in the post colonial period. At the same time, it has prevented political changes in the Arab region and agreed to carry out systematic genocide, The illegal settlement in Palestine and the restoration of the era of colonization through military invasion and occupation of Iraq have accelerated the deterioration of the situation
when Bush met with the "peace ambassador" Ariel Sharon after the massacre in Jenin refugee camp, it was as if the bulldozer of Ariel Sharon buried cockroaches instead of people alive. This scene alone was enough to make countless young Muslims turn their guns and embark on the road of no turning back
the real evil always destroys the extreme thought without exception. The irrationality of these bombers can be attributed to these crazy foreign policies, which make the world turbulent and split families, communities, nations. If all this is not changed, the world full of hatred and violence will be hopeless
please do not ! Thank you;!

4.

The development trend of terrorism is (a) globalization

the strategy and thought that the executors use violence or threaten violence to the unarmed in an organized way, and achieve a certain political purpose by putting certain objects in terror

the general manifestation is violence intended to create panic, intended to achieve religious, political or ideological purposes and deliberately attack non fighters (civilians) or ignore their safety. Such actions are generally initiated by non-governmental organizations

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"terrorism is political violence in asymmetric conflict, which attempts to cause panic and psychological fear (sometimes indifference) by victimizing others or destroying non combat targets (sometimes landmark things)

these covert illegal organizations directing the operation are intended to convey information. The goal of terrorism is to expose the expression of violence in front of the media, so as to achieve the best publicity effect, influence the target audience, achieve short-term or medium-term goals, and further pursue the long-term ultimate goal. "

Walter Lacker of the center for strategic and international studies mentioned that "the only widely recognized characteristic of terrorism is that it involves violence or its threat of force.". However, this statement does not provide a usable definition for terrorism, because many violent acts of terrorism are not regarded as terrorism, such as war, riots, organized crime, or even ordinary attacks

5.

Terrorism threatens the security of all mankind, but the most headache is the Americans who always regard themselves as "World Police". They are busy in "anti-terrorism" everywhere, and they have repeatedly become the targets of terrorist attacks. Osama bin Laden alone makes it difficult for Americans to sleep and eat. As a matter of fact, today's terrorists are still the bitter fruit planted by the Americans themselves, as evidenced by bin Laden

compared with the underworld, terrorism does much more harm to the state and society. It is not only organized and institutionalized, but also leads to extremes and madness e to its political purpose. In addition, the existence of terrorism is inextricably linked with ethnic and religious contradictions and the complex international situation, which also determines the complexity and arousness of the anti-terrorism struggle

the main hazards are: affecting the security of neighboring countries; It has seriously damaged the national harmony of all countries and caused social unrest; It has greatly hindered the economic development and social progress of all countries; It affects the image of secular governments in some countries, causing political instability and social unrest; Undermining world peace and development

6. The root causes of international terrorism can be summarized as follows:

1. After the end of the cold war, ideological conflicts give way to ethnic and religious conflicts with cultural values as the dividing line. This kind of conflict is the hotbed of international terrorism< The United States has become the only empire in the world, and its unilateralism policy has aroused dissatisfaction and hatred from other countries in the world, especially the weak and underdeveloped countries

3. The conflict between Western and Eastern cultural values is the catalyst of Islamic fundamentalism and international terrorism< 4. Globalization has made the economically underdeveloped Muslim countries poorer and poorer. Islamic terrorism is a strange combination of the money collected from oil and the destitute Muslim countries with backward politics and culture< The pro Israel Middle East policy of the United States has aroused the anti American and anti Semitic sentiment in Arab countries, which is reflected in fundamentalism< In some Muslim countries, ecation is extremely underdeveloped, and most of the ecation for young people is provided free of charge by religious schools, which are the bases for instilling fundamentalism and jihadist ideas and driving Muslim youth to pursue religious fanaticism.

7. New features of international terrorism:
at present, the hot spots of international terrorism are still spreading. First, the organizational structure has become increasingly decentralized and networked, forming a "terrorist movement" in various forms and all over the world“ After "9.11", the original organization and command system of the international terrorist forces with "base" as the core were broken up, or lost their function, or were greatly restricted, and then transformed from the traditional organization form to the non-traditional "terrorist movement"“ The decentralization of "terrorist movement" not only shows loose alliance among terrorist organizations, but also shows mutual connection and echo“ The "terrorist movement" has changed from a single center (the "base" headquarters "in the border tribal area of Pakistan and Afghanistan) to a multi center (each terrorist organization independently determines when and in what form to attack the" common enemy "). At the same time, decentralization also shows that the pyramid structure of terrorist organizations has become a number of parallel groups“ The "terrorist movement" network is mainly composed of entity and virtual. In the aspect of entity, terrorist organizations with the same ideology of terror, common targets and same political purposes are not affiliated to each other, but they support and link with each other, forming a terrorist network threatening the world. In the virtual aspect, websites and forums are built with the help of the Internet to publish threatening and intimidating articles and speeches; Set up an online terrorist training school to teach the ways and skills of terrorist attacks. Thus, through the virtual world, terrorists and extremists around the world are connected to form an invisible, intangible, but real terrorist network
Second, the Internet has become the "new world" of terrorist propaganda and training. For the first time after "9.11", most of bin Laden's and Zawahiri's speeches were broadcast through al Jazeera television, with relatively slow rhythm and frequency, and the international events mentioned were far apart. After switching to the Internet, the whole rhythm and frequency are greatly accelerated and improved. The "Palestine Israel conflict" in the Middle East, the innocent injuries caused by the US and NATO forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, and so on, are all the "reasons" for bin Laden to call for attacks against the US and other western countries. At the same time, the Internet has graally become a place for terrorist organizations to recruit and plan attacks. Terrorists often use encrypted chat rooms, special language forms, to discuss how to carry out terrorist attacks
thirdly, there are various ways and means of attack, and it is difficult to change the pattern of "the way is high, the devil is high"“ "9.11" created a new way of terrorist attacks. Since then, a variety of new forms of attacks and means have been emerging, continuously challenging the existing anti-terrorism measures of the international community. A single terrorist attack has developed into a combination of various terrorist means.

8.

1. Defining terrorism is a worldwide problem

e to the conflict of ideology, differences and national interests, it is difficult for countries in the world to reach a consensus on what terrorism is

there is no accepted definition of terrorism. Terrorists identified by one country may be regarded as heroes by the government or people of another country

(2) the basic characteristics of terrorism have political purposes

(2) using violence

(3) attacking innocent targets

(4) create social panic

A brief definition of terrorism is that terrorism is the thought and action of using violence, attacking innocent targets and creating social panic to coerce opponents to yield and achieve political goals

9. Terrorism refers to the idea and behavior of creating social panic, endangering public security, infringing personal property, or coercing state organs and international organizations to achieve their political, ideological and other purposes through violence, destruction, intimidation and other means
terrorism belongs to the category of politics, which is to achieve a political purpose. It is an irrational means adopted by both sides of the contradiction in order to solve the contradiction in the irrational social conflict, ethnic conflict, religious conflict and national conflict. Therefore, it is always for and subject to certain political purposes. In the definition of terrorism, the element of political purpose can exclude many violent acts and organizations not based on political purpose from terrorism. For example, underworld organizations, cult organizations and so on, generally speaking, their behavior is not based on political purposes, but for greed or other personal purposes. Their acts of violence are not the means to solve political conflicts, so they do not belong to the category of politics or terrorism. However, things in the world are complex. Some non political organizations, such as cults and underworld organizations, may also intervene in political activities and carry out some violent acts based on political purposes. For example, Shoko Asahara, the leader of AUM Shinrikyo in Japan, never gave up his political dream in his youth after he founded AUM Shinrikyo. In the spring of 1990, in the name of the "truth party", ashara competed for the election of the Japanese representative, which resulted in a tragic defeat. Since then, he has been engaged in political activities in secret, trying to establish the Aum empire with the integration of politics and theocracy. In his religion, he imitated the Japanese government and established the "government" of the OM empire. He himself is the "holy Dharma emperor". Under the Ministry of foreign affairs, espionage, Defense Department, construction Province, science and technology Province, vehicle Province, treatment Province, health and welfare Province, autonomous province and other 17 provinces and the eastern and Western believer hall as well as the Conservatory of music. With a huge amount of money and a powerful empire, he began to carry out his plan of revenge on society. In the middle of March 1995, mahuan decided to release sarin gas on the morning of March 20 at the same time on the three railway lines of ribigu, wannei and Qiandaitian. At about 8:00 on March 20, five drug addicts acted according to the original plan. Sarin venom spilled, 12 passengers died and 5500 passengers were injured. After careful investigation and evidence collection, the police identified the Tokyo subway gas incident as "an organized terrorist incident of AUM Shinrikyo". Many scholars also regard it as a terrorist event, which is well founded. According to the investigation, in the 1980s, mahuan sent people to the United States to seek high-tech equipment such as laser measuring device that can measure plutonium, and bought a Russian made armed helicopter and a military instrument to detect mustard gas in Russia. In the early 1990s, he bought a 500000 acre ranch and eight mining areas in Western Australia. Australian police concted tests on sheep carcasses and soil in the ranch, which showed that AUM Shinrikyo had concted nerve gas experiments on sheep in the ranch. In collusion with the young officers, the Mayuan faction attempted to obtain military technology and operational command technology for the proction of nuclear weapons, bacteriological weapons and toxic gases through them, and to carry out a military coup when necessary. In 1995, he ordered the believers to release poison gas on the subway, in order to make people mistakenly think that the poison gas was done by American soldiers, in an attempt to arouse the war between Japan and the United States. However, the Japanese police did not regard AUM Shinrikyo as a terrorist organization, and its nature is still a cult. The nature of an organization cannot be determined only by one act of terrorism< The violence of terrorism is political violence. But terrorism is not the only political violence. There are a lot of political violence, such as war violence, revolutionary violence, state violence and so on. They can also bring terror, but not terrorism of course. There is both illegal and legal violence among them. Some violence is terrorism, some violence is not terrorism. How to distinguish them from terrorism? This is the most critical and difficult issue in defining terrorism. War violence, revolutionary violence, state violence and terrorist violence are not the four types of violence, they are overlapping. Terrorist violence can be used or become a part of any of the first three kinds of violence. Therefore, they must be analyzed together. The biggest difficulty in analyzing this issue is the divergence of political views
the first is the view of revolutionary violence. It directly affects the definition of terrorism. A prominent example is the heated debate on terrorism between the representatives of western countries and the third world countries at the United Nations. In 1972, after 11 Israeli athletes were killed in the Munich Olympic Games, Kurt Waldheim, the Secretary General of the United Nations, proposed that the United Nations should no longer be a silent spectator to terrorist violence all over the world, Practical steps should be taken to prevent more bloodshed. This proposal has aroused heated debate. Most Western members of the United Nations support the secretary general, but they are opposed by many representatives of Asian, African and Latin American countries. They said: "people who fight for freedom from foreign oppression and exploitation have the right to decide on their own to use all means, including violence." The ambassador of Mauritania pointed out that it is precisely because all liberation movements are called terrorists by those who make them slaves. Therefore, by condemning terrorism, the United Nations approves that the strong have the right to dominate the weak and that the established entities have the right to dominate the undeveloped challengers. Therefore, it is in fact the defender of the status quo. The representative of Mauritania said that the term terrorism could hardly be applied to those who were deprived of their most basic human rights, dignity, freedom and independence in countries opposing foreign occupation< In the second year of the debate, the representative of Syria insisted that it was the legal and moral responsibility of the international community to promote the struggle for freedom, and opposed any attempt to describe the struggle as synonymous with terrorism and illegal violence. As a result of this debate, the efforts of the United Nations to promote international cooperation against terrorism have made no substantial progress e to the lack of consensus. Here, the key question is whether the revolutionary struggle against national and class oppression has the right to take all kinds of violence, including terrorism. The answer given by the representatives of the third world countries at that time was in the affirmative. Not only that, they also oppose calling this revolutionary violence of terrorism terrorism, and they oppose calling them terrorists. Professor Bruce Hoffman pointed out that the anarchists in the 19th century openly claimed that they were terrorists and frankly claimed that terrorism was their strategy. However, after the 1940s, when terrorism became a derogatory term, no one was willing to admit that he was a terrorist but a freedom fighter. This trend is more obvious. Almost without exception, terrorist organizations make every effort to deny that they are terrorists and that they have any connection with terrorism. Terrorists insist that society, government or socio-economic system and its laws are the real terrorists. Brian Jenkins pointed out: "in this way, the so-called terrorism seems to depend on the indivial's point of view, and the use of this term means a kind of moral judgment; Therefore, if one side can successfully label terrorism on the other side, it means indirectly persuading others to adopt his moral views. " It is of course impossible to formulate a universally recognized and unified definition of terrorism by adhering to this position and attitude.

10. The main characteristics of contemporary international terrorism

although the types of contemporary international terrorism are different, they all have some common characteristics< First, the internationalization of organizational ties. While the world has become a "global village" and "you have me, I have you", e to the same goal and opponent, different terrorist organizations in today's world have formed a broad "United Front" with the help of modern communication and network technology, forming a loose international terrorist network alliance, and its internationalization trend is more and more obvious. They colluded with each other, acted in concert, and even held secret international conferences for many times to exchange intelligence and experience, formulate plans for cooperation and mutual coordination, and set up international terrorist alliances such as the "international revolutionary army". Relevant investigations have proved that there is an international network between Al Qaeda and terrorist organizations all over the world; Some experts pointed out that at present, the international terrorist organization network with Al Qaeda as the core is scattered in more than 60 countries around the world. Therefore, with the increasingly close transnational cooperation and frequent transnational activities of terrorist organizations in various countries, the situation of international anti-terrorism struggle is becoming more and more serious< Second, members are younger. With the world entering the post-modern society and information age, the polarization between the rich and the poor is becoming more and more serious, the society is becoming more and more unstable, the pace of life is accelerating, the physiological and psychological pressure is increasing, the social problems are increasing, and the contradictions and conflicts are becoming more and more complex. In this case, e to the young people's shallow experience, the world outlook, outlook on life and values are in the process of forming, coupled with young and vigorous, their already dissatisfied and resentful psychology, once encouraged by some doctrines or doctrines, they will turn into desperate actions and become loyal members and backbone members of a terrorist organization. Judging from the members and backbones of contemporary international terrorist organizations, most of them are under 30 years old, the youngest is only 19 years old, and there are many young women< Thirdly, terrorist means are diversified. Before the 1960s, terrorist organizations mainly engaged in terrorist activities through assassination and kidnapping. The means were relatively simple, and the victims were mainly a few indivials, so the harm was relatively small. In the 1960s and 1970s, hijacking, attacking and occupying embassies became a new means of terrorism, and the victims had expanded to the representatives of groups and countries, thus increasing their harmfulness and influence. After the 1980s, especially since the end of the cold war, with the development of modern science and technology, military instry and the proliferation of various weapon technologies, terrorist means and methods adopted by terrorist organizations have become increasingly diversified and brutal. In addition to the original means, they also include explosions and suicide bombings, arson, biochemical attacks, cyber attacks, electromagnetic attacks, and so on, The atmosphere of terror is more intense and its influence is more extensive

fourthly, the target of attack is enlarged. With the internationalization of terrorist organizations and the diversification of terrorist means, the target of terrorist attacks is also showing a growing trend, because it is more concive to expand the effect and impact of their attacks. In the 1960s and 1980s, terrorist attacks mainly focused on diplomatic and commercial targets, but also on military and government targets; After the 1990s, the targets of its attacks have further expanded to unofficial and civilian targets, as well as public facilities and landmark buildings, such as diplomats, military personnel, government officials, constitutionalists and innocent civilians, as well as multinational enterprises, commercial buildings, airports, oil pipelines, water routes, radio towers Radar observation stations and even transmission towers of atomic power stations have become the targets of international terrorist attacks.