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Publish: 2021-04-29 11:12:10
1. EPC
Edit
EPC has multiple meanings:
EPC
clothing e-commerce joint conference
Proct electronic code
electronic accelerator
electronic parts catalog
notebook computer
4G core network
EPC
event driven
Hetong energy
edge position control
catalog
1 EPC
& # 9642; Overview
&9642; The mode advantage
&; Basic characteristics
&9642; Form of contract; The promotion basis is
, # 9642; Cost control; Resource Planning; Project post evaluation; Graphic
2 clothing e-commerce joint conference; Organization name
&9642; Organizational structure
&9642; Funding sources
& nbsp; 9642; Member recruitment
3 proct electronic code
& ᦇ 9642; Overview
&9642; Coding
& #9642; Label
& ᦇ 9642; Internet of things; Application advantages
4 automobile throttle
5 electronic accessories
6 digital EPC
74g core network
8 lost foam casting
&9642; General situation; The technological process is
&; Its main characteristics are
, #9642; The application range is
& #9642; Development characteristics
&; Development direction
9 event driven
10 contract energy
11 edge position control
1 general contracting editor
overview
EPC (engineering procurement construction) refers to the whole process or several stages of engineering construction project design, procurement, construction and commissioning entrusted by the owner according to the contract. Generally, the company is responsible for the quality, safety, cost and schele of the contracted project under the lump sum contract
in EPC mode, engineering includes not only the specific design work, but also the overall planning of the whole construction project, as well as the planning and specific work of the implementation organization and management of the whole construction project; Procurement is not the procurement of construction equipment and materials in the general sense, but more refers to the procurement of professional equipment and materials; Construction includes construction, installation, test run, technical training, etc< Compared with the traditional contracting mode, EPC general contracting mode has the following three basic advantages:
(1) emphasize and give full play to the leading role of design in the whole project construction process. The emphasis and exertion of the leading role of design in the whole process of project construction is concive to the continuous optimization of the overall scheme of project construction
(2) effectively overcome the contradiction of mutual restriction and disconnection among design, procurement and construction, which is concive to the reasonable convergence of design, procurement and construction, effectively realize the progress, cost and quality control of construction project, conform to the construction contract, and ensure better investment benefits
(3) the clear subject of construction project quality responsibility is concive to the investigation of project quality responsibility and the determination of project quality responsibility undertakers< Basic characteristics
based on the above-mentioned basic advantages of EPC general contracting mode over traditional construction project contracting mode, its basic characteristics can be summarized as follows:
(1) in EPC general contracting mode, the employer (owner) should not control the general contractor too strictly, but should give the general contractor greater freedom of work in construction project construction. For example, the employer (the owner) should not review most of the construction drawings, should not check every construction process. What the employer (owner) needs to do is to understand the progress of the project, whether the project quality meets the requirements of the contract, and whether the construction results can finally meet the functional standards of the construction project specified in the contract
(2) the employer (owner) generally adopts two ways to manage EPC project: process control mode and post supervision mode
(1) the so-called process control mode refers to that the employer (the owner) employs a supervision engineer to supervise all aspects of the general contractor's "design, procurement and construction", and issues the payment certificate. The employer (owner) intervenes in the management of the project implementation process through the supervision of each link of the supervision engineer. This mode is adopted in FIDIC's proction equipment and design construction contract conditions (first edition 1999)
(2) the so-called post supervision mode refers to that the employer (the owner) generally does not intervene in the management of the project implementation process, but is relatively strict in the completion acceptance link, and carries out post supervision on the overall process of project implementation through strict completion acceptance. The contract conditions for design, procurement and construction (first edition 1999) compiled by FIDIC adopts this mode
(3) the general contractor of the EPC project is responsible for the whole process of "design, procurement and construction" of the construction project, and for the quality of the construction project and the performance of all professional subcontractors of the construction project. In other words, the general contractor is the first person responsible for the EPC project
contract form
several contract structure forms of EPC mode in practice
under the EPC mode, the general contractor is responsible for the whole construction project, but it does not mean that the general contractor has to complete the whole construction project in person. Except for the work that must be completed by the general contractor according to the law, the general contractor can carry out the rest work by professional subcontracting. In practice, general contractors often subcontract equipment procurement (Manufacturing), construction and installation to professional subcontractors in the form of subcontracting according to their rich project management experience, different scale, types of engineering projects and the requirements of owners. Therefore, under the EPC mode, the contract structure is usually in the following forms:
(1) turnkey general contracting< (2) design procurement general contracting (e-p)< (3) procurement construction general contracting (P-C)< (4) design construction general contract (D-B)< (5) BT and other related modes. The most common forms are (1), (4) and (5)
turnkey general contracting refers to the general contracting of design, procurement and construction. The general contractor ultimately submits a project that meets the use function and meets the use conditions to the owner. This mode is a typical EPC mode
the general contracting of design and construction refers to that the general contracting enterprise undertakes the design and construction of the project according to the contract, and is fully responsible for the quality, safety, construction period and cost of the contracted project. In this mode, the procurement of construction materials and construction equipment involved in the construction project is completed by the employer (owner)
general contracting of construction and transfer refers to that the general contractor with investment and financing ability is entrusted by the owner to carry out the whole process of general contracting for the exploration, design, procurement, construction and trial operation of the project according to the contract; At the same time, the general contractor shall bear all the investment of the project, and the owner shall pay the general contract price to the general contractor after the project is completed and accepted and delivered for use
promotion basis
the legal, policy and regulatory basis for the promotion of EPC mode in China
legal basis: in order to strengthen the integration with international practice, overcome the traditional "design procurement construction" separate contracting mode, and further promote the project general contracting system, Article 24 of China's current "construction law" stipulates: "general contracting is advocated for construction projects, and dismemberment of construction projects is prohibited. The contracting unit of a construction project may contract out the survey, design, construction and equipment procurement of the construction project to a general contractor, or contract out one or more items of the survey, design, construction and equipment procurement of the construction project to a general contractor; However, a construction project that should be completed by one contractor shall not be divided into several parts and contracted out to several contractors. " This provision of "construction law" provides specific legal basis for the implementation of EPC project general contracting mode in China's construction market
basis of policies and regulations: in order to further implement the relevant provisions of Article 24 of the construction law, on February 13, 2003, the Ministry of Construction issued [2003] No. 30 "guidance on cultivating and developing EPC and project management enterprises". In the regulations, the Ministry of construction explicitly promoted EPC as a main EPC mode
cost control
project cost control in the implementation stage of EPC contracting mode
in EPC contracting mode, reasonable determination and effective control of project cost are very important
in the project implementation stage, the general contractor should send experienced cost engineers to the construction site for cost control, decompose each specialty according to the preliminary design budget, and formulate the control objectives of each part. There may be some differences between the construction drawing design and the preliminary design in the selection of some materials and equipment, so the cost engineer should find out and solve them as soon as possible. Through design modification, the cost is controlled within the scope of budget estimate. Specific measures include:
1. Determine the construction unit through bidding
the project bidding system is an effective means for the general contractor to control the project cost. Through bidding, the economic benefits of the project can be improved, the quality of the construction project can be guaranteed, and the return period of the construction investment can be shortened, The general contractor can make full use of the effective means of bidding to control the project cost
2. Cost control through effective contract management
construction contract is the basis of cost control in construction stage. The adoption of contract review system can make each department of the general contractor clear the responsibility, sign strict construction contract, transfer the risk of the general contractor reasonably, and strengthen the contract management in the construction, so as to ensure the rationality and legitimacy of the contract cost, rece the disputes between Party A and Party B in the performance of the contract, safeguard the interests of both parties, and effectively control the project cost. FIDIC contract terms are scientific, reasonable and fair to some extent. It is a good weapon for contract management and cost control, which can be used for reference
3. Strictly control design change and site visa
e to the omission of design drawings and the ever-changing site conditions, design change and site visa are inevitable. The general contractor shall strictly implement the design change visa approval procere, strengthen the audit and supervision of the design change quantities and contents, change the previous procere of construction before settlement, and the cost engineer shall confirm the change price before construction, so as to be aware of the change of the contract price in the construction process. In the construction process, the cost engineer should go deep into the site to check the construction situation according to the drawings, understand and collect the relevant situation of the project, timely grasp the construction dynamics, and constantly adjust the control objectives, so as to provide the basis for the final project summary and make necessary preparations. If the design change is caused by the owner, a claim should be made to the owner in time
as the cost of equipment and materials accounts for a large proportion in the whole project cost, good procurement plays an important role in recing the cost of the whole project. Material and equipment procurement control is one of the important factors for the success of EPC project. We should not only choose the price of the goods themselves, but also comprehensively analyze a series of other problems related to the price. For example, according to the trend of market price fluctuation and the construction plan of the project, we should choose the appropriate purchase time and batch; According to the effective use of working capital, exchange rate and interest rate, choose a reasonable payment method and currency; According to the supplier
Edit
EPC has multiple meanings:
EPC
clothing e-commerce joint conference
Proct electronic code
electronic accelerator
electronic parts catalog
notebook computer
4G core network
EPC
event driven
Hetong energy
edge position control
catalog
1 EPC
& # 9642; Overview
&9642; The mode advantage
&; Basic characteristics
&9642; Form of contract; The promotion basis is
, # 9642; Cost control; Resource Planning; Project post evaluation; Graphic
2 clothing e-commerce joint conference; Organization name
&9642; Organizational structure
&9642; Funding sources
& nbsp; 9642; Member recruitment
3 proct electronic code
& ᦇ 9642; Overview
&9642; Coding
& #9642; Label
& ᦇ 9642; Internet of things; Application advantages
4 automobile throttle
5 electronic accessories
6 digital EPC
74g core network
8 lost foam casting
&9642; General situation; The technological process is
&; Its main characteristics are
, #9642; The application range is
& #9642; Development characteristics
&; Development direction
9 event driven
10 contract energy
11 edge position control
1 general contracting editor
overview
EPC (engineering procurement construction) refers to the whole process or several stages of engineering construction project design, procurement, construction and commissioning entrusted by the owner according to the contract. Generally, the company is responsible for the quality, safety, cost and schele of the contracted project under the lump sum contract
in EPC mode, engineering includes not only the specific design work, but also the overall planning of the whole construction project, as well as the planning and specific work of the implementation organization and management of the whole construction project; Procurement is not the procurement of construction equipment and materials in the general sense, but more refers to the procurement of professional equipment and materials; Construction includes construction, installation, test run, technical training, etc< Compared with the traditional contracting mode, EPC general contracting mode has the following three basic advantages:
(1) emphasize and give full play to the leading role of design in the whole project construction process. The emphasis and exertion of the leading role of design in the whole process of project construction is concive to the continuous optimization of the overall scheme of project construction
(2) effectively overcome the contradiction of mutual restriction and disconnection among design, procurement and construction, which is concive to the reasonable convergence of design, procurement and construction, effectively realize the progress, cost and quality control of construction project, conform to the construction contract, and ensure better investment benefits
(3) the clear subject of construction project quality responsibility is concive to the investigation of project quality responsibility and the determination of project quality responsibility undertakers< Basic characteristics
based on the above-mentioned basic advantages of EPC general contracting mode over traditional construction project contracting mode, its basic characteristics can be summarized as follows:
(1) in EPC general contracting mode, the employer (owner) should not control the general contractor too strictly, but should give the general contractor greater freedom of work in construction project construction. For example, the employer (the owner) should not review most of the construction drawings, should not check every construction process. What the employer (owner) needs to do is to understand the progress of the project, whether the project quality meets the requirements of the contract, and whether the construction results can finally meet the functional standards of the construction project specified in the contract
(2) the employer (owner) generally adopts two ways to manage EPC project: process control mode and post supervision mode
(1) the so-called process control mode refers to that the employer (the owner) employs a supervision engineer to supervise all aspects of the general contractor's "design, procurement and construction", and issues the payment certificate. The employer (owner) intervenes in the management of the project implementation process through the supervision of each link of the supervision engineer. This mode is adopted in FIDIC's proction equipment and design construction contract conditions (first edition 1999)
(2) the so-called post supervision mode refers to that the employer (the owner) generally does not intervene in the management of the project implementation process, but is relatively strict in the completion acceptance link, and carries out post supervision on the overall process of project implementation through strict completion acceptance. The contract conditions for design, procurement and construction (first edition 1999) compiled by FIDIC adopts this mode
(3) the general contractor of the EPC project is responsible for the whole process of "design, procurement and construction" of the construction project, and for the quality of the construction project and the performance of all professional subcontractors of the construction project. In other words, the general contractor is the first person responsible for the EPC project
contract form
several contract structure forms of EPC mode in practice
under the EPC mode, the general contractor is responsible for the whole construction project, but it does not mean that the general contractor has to complete the whole construction project in person. Except for the work that must be completed by the general contractor according to the law, the general contractor can carry out the rest work by professional subcontracting. In practice, general contractors often subcontract equipment procurement (Manufacturing), construction and installation to professional subcontractors in the form of subcontracting according to their rich project management experience, different scale, types of engineering projects and the requirements of owners. Therefore, under the EPC mode, the contract structure is usually in the following forms:
(1) turnkey general contracting< (2) design procurement general contracting (e-p)< (3) procurement construction general contracting (P-C)< (4) design construction general contract (D-B)< (5) BT and other related modes. The most common forms are (1), (4) and (5)
turnkey general contracting refers to the general contracting of design, procurement and construction. The general contractor ultimately submits a project that meets the use function and meets the use conditions to the owner. This mode is a typical EPC mode
the general contracting of design and construction refers to that the general contracting enterprise undertakes the design and construction of the project according to the contract, and is fully responsible for the quality, safety, construction period and cost of the contracted project. In this mode, the procurement of construction materials and construction equipment involved in the construction project is completed by the employer (owner)
general contracting of construction and transfer refers to that the general contractor with investment and financing ability is entrusted by the owner to carry out the whole process of general contracting for the exploration, design, procurement, construction and trial operation of the project according to the contract; At the same time, the general contractor shall bear all the investment of the project, and the owner shall pay the general contract price to the general contractor after the project is completed and accepted and delivered for use
promotion basis
the legal, policy and regulatory basis for the promotion of EPC mode in China
legal basis: in order to strengthen the integration with international practice, overcome the traditional "design procurement construction" separate contracting mode, and further promote the project general contracting system, Article 24 of China's current "construction law" stipulates: "general contracting is advocated for construction projects, and dismemberment of construction projects is prohibited. The contracting unit of a construction project may contract out the survey, design, construction and equipment procurement of the construction project to a general contractor, or contract out one or more items of the survey, design, construction and equipment procurement of the construction project to a general contractor; However, a construction project that should be completed by one contractor shall not be divided into several parts and contracted out to several contractors. " This provision of "construction law" provides specific legal basis for the implementation of EPC project general contracting mode in China's construction market
basis of policies and regulations: in order to further implement the relevant provisions of Article 24 of the construction law, on February 13, 2003, the Ministry of Construction issued [2003] No. 30 "guidance on cultivating and developing EPC and project management enterprises". In the regulations, the Ministry of construction explicitly promoted EPC as a main EPC mode
cost control
project cost control in the implementation stage of EPC contracting mode
in EPC contracting mode, reasonable determination and effective control of project cost are very important
in the project implementation stage, the general contractor should send experienced cost engineers to the construction site for cost control, decompose each specialty according to the preliminary design budget, and formulate the control objectives of each part. There may be some differences between the construction drawing design and the preliminary design in the selection of some materials and equipment, so the cost engineer should find out and solve them as soon as possible. Through design modification, the cost is controlled within the scope of budget estimate. Specific measures include:
1. Determine the construction unit through bidding
the project bidding system is an effective means for the general contractor to control the project cost. Through bidding, the economic benefits of the project can be improved, the quality of the construction project can be guaranteed, and the return period of the construction investment can be shortened, The general contractor can make full use of the effective means of bidding to control the project cost
2. Cost control through effective contract management
construction contract is the basis of cost control in construction stage. The adoption of contract review system can make each department of the general contractor clear the responsibility, sign strict construction contract, transfer the risk of the general contractor reasonably, and strengthen the contract management in the construction, so as to ensure the rationality and legitimacy of the contract cost, rece the disputes between Party A and Party B in the performance of the contract, safeguard the interests of both parties, and effectively control the project cost. FIDIC contract terms are scientific, reasonable and fair to some extent. It is a good weapon for contract management and cost control, which can be used for reference
3. Strictly control design change and site visa
e to the omission of design drawings and the ever-changing site conditions, design change and site visa are inevitable. The general contractor shall strictly implement the design change visa approval procere, strengthen the audit and supervision of the design change quantities and contents, change the previous procere of construction before settlement, and the cost engineer shall confirm the change price before construction, so as to be aware of the change of the contract price in the construction process. In the construction process, the cost engineer should go deep into the site to check the construction situation according to the drawings, understand and collect the relevant situation of the project, timely grasp the construction dynamics, and constantly adjust the control objectives, so as to provide the basis for the final project summary and make necessary preparations. If the design change is caused by the owner, a claim should be made to the owner in time
as the cost of equipment and materials accounts for a large proportion in the whole project cost, good procurement plays an important role in recing the cost of the whole project. Material and equipment procurement control is one of the important factors for the success of EPC project. We should not only choose the price of the goods themselves, but also comprehensively analyze a series of other problems related to the price. For example, according to the trend of market price fluctuation and the construction plan of the project, we should choose the appropriate purchase time and batch; According to the effective use of working capital, exchange rate and interest rate, choose a reasonable payment method and currency; According to the supplier
2. The bear market will certainly have an impact, but it's hard to say how far it will be affected. The properties of platform currency should be better. However, the digital currency is on NASDAQ in October, so it's not sure how long the bear market will last
3.
T in steel T10 (T10 carbon tool steel) means carbon tool steel (high carbon)
The strength and wear resistance ofT10 carbon tool steel are higher than those of T8 and T9, but the hot hardness is low, the hardenability is not high, the quenching deformation is large, the grain size is fine, it is not easy to overheat ring quenching, and the fine grain structure can still be maintained
After quenching, there are undissolved carbides in the steel, so the wear resistance is high. It is used to make tools with sharp edge and a little toughness. Suitable for manufacturing, poor cutting conditions All kinds of tools with high toughness and sharp edge are also used as wear-resistant parts Mechanical properties and hardness: annealed, ≤ 197hb, indentation diameter ≥ 4.30mm; Quenching, ≥ 62Hrc heat treatment specification: sample quenching 760 ~ 780 ℃, water coolingquenching T10 steel, recommended quenching specification is shown in table 2-22-7, cold treatment is shown in table 2-22-8, quenching related curve is shown in Fig. 2-22-7 ~ Fig. 2-22-13
The physical properties ofT10 steel are shown in Table 1-1 and table 1-2; Permeability μ 88 MH / m; The coercivity HC is 477.48 ~ 1273.18a/m (the lower limit of HC is suitable for spheroidized structure, and the upper limit is suitable for pearlite structure); The saturation magnetic inction BS is 1.93 ~ 1.97t
the die cavity of cold heading die made of this steel is deep and steep, early collapse failure often occurs in use, and the service life of the punch is less than 4000 times. It is analyzed that the reason is that the feed rate of cavity grinding is too large and the burn is softened. After the improvement of grinding process, the service life of light punch is significantly increased, and it is stable at more than 30000 times
when the steel is used to make cold punching die, the tool can punch about 30000 times for each grinding; When the same thickness of black iron sheet (hot rolled steel plate) is used, the service life will be reced to about 17000 times. Although there is no oxide scale on the surface of semi hot rolled plate, there is a "hard shell", which will seriously rece the service life of the die
4. In May 2010, Wanfang database, CNKI or VIP database free account number
search "xiaomili resource network" on the Internet, and you can get a link
in fact, you don't need an account code. Free of charge, ACS ScienceDirect, SpringerLink AIAA wileynterscience, Wanfang VIP CNKI, CNKI, etc!! If you have been there for 2 years, I will share with you the way I have used. Xiaomili resources, an old literature mutual aid network in China, is completely free once and for all. It's free for life, and the speed is fast.
1. Apply for membership first.
2. Post the literature you want to the red [literature mutual aid area] for help! It's so simple. There are many experts here, mainly college students. No matter what literature you want, you can download it in 5 minutes. It's faster than you can find it yourself.
the available literature databases include
domestic: CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, CNKI, superstar books, reading show books
foreign: ScienceDirect, ProQuest, science, ACS, RSC, EBSCO, Springer, Blackwell, IEEE, nature wileyinter science, SAE, paper AIP, etc! t 6
search "xiaomili resource network" on the Internet, and you can get a link
in fact, you don't need an account code. Free of charge, ACS ScienceDirect, SpringerLink AIAA wileynterscience, Wanfang VIP CNKI, CNKI, etc!! If you have been there for 2 years, I will share with you the way I have used. Xiaomili resources, an old literature mutual aid network in China, is completely free once and for all. It's free for life, and the speed is fast.
1. Apply for membership first.
2. Post the literature you want to the red [literature mutual aid area] for help! It's so simple. There are many experts here, mainly college students. No matter what literature you want, you can download it in 5 minutes. It's faster than you can find it yourself.
the available literature databases include
domestic: CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, CNKI, superstar books, reading show books
foreign: ScienceDirect, ProQuest, science, ACS, RSC, EBSCO, Springer, Blackwell, IEEE, nature wileyinter science, SAE, paper AIP, etc! t 6
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