Digital direction of international currency

1. Let's first explain digital currency. The real digital currency is issued by the state, based on the national credit, and stored in the form of electronic data. This is the national legal currency that can be circulated. So far, no country has issued digital currency, so has China. Therefore, anyone claiming to be a digital currency issued by the state is a fraud. The function of legal digital currency is the same as that of paper currency. So there is no concept of investment. Just imagine, would you spend 100 yuan to buy a ten yuan RMB? bitcoin is still a virtual currency, not a real currency. Bitcoin is an encryption algorithm based on the blockchain, and the calculation results are obtained. The biggest characteristics are decentralization, uniqueness and finiteness. Because of these characteristics, it is impossible for a country to use bitcoin as legal tender. So I have no objection to using bitcoin as a target of speculation. But if bitcoin is promoted as a digital "currency", I think it is suspected of cheating, because it does not have the characteristics of national legal tender. Some people in the world are willing to accept bitcoin transaction. I think it is actually a "barter" transaction, not a real currency transaction. At present, bitnet exchange can provide the most trading pairs, and investors can participate in leveraged trading and perpetual contract trading.

2. Country / Region UPS code IATA code Currency code Currency name
Afghanistan AF AF USD Afghanistan
Albania AL AL EUR Euro
Algeria DZ DZ DZD Algerian Dinar
American Samoa AS AS USD USD
Andorra AD AD EUR Euro
Angola AO AO AOA Cuanza, Angola
Anguilla AI AI XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Antigua and Barbuda AG AG XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Argentina AR AR ARS Argentine Peso
Armenian Peso AM AM AMD Armenian drum
Aruba AW AW AWG Aruba shield / Florin
Australia AU AU AUD Australian dollar
Austria AT AT EUR Euro
Azerjan AZ AZ AZM Manat, Azerjan
Azores A2 PT EUR Euro
Bahamas BS BS BSD Bahamas dollar
Bahrain BH BH BHD Bahraini Dinar
Bangladesh BD BD BDT Bangladesh Taka
Barbados BB BB BBD Babe pluralism
Belarus BY BY BYR Belarus ruble
Belgium BE BE EUR Euro
Belize BZ BZ BZD Belize dollar
Benin BJ BJ XOF The Central Bank of West African States, CFA franc
Bermuda BM BM BMD Bermuda dollar
Bhutan BT BT BTN Bhutan nurtrum
Bolivia BO BO BOB Bolivian Peso
Bonaire Island BL AN ANG The Netherlands Antilles shield
Bosnia BA BA BAM Bosnia Mark
Botswana BW BW BWP Botswana pra
Brazil BR BR BRL Brazilian real
British Virgin Islands VG VG USD USD
Brunei BN BN BND Brunei Dollar
Bulgaria BG BG EUR Euro
Burkinabe BF BF XOF West African Central Bank African Franc
Kampuchea KH KH KHR Cambodia rier
Cameroon CM CM XAF Caf
Canada CA CA CAD Canadian dollar
Canary Islands IC ES EUR Euro
Cape Verde Islands CV CV CVE Escudo, Cape Verde
Caymans KY KY KYD The Central African Republic CF CF XAF Caf
Chad TD TD XAF Caf
Chile CL CL CLP Chile Peso
People's Republic of China CN CN RMB RMB
Colombia CO CO COP Colombian Peso
Comoros KM KM USD Comoros francs
Congo CG CG XAF Caf
Democratic Republic of Congo CD CD CDF Congo Franc
Cook Islands CK CK NZD New Zealand dollar
Costa Rica CR CR CRC Cologne, Costa Rica
Croatia HR HR EUR Euro
Curacao CB AN ANG The Netherlands Antilles shield
Cyprus CY CY EUR Euro
Czech Republic CZ CZ CZK Czech Krone
Denmark DK DK DKK DKR
Djibouti DJ DJ DJF Gibtifaran
Dominica DM DM XCD Eastern Caribbean Dollar DO DO DOP Dominican Peso
East Timor TL TL USD USD
Ecuador EC EC USD US dollar
Egypt EG EG EGP Egyptian Pound SV SV USD US dollar
England EN GB GBP Sterling
Equatorial Guinea GQ GQ XAF Caf
Eritrean ER ER ERN Eritrean Nakfa
Estonian EE EE EEK Estonian Krona
Ethiopia ET ET ETB Ethiopian bill
Europe EP EP EUR Euro
Faroe Islands FO FO DKK DKK
Fiji FJ FJ FJD Fijian dollar
Finland FI FI EUR Euro
France FR FR EUR Euro
French Guiana GF GF EUR Euro
French Polynesia PF PF XPF Pacific Franc
Gabon GA GA XAF Caf
Gambia GM GM GMD Darasi, Gambia
Georgia GE GE GEL Lari, Georgia
Germany DE DE EUR Euro
Ghana GH GH GHC Ghana CEDI
gibraltarian GI GI GIP Gibraltarian pound
Greece GR GR EUR Euro
Greenland GL GL DKK DKR
Grenada GD GD XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Guadeloupe GP GP EUR Euro
Guam GU GU USD US dollar
Guatemalan GT GT GTQ Guernsey, Guatemalan GG GG GBP Sterling
Guinea GN GN GNF Guinea Franc
Guinea GW GW XOF The Central Bank of West African States, CFA francs
Guyana GY GY GYD Guyana dollar
Haiti HT HT HTG Gude, Haiti
Netherlands HO NL EUR Euro
Honras HN HN HNL Lunpila, Honras
Hong Kong, China HK HK HKD Hong Kong dollar
Hungary HU HU HUF Forint, Hungary
Iceland IS IS ISK Icelandic krona
India IN IN INR Indian Rupee
Indonesia ID ID IDR Indonesian rupiah
Iraq IQ IQ NID Iraqi dinar
Republic of Ireland IE IE EUR Euro
Israel IL IL ILS Israel shekel
Italy IT IT EUR Euro
Ivory Coast CI CI XOF Central Bank of West African States JM JM JMD Yamamai Canadian dollar
Japan JP JP JPY Yen
Jersey JE JE GBP Sterling
Jordan JO JO JOD Jordanian Dinar
Kazakhstan KZ KZ KZT Kazakhstan tenge
Kenya KE KE KES KSHS
Kiribati KI KI AUD Australian dollar
Korea KR KR KRW Han Yuan
kosley KO FM USD US dollar
Kuwait KW KW KWD Kuwait Dinar
Kyrgyz Republic KG KG Kilogram Kyrgyz SOM
Laos LA LA LAK Kip, Laos
Latvian LV LV LVL Lat
Lebanon LB LB LBP Lebanon pound
Lesotho LS LS LSL Lesotho Lotti
Liberia LR LR LRD Liberia dollar
Libya LY LY LYD Libyan Dinar
Lichtenstein LI LI CHF Swiss Franc
Lithuania LT LT LTL Lithuanian Litas
Luxembourg LU LU EUR Euro
Macao MO MO MOP Macao dollar
Macedonian MK MK EUR Euro
Madagascar MG MG MGA Ariari, Madagascar
Madeira M3 PT EUR Euro
Malawi MW MW MWK Kwacha, Malawi
Malaysia MY MY MYR Ringgit malaysia
Maldives MV MV MVR Maldives rupee
Mali ML ML XOF Central Bank of West African States MT MT EUR Euro
Marshall Islands MH MH USD USD
Martinique MQ MQ EUR Euro
Mauritania MR MR MRO Ugiya, Mauritania
Mauritius MU MU MUR Mauritian rupees
Mayotte Island YT YT EUR Francs
Mexico MX MX MXN Mexican Peso
Federated States of Micronesia FM FM USD USD
Moldova MD MD MDL Moldova Lei
Monaco MC MC EUR Euro
Mongolia MN MN MNT Mongolia Tugrik
Black Mountain ME ME EUR Serbia Dinar
Montserrat MS MS XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Morocco MA MA MAD Moroccan dirhams
Mozambique MZ MZ MZM Metikar, Mozambique
Namibia NA NA NAD Namibian dollar
Nepal NP NP NPR Nepalese Rupee
Netherlands NL NL EUR Euro
Netherlands Antilles AN AN ANG Netherlands Antilles dollar
New Caledonia NC NC XPF Pacific Franc
New Zealand NZ NZ NZD NZD
Nicaraguan NI NI NIO Ginodopa, Nicaraguan
Niger NE NE XOF Central Bank of West African States NG NG NGN Norfolk Island, Nigeria NF NF AUD Australian dollar
Northern Ireland NB GB GBP Sterling
Northern Mariana Islands MP MP USD US dollar
Norway NO NO NOK NOK
Oman OM OM OMR Oman rial
Pakistan PK PK PKR Pakistan Rupee
Palau PW PW USD USD
Panama PA PA PAB Panama, Papua New Guinea PG PG PGK Papua kina
Paraguay PY PY PYG Guarani, Paraguay
Peru PE PE PEN New sol, Peru
Philippines PH PH PHP Philippine Peso
Poland PL PL PLN Zloty, Poland
Ponape Island PO FM USD US dollar
Portugal PT PT EUR Euro
Puerto Rico PR PR USD US dollar
Qatar QA QA QAR Qatar Riyal
Reunion Island RE RE EUR Euro
Romania RO RO ROL Romanian Lei
rota RT MP USD US dollar
Russia RU RU RUB Russian Ruble
Rwanda RW RW RWF Rwandese francs
Sabah SS AN ANG The Netherlands Antilles shield
Saipan SP MP USD USD
San Marino SM SM EUR Euro
Saudi Arabia SA SA SAR Saudi Riyal
Scotland SF GB GBP Sterling
Senegal SN SN XOF Central Bank of West African States RS RS EUR Serbia Dinar
Seychelles SC SC SCR Seychelles rupee
Sierra Leone SL SL SLL Leon, Sierra Leone
Singapore SG SG SGD SGD
Slovakia SK SK SKK Slovak Krona
Slovenia SI SI EUR Euro
Solomon Islands SB SB SBD Solomon Islands dollar
South Africa ZA ZA ZAR South African rand
Spain ES ES EUR Euro
Sri Lanka LK LK LKR Sri Lanka Rupee
St. Barthel NT GP EUR Euro
St. Christopher Island SW KN XCD East Caribbean dollar
St. Croix SX VI USD US dollar
Saint Eustatius EU AN ANG Dutch Antilles shield
St. John UV VI USD US dollar
Saint Kitts and Nevis KN KN XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Saint Lucia LC LC XCD Eastern Caribbean Dollar MB AN ANG The Netherlands Antilles shield
St. Martin TB GP EUR Euro
St Thomas VL VI USD US dollar
St. Vincent and the Grenadines VC VC XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Suriname SR SR SRG Suriname shield
Swaziland SZ SZ SZL Lilangini, Swaziland
Sweden SE SE SEK SEK
Switzerland CH CH CHF Swiss Franc
Tahiti TA PF XPF Pacific Franc
Taiwan, China TW TW TWD Taiwan dollar
Tajikistan TJ TJ TJS Somoni, Tajikistan
Tanzania TZ TZ TZS TSH
Thailand TH TH THB Baht
Tinian Island TI MP USD USD
Togo TG TG XOF Central Bank of West African States TO TO TOP Tonga panga
Tortola Island ZZ VG USD USD
Trinidad and Tobago TT TT TTD Trinidad and Tobago dollar
the Turk Islands TU FM USD US dollar
Tunisia TN TN TND Tunisian Dinar
Turkey TR TR USD US dollar
Turkmenistan TM TM TMM Turkmen manat
Turks and Caicos Islands TC TC USD USD
Tuvalu TV TV AUD Australian dollar
US Virgin Islands VI VI USD USD
Uganda UG UG UGX Uganda shillings
Ukraine UA UA UAH Ukraine gryvna
yunin Island UI VC XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
United Arab Emirates AE AE AED UAE Dirham
UK GB GB GBP Sterling
us US US USD USD
Uruguay UY UY UYU Uruguayan Peso
Uzbekistan UZ UZ UZS Uzbekistan SOM
Vanuatu V

3. According to the roadmap published on the official website, there are two major branches, one is the expansion of underlying functions, the other is the optimization of user experience. The underlying function expansion is mainly to develop new functions on the basis of peer-to-peer payment to support the long-term vision of a real Internet of value (IOV). For example, expand Op_ Return, optimizing the cache architecture for balance, anonymity on the chain, and native protocol component based on op code are designed to support the implementation of functionality
there are two main reasons why user experience optimization is listed separately. First, LBTC wants to build an excellent peer-to-peer e-cash system. Its basic idea is to put payment experience and user first, so it puts it at a high level, such as cross platform light wallet, accelerating payment confirmation speed, optimizing irreversible block mechanism, etc. Second, LBTC has always emphasized superior chain governance system. Before that, there was a standardized SGS (spark governance system) governance system, but it still needs to constantly improve the relevant mechanisms. For example, we should greatly optimize the node parameters and election mechanism, establish the LBTC foundation, multi-channel proposal process, and light wallet's support for the governance function on the chain.

4.

Development trend of the international monetary system: on August 15, 1971, the United States announced the implementation of the "new economic policy", which means that the US dollar is decoupled from gold, and one of the two pillars supporting the international monetary system has collapsed. In March 1973, the price of gold in London rose to $96 an ounce. When the exchange of US dollar for gold was terminated, many countries gave up the fixed exchange rate against US dollar and adopted the floating exchange rate system, and the Bretton Woods system collapsed completely. After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the international financial situation became more turbulent, and the international monetary system fell into disorder again. In January 1976, the "Interim Committee" held a meeting in Kingston, the capital of Jamaica, and adopted the agreement to amend the International Monetary Fund Agreement, namely the "Jamaica agreement". In April 1978, the Jamaica agreement came into force, marking the beginning of a new international monetary system. This new international monetary system is called the Jamaica system

Under the Jamaica system, the international monetary relations are still full of difficulties. The trade conflicts between countries with huge balance of payments deficits and countries with large balance of payments surpluses continue, and the large-scale debt crisis and currency crisis break out for many times, which leads people to think about the reform of Jamaica system. There are mainly the following reform programs:

one is to restore the gold standard system

The second is to establish the standard system of SDR

The third is to establish the world central bank

Fourthly, setting up exchange rate target zone

It will be a long and difficult process

There are two trends in today's monetary system:

1. the world currency is developing towards multi polarization

   And there is a tendency of monetary regional integration

5. Dollar, yen, euro, pound, Canadian dollar RMB is not an international currency)

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7. First of all, the defects of the international monetary system are manifested in three aspects. One is the over issuance of world reserve currency. Compared with 2006, the United States, Europe and Japan seriously exceeded the ratio in 1998. Due to the global low interest rate policy, interest rates have been continuously reced. Especially after 9 / 11, many countries adopted low interest rate policy, resulting in a very large money supply. In addition, with the continuous upgrading of financial innovation, the substitutability of financial procts has increased, and the financing channels of financial institutions and innovative institutions have increased. All kinds of reasons have led to the flooding of global liquidity. After the flooding of liquidity, because the United States is an international financial center, which has a relatively strong management effect on financial assets, it leads to the global international capital, including China, and even some less developed countries, that is, countries with funds from developed countries, whose funds flow back to the United States to finance the trade deficit and fiscal deficit of the United States, This has resulted in a global economic imbalance. The most fundamental reason is the hegemony of the US dollar, which is a core part of the international monetary system. It is precisely because of the massive issuance of US dollars and the inflow of a large number of funds into the United States that the US dollar depreciates significantly. Why can financial regulation find America's fault? It is because the United States snatched the right to make the international monetary system through the game between the United Kingdom and the United States after World War II. Its inaction to the International Monetary Fund and its non supervision of the international financial innovation system are caused by its inaction. The current international monetary system is a system without order. The direction of reform designed by our country is the most perfect. It is a single currency in the world. However, it is not clear whether this can be realized. At present, we should strengthen the supervision of US dollar issuance. In other words, at the London summit, the heads of state proposed to strengthen the function of the International Monetary Fund and let it supervise us dollar issuance. But I think the supervision of the international monetary system has a long way to go. As a developing country, we have lost a lot under the impact of the financial crisis. We have used super sovereign currencies to replace sovereign currencies, and we have received the response of some developing countries, such as Brazil, Indonesia and other senior executives. From the technical level, there are still some obstacles in the reform. Political obstacles, ideological inconsistencies, that is, the interests must be to find ways to safeguard its interests. But from the technical level, it has inertia. In terms of value means, it needs to establish credit and set up a set of rules, which takes time. In addition, it needs careful planning from the government in the process of US dollar and pound sterling. The US dollar replaced pound sterling as the main currency. It is through such an organization that the US laid the foundation of US dollar with the help of white plan and Marshall Plan, With the aid to Europe, the circulation area of US dollar has been expanding, which has laid the foundation for us dollar in the international monetary system. Because of this foundation, the United States has maintained the entire international financial system and constructed the entire international financial building through the right to make financial rules. There is another problem in the reform of the international monetary system. The next problem is the special drawing right, which is a man-made currency. It is subject to the United States. In terms of its value structure, if the RMB is included in the SDR basket, the fourth clause of the International Monetary Fund must be amended, which must be agreed by 85% of the voting rights, But let's look at the voting power in the United States, which is 16.77%. When we infringe upon the rights of the United States, the United States certainly can not vote for it. Without its vote, all reforms will be in vain. With regard to the defects of the international monetary system, what role has China played? In 2005, the finance ministers and central bank governors of the G20 put the reform of the international monetary system on the agenda for the first time. The internationalization of Finance proposed by the president of China must serve the real economy. A strong currency needs a strong finance, and a strong finance needs a strong monetary system. In a word, the rise of China's finance is an inevitable trend, and the internationalization of China's RMB is also our goal, but we must take a steady road of China's financial rise.

8. After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the international financial order has been in turmoil again. The international community and people from all walks of life have been exploring whether a new international financial system can be established. They have put forward many reform proposals, such as the restoration of the gold standard, the restoration of the US dollar standard, the implementation of the comprehensive monetary standard and the establishment of the optimal monetary area, but they have not made substantial progress. Until January 1976, after a heated debate, the "Interim Committee on the international monetary system" of the IMF Council reached the "Jamaica agreement" in Kingston, the capital of Jamaica. In April of the same year, the IMF Council adopted the second amendment to the IMF Agreement, thus forming a new international monetary system< The main contents of Jamaica agreement are as follows: 1. Jamaica agreement formally confirmed the legalization of floating exchange rate system, and recognized the coexistence of fixed exchange rate system and floating exchange rate system. Member states can freely choose exchange rate system. At the same time, IMF continues to exercise strict supervision over the monetary and exchange rate policies of various countries, coordinate the economic policies of member countries, promote financial stability, and narrow the range of exchange rate fluctuations
2
the agreement made a decision to graally withdraw gold from international currency lending. It also stipulates: abolish the gold clause, abolish the official price of gold, and the Central Bank of member states can freely trade gold according to the market price; The rules of clearing creditor's rights and debts with gold among Member States and between Member States and IMF should be abolished, and the IMF should graally deal with its gold holdings
3. Enhance the role of SDR
the main purpose is to improve the international reserve status of SDR, expand its application scope in the general business of IMF, and timely revise the relevant provisions of SDR
4. Increase the fund share of Member States
the fund shares of member countries increased from 29.2 billion SDRs to 39 billion SDRs, an increase of 33.6%
5. Expand credit lines to increase financing for developing countries< Second, the operation of Jamaica system
compared with the single structure of international reserves and the prominent position of the US dollar under the Bretton Woods system, the international reserves under the Jamaica system are diversified. Although the US dollar is still the dominant international currency, the status of the US dollar is obviously weakened, and the monopoly of foreign exchange reserves by the US dollar no longer exists. With the economic recovery and development of the two countries, the West German mark (now the German mark) and the Japanese yen stand out and become important international reserve currencies. At present, the international reserve currency has become increasingly diversified, ECU has been replaced by euro, euro is likely to become a new international reserve currency to compete with the US dollar
2. Diversified exchange rate arrangements
under the Jamaica system, floating exchange rate system and fixed exchange rate system coexist. Generally speaking, most developed instrial countries adopt single floating or combined floating, but some also adopt pegging to their own currency basket. For developing countries, most of them are pegged to a certain international currency or currency basket, and few of them float alone. Different exchange rate systems have their own advantages and disadvantages. Floating exchange rate system can provide more activity space and independence for domestic economic policy, while fixed exchange rate system can rece the exchange rate risk that domestic enterprises may face and facilitate proction and accounting. Each country can weigh the pros and cons according to its own economic strength, openness, economic structure and a series of related factors
3. Adjust the balance of payments through various channels. It mainly includes:
(1) using domestic economic policy< As an integral part of a country's macro-economy, balance of payments is inevitably affected by other factors. A country often uses domestic economic policies to change domestic demand and supply, so as to eliminate the imbalance of international payments. For example, in the case of capital account deficit, we can increase interest rates and rece currency issuance, so as to attract foreign capital inflow and make up the gap. It should be noted that when fiscal or monetary policies are used to adjust external equilibrium, they are often limited by "Mead conflict". While achieving balance of payments, they sacrifice other policy objectives, such as economic growth and fiscal balance. Therefore, internal policies should be coordinated with exchange rate policies so as not to lose one or the other
(2) exchange rate policy
under the floating exchange rate system or the adjustable peg exchange rate system, exchange rate is an important tool to adjust the balance of payments. Its principle is: the current account deficit tends to fall, the local currency tends to fall, the foreign trade competitiveness increases, the export increases, the import decreases, and the economic account deficit decreases or disappears. On the contrary, when there is a current account surplus, the rise in the value of the local currency will weaken the competitiveness of imports and exports, thus recing the current account surplus. In the actual economic operation, the adjustment function of exchange rate is restricted by "Marshall Lerner condition" and "J-curve effect", and its function is often disappointing< (3) international financing
under the Bretton Woods system, this function is mainly performed by the IMF. Under the Jamaica system, the IMF's lending capacity has improved. More importantly, with the outbreak of the oil crisis and the rapid development of the European monetary market, countries graally turn to the European monetary market to use the market's favorable loan conditions to finance funds and adjust the balance of payments< (4) strengthen international coordination
this is mainly reflected in: 1) with the IMF as a bridge, governments of all countries have reached consensus and understanding on international financial issues through consultation, so as to jointly maintain the stability and prosperity of the international financial situation. ② The role of the emerging G7 summit. Through many meetings, the seven western countries have reached a consensus and made joint efforts to intervene in the international financial market. Subjectively, it is for their own interests, but objectively, it has also promoted the stability and development of international finance and economy< (1) the diversified reserve structure breaks away from the rigid relationship among the currencies under the Bretton Woods system, provides a variety of liquidation currencies for the international economy, and solves the contradiction between the supply and demand of reserve currencies to a large extent
(2) the diversified exchange rate arrangement adapts to the diversified economies of various countries with different development levels, provides flexibility and independence for the host countries to maintain economic development and stability, and helps to maintain the continuity and stability of domestic economic policies
(3) multiple channels are in parallel, which makes the adjustment of international collection more effective and timely< 2. The defects of Jamaica System:
(1) under the pattern of diversified international reserves, the issuing countries of reserve currency still enjoy many advantages such as "seigniorage". At the same time, under the pattern of diversified international reserves, there is a lack of a unified and stable monetary standard, which itself may cause international financial instability
(2) the exchange rate fluctuates greatly, and the exchange rate system is extremely unstable. One of the negative effects is that it increases the foreign exchange risk, thus inhibiting the international trade and investment activities to a certain extent, especially for developing countries< (3) the balance of payments adjustment mechanism is not perfect, and various existing channels have their own limitations. Jamaica system has not eliminated the global balance of payments imbalance< br />

9. The evolution of international currency is very long. At first, the international currency was gold coins. Later, e to the lack of gold reserves and the exchange of the price of sterling and gold at that time, sterling graally evolved into an international currency. However, the international status of Britain declined soon after, so ring that period, franc, US dollar and pound sterling coexisted as international currency. Later, e to the world war, the United States developed rapidly and became an economic power, while the national strength of Britain and France declined, so the dollar became the only international currency

whether RMB can become an international currency depends on the international influence of Chinese politics and whether China's economy is strong enough. Only when the international status is very high and the military strength is very strong, can we ensure the stable status of our currency as an international currency! And the most important thing is to let people all over the world accept our RMB< At present, RMB can be directly used in these countries
Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, South Korea, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Nepal, Myanmar, Zimbabwe, etc.

10. On the eve of the 50th anniversary of its founding, the United Nations received a precious birthday gift -- a giant bronze ware presented by the Chinese people -- century Baoding

century Baoding is placed on the green lawn of the North Garden of the United Nations building. The tripod seat is 0.5 meters high, symbolizing the 50th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations; The ding is 2.1 meters tall, symbolizing the coming 21st century. The tripod weighs 1.5 tons. It has three legs and two ears. It has a slightly bulging belly and a round bottom. It is surrounded by Shang and Zhou patterns, with relief animal surface and cloud pattern filling the bottom. The base is decorated with 56 dragons, symbolizing that all 56 ethnic groups in China are descendants of dragons. Ding neizhu (zh) ù) You Ming (m) í To celebrate the 50th birthday of the United Nations. In front of the tripod seat are four big characters in gold. "The people's Republic of China presents October 1995" is written on the back of the tripod seat. The whole tripod is simple in shape and exquisite in craftsmanship à n) It is a masterpiece< In ancient times, Ding was a kind of cooking utensil used by Chinese ancestors, and later developed into a ritual utensil. There are two Chinese idioms, Zhong Ming Ding Shi and Yi Yan Jiu Ding, which reflect the unique position of Ding in ancient Chinese social life. As an important ritual vessel, Ding symbolizes unity, unity and authority, and represents peace, development and prosperity ā Sheng's mascot. This century tripod, a collection of ancient Chinese bronze art, melting (R ó Ancient skills and modern science and technology are combined. Its overall structure (G ò u) The combination of artistic modeling and decorative patterns shows the long history and splendid culture of the Chinese nation

the United Nations treasures gifts from countries all over the world, which have their own meanings. This baodingyu in China ù The meaning is deeper. Ding Zhi is prosperous and the dragon is auspicious. It expresses the Chinese people's good wishes to the United Nations and their hope for a better new century. This is also the common aspiration of the peace loving people in the world

an international organization established by the United Nations after the Second World War. According to the Charter of the United Nations signed in San Francisco in June 1945, it was formally established on October 24 of the same year. The 51 countries that signed the Charter are founding members of the United Nations. China is one of the founding members of the United Nations, but e to the obstruction of the United States, the legitimate rights of new China in the United Nations were not restored until October 1971. According to the Charter, the purposes of the United Nations are to "maintain international peace and security", "stop acts of aggression" and "promote international cooperation". The Charter stipulates that the United Nations and its member states shall abide by the following principles: the sovereign equality of all States; Settling international disputes by peaceful means; No threat or force or other means inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations shall be used to infringe upon the territorial integrity or political independence of other states; The United Nations shall not interfere in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state. The main bodies are the general assembly, the Security Council, the economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of justice and the Secretariat. The headquarters are in New York. There is a European office in Geneva< The charter is the fundamental constitution of the United Nations, which stipulates the rights and obligations of Member States and defines the organs and proceres of the United Nations< According to the Charter, the purpose of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and security; To develop friendly international relations; To cooperate in solving international problems of economic, social, cultural and human welfare nature, and to promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms of all mankind; And form a center to coordinate the actions of all countries in order to achieve the above common goals< The six major organs of the United Nations are: the general assembly, the Security Council, the economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of justice and the Secretariat. However, the United Nations family is much larger, with a budget of US $2.535 billion for 2000-2001. The main source of funds is the assessed contributions of member states according to the scale approved by the general assembly
the fundamental criterion of the scale of assessments is the capacity to pay of each country. When determining the capacity to pay, the relative share of each country in the total GNP should be taken into account, and adjusted in connection with factors such as per capita income of each country
in addition, countries share the cost of peace keeping operations; In 2000, the cost of peacekeeping was about $2 billion. The basic scale has been revised to become the basis for apportioning the cost

the United Nations family
the United Nations family of agencies consists of the United Nations Secretariat, United Nations programmes and funds, such as the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), as well as specialized agencies. Each programme, fund and specialized agency has its own governing Council and budget and sets its own standards and guidelines. Together, they provide technical assistance and other forms of practical assistance in almost all aspects of economic and social activities< The United Nations was established on October 24, 1945, with 51 countries committed to maintaining peace through international cooperation and collective security. Today, almost every country in the world has joined the United Nations. The United Nations has 191 member states< When a country becomes a member of the United Nations, it agrees to accept its obligations under the Charter of the United Nations The Charter of the United Nations is an international treaty, which stipulates the basic principles of international relations. According to the Charter, the four purposes of the United Nations are: to maintain international peace and security; Developing friendly relations among countries; Cooperation in solving international problems and promoting respect for human rights; To become the center of coordinating the actions of all countries
the United Nations is not a world government and does not make laws. But the United Nations provides solutions to international conflicts and formulates policies on matters that affect us all. In the United Nations, all Member States, big or small, rich or poor, regardless of their political views and social systems, have the right to speak and vote in this process
there are six main organs of the United Nations. The general assembly, the Security Council, the economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat are located at the United Nations headquarters in New York. The sixth principal organ is the International Court of justice, which is located in the Hague, the Netherlands< All Member States of the United Nations send representatives to the general assembly. The general assembly is a "world parliament", meeting to consider the most urgent issues in the world. Each member has one vote. Key issues such as the maintenance of international peace and security, the admission of new members and the formulation of the United Nations budget were decided by a two-thirds majority. Other matters are decided by a simple majority. In recent years, the general assembly has made a special effort to take decisions by consensus rather than by formal vote< At its 2001 / 2002 session, the General Assembly considered 180 different topics, including globalization, AIDS, conflicts in Africa, environmental protection and the strengthening of new democratic institutions. The general assembly cannot force any country to take action, but its recommendations are an important voice of world public opinion and represent the moral authority of the international community
the general assembly holds regular sessions from September to December every year, and holds resumed sessions or special or emergency meetings on issues of special concern when necessary. During the recess of the general assembly, the work of the assembly is carried out by the six main committees, other subsidiary organs and the United Nations Secretariat<

the Security Council
the main responsibility entrusted to the Security Council by the Charter of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and security. Whenever peace is threatened, the Security Council can meet at any time. All Member States have an obligation to implement the Council's decisions in accordance with the provisions of the Charter
the Security Council has 15 members. China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States are permanent members. The other 10 members are elected by the general assembly for a term of two years. In recent years, member states are discussing the issue of changing the composition of the Security Council to reflect the current political and economic reality
the Security Council needs nine votes to make a decision. Except for the voting on proceral issues, as long as any permanent member votes against (veto), the Security Council will not be able to make a decision
when considering issues that threaten international peace, the Security Council should first explore ways to settle disputes peacefully. The Council may propose principles for settlement or mediate. In the event of fighting, the Security Council strives for a cease-fire. The Security Council may send peacekeeping missions to assist the parties in maintaining a truce and separating hostile forces
the Security Council can take measures to enforce its decisions. The Security Council may impose economic sanctions or order an arms embargo. In rare cases, the Security Council has authorized member states to use "all necessary means", including collective military action, to implement their decisions< The Security Council also made recommendations to the General Assembly on the selection of the Secretary General and the admission of new members of the United Nations< The economic and Social Council coordinates the economic and social work of the United Nations and the organizations of the United Nations system under the overall leadership of the general assembly. As a central forum for discussing international economic and social issues and formulating policy recommendations, ECOSOC plays a key role in strengthening international cooperation for development. The Council has also consulted with non-governmental organizations to maintain key links between the United Nations and civil society
the Council has 54 members elected by the general assembly for a three-year term. The council meets throughout the year, with major meetings in July each year, including a special ministerial meeting, to discuss major economic, social and humanitarian issues
the subsidiary bodies of ECOSOC meet regularly and report to ECOSOC. For example, the Commission on human rights monitors respect for human rights around the world. Other institutions focus on social development, the status of women, crime prevention, narcotic drugs, environmental protection and other issues. The five regional commissions are responsible for promoting economic development and cooperation in their respective regions<

Trusteeship Council
the Trusteeship Council was established to exercise international supervision over the 11 trusteeship territories administered by seven Member States and to ensure that appropriate steps are taken to prepare for the autonomy or independence of the trusteeship territories. By 1994, all trust territories had achieved self-government or independence. Some became independent states, while others joined neighboring Independent States. Finally, Palau, the trust territory of the Pacific Islands administered by the United States, became the 185th member of the United Nations< The Trusteeship Council is now composed of five permanent members of the Security Council. In view of the substantial completion of its work, the Trusteeship Council has revised its rules of procere to enable it to meet when necessary<

the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the main judicial organ of the United Nations, which is composed of 15 judges jointly elected by the general assembly and the Security Council and is responsible for adjudicating disputes between states. The state voluntarily participates in the proceedings, but if a state agrees to participate, it has the obligation to comply with the court's ruling. The court also advises the general assembly and the Security Council upon request< According to the instructions of the general assembly, the Security Council and other organs, the Secretariat carries out the substantive and administrative work of the United Nations. The head of the Secretariat is the secretary general, who is responsible for providing overall administrative guidance< At present, there are several departments and offices in the Secretariat. There are about 7500 staff in the regular budget, and the number of staff in the special budget is about the same. The staff come from more than 170 countries. Locations include