Theft of digital currency
Publish: 2021-03-28 22:06:50
1. A number of victims of virtual currency fraud cases distributed all over the country said that they were refused to file a case when reporting to the local police because virtual currency could not be valued and could not reach the starting loss amount of theft or fraud. This situation may be affected by the announcement on preventing the financing risk of token issuance issued by seven ministries and commissions on September 4, 2017 (hereinafter referred to as the announcement). Generally speaking, fraud and other crimes of infringing property rights have the starting point of "large amount" According to the interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the specific application of law in the trial of fraud cases, indivials who defraud public or private property of more than 2000 yuan belong to "large amount". However, the announcement clearly pointed out that "any so-called token financing trading platform shall not provide pricing, information intermediary and other services for token or virtual currency." Therefore, it is difficult for the public security organs to recognize the price of virtual currency displayed on the trading platform, and to estimate the value of virtual currency when the victims encounter virtual currency fraud, so as to determine whether the case meets the filing standard.
2. If you know that the money is stolen before your friend pays it back, it will be returned naturally.
3.
digital currency carrier is digital currency wallet
digital currency is an alternative to paper money
functions and properties are exactly the same as banknotes, but the form is digital
Therefore, it can be seen that the use of digital currency will be more secure In addition, digital currency has unique coding, and there is no way to forge itand whose wallet digital currency enters may generate traceable information codes, including the identity information of the wallet owner. In this way, as long as the digital currency is spent or transferred, it is very easy to trace
even in the future, if big data and Internet of things technology are further upgraded, where you spend digital currency may be traceable, including spending a few yuan and so on, which can be easily known and traceable
in this case, your mobile phone is lost. On the one hand, it is difficult for the person who finds it to crack many passwords on the mobile phone. If the person who finds it takes a lot of effort to break the password, then if he wants to spend money or transfer money, it is also traceable
4. If you are sure that you have been cheated of your identity information, it must be quite dangerous. If these fraud gangs use this information to make loans, they will be in trouble. You'd better report to the local police station or economic investigation detachment.
5. At present, hackers are focusing on the digital currency exchange. In their eyes, it's all fat and the asset security of stealing customers' information. Many exchanges have more or less security risks. It's recommended to go to the coin exchange to transfer the property safely. The coin exchange has achieved a balance between the security system and the system efficiency. So far, there has been no major security risks
6. blockchain technology, known as distributed ledger technology, is an Internet database technology, which is characterized by decentralization, openness and transparency, so that everyone can participate in database records
blockchain technology will be applied to the credit investigation, transaction security and information security of the financial instry. Financial data security, information privacy and network security are just suitable for distributed block technology and blockchain, which can form point-to-point digital value transfer in finance, so as to improve the security of transmission and transaction
the domestic blockchain technology companies started late, but there are many ICO projects and they are developing very rapidly. At present, the well-known blockchain technology companies include Shanghai Wanxiang blockchain Co., Ltd. (Shanghai), Weilian (Shanghai), Beijing ruizhuoxitou Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Beijing) and Hangzhou complex beauty Technology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou). Chongqing yinlian Technology Co., Ltd. (Chongqing)
in these well-known companies, the price of token varies, but those who use blockchain technology for commercial application, such as yinlian technology in Chongqing, develop commercial application technology, and provide more competitive proction management, warehousing management, anti-counterfeiting traceability, precision marketing and other services for enterprises and consumers with blockchain commodity Internet of things integrated service platform as the core
with the increase of ICO projects, supervision is bound to follow the trend. Therefore, whether it is well-known or not, only by truly doing application technology and applying blockchain technology to commercial applications, can it really go further.
blockchain technology will be applied to the credit investigation, transaction security and information security of the financial instry. Financial data security, information privacy and network security are just suitable for distributed block technology and blockchain, which can form point-to-point digital value transfer in finance, so as to improve the security of transmission and transaction
the domestic blockchain technology companies started late, but there are many ICO projects and they are developing very rapidly. At present, the well-known blockchain technology companies include Shanghai Wanxiang blockchain Co., Ltd. (Shanghai), Weilian (Shanghai), Beijing ruizhuoxitou Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Beijing) and Hangzhou complex beauty Technology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou). Chongqing yinlian Technology Co., Ltd. (Chongqing)
in these well-known companies, the price of token varies, but those who use blockchain technology for commercial application, such as yinlian technology in Chongqing, develop commercial application technology, and provide more competitive proction management, warehousing management, anti-counterfeiting traceability, precision marketing and other services for enterprises and consumers with blockchain commodity Internet of things integrated service platform as the core
with the increase of ICO projects, supervision is bound to follow the trend. Therefore, whether it is well-known or not, only by truly doing application technology and applying blockchain technology to commercial applications, can it really go further.
7.
58 billion! Japan's biggest theft of digital currency in history the hot market of digital currency makes hackers salivate. On January 26, the coincheck system, a large-scale digital currency trading platform in Japan, was attacked by hackers, resulting in the theft of 58 billion yen, about 530 million US dollars of digital currency "Xinjing currency". This is the largest known theft of digital currency in history the largest digital currency theft case in the history of Japan; At 4 p.m., a day has passed since coincheck, a Japanese bitcoin trading platform, announced that a large number of digital currencies have been stolen, but there are still many victims on the scene. So far, there is still no staff down to give the victim a specific and clear explanation coincheck provides 13 kinds of digital currency trading services, including bitcoin and Xinjing currency. The trading volume once accounted for half of Japan's digital currency trading market. The instry estimates that the company has absorbed at least hundreds of billions of yen of user deposits. As the platform has a Chinese trading system, some overseas users may be affected
8. A man was in jail for theft. Now because of pulling people to do digital currency, will they be cheated in
this one may be detained
but it has nothing to do with the previous case
just based on being cheated now. The case was quantified.
this one may be detained
but it has nothing to do with the previous case
just based on being cheated now. The case was quantified.
9. In order to prove time and ensure the security of the whole network
without this calculation, the whole system is not secure, so these seemingly meaningless calculations are to ensure everyone's security
without this calculation, the whole system is not secure, so these seemingly meaningless calculations are to ensure everyone's security
10. 1 Modern credit currency
1; The issue of coins is usually unified in the central bank, which also belongs to credit currency
2. Bank current deposits (various names of current deposits)
3. Time deposits and residents' savings deposits in banks
4. All currencies based on bank credit, except banknotes and coins, The IMF generally calls it "deposit currency"
(2) credit currency and debt network
1. The circulation of credit currency is closely related to the comprehensive coverage of credit relationship and economic life
2, It is necessary to realize the growth and decline and transfer of creditor's rights and debts with credit payment instruments.
3; Bank credit documents naturally become an ideal form of currency to replace precious metals. 2. The creation of deposit currency. 1. The function of modern banks to create money. 2, The function of issuing bank notes and creating deposit currency has been developed.
2; The function of modern commercial banks to create money is to create deposit money
(2) original deposit and derivative deposit
1. Original deposit is the deposit formed by commercial banks accepting customers' cash deposits and rediscount and refinance funds from the central bank
2. Derivative deposit, It refers to the deposits derived from the bank's loan and investment activities; Derivative deposits are directly created by the asset business of commercial banks, which come from the different relationship between commercial banks and base money. The original deposit is the change from cash in circulation to deposit money, which does not cause the change of social money supply; The change of derivative deposit directly affects the change of social money supply
the status of the two is different, the original deposit determines the derivative deposit
(3) the derivation process of deposit currency under the seigniorage system
1; According to experience, keeping coins equivalent to 20% of the deposit amount is enough to meet the daily withdrawal of coins. Then, bank a can lend 8000 yuan to bank B. The balance sheet of bank a is as follows:
2. Party B pays 8000 yuan of coins to Bank C, and Bank C deposits the coins to bank B. according to the same consideration, bank B leaves 20% of the coins, i.e. 1600 yuan, and the remaining 6400 yuan is loaned to customer D. At this time, the balance sheet of bank B is as follows:
3. By analogy, from bank a to bank B, Bank C,..., bank n, continuous deposit, loan and deposit, the result is as follows:
4. Here are: (1) original deposit R, (2) total loan L, (3) total deposit after derivation (including original deposit) d, (3) total deposit after derivation (including original deposit) (4) the ratio of the necessary Mint stock to the deposit R, the relationship between the four can be expressed as
(4) the creation of deposit currency under the modern financial system
1. Similar to the preparation of mint stock
banks should prepare some bank notes for the deposits they absorb, In order to keep the deposit customers withdraw cash
in the check settlement, the balance between accounts receivable and payable between banks does not need to be settled with bank notes at all, but only needs to be transferred through the bank's deposit account in the central bank
2, The ratio of the bank's reserve deposits in the central bank to the total amount of deposits absorbed by the bank is the legal reserve rate
the part exceeding the legal ratio is the excess reserve rate
3, Deposit currency creation
"original deposit" source:
the deposit currency bank borrows money from the central bank
the customer receives a check from the central bank, such as an appropriation check issued by the Treasury, and entrusts his / her correspondent bank to collect money
it may also be that the customer sells foreign exchange to the deposit currency bank and forms a deposit, The process of banks selling foreign exchange to the central bank and forming reserve deposits is as follows:
examples:
1. Suppose that customer a of bank a receives a check from the central bank with the amount of 10000 yuan; Customer a entrusts bank a to collect money. As a result, the reserve deposit of bank a in the central bank will increase by 10000 yuan, while the equivalent deposit of bank a in the account of bank a will increase by 10000 yuan< (2) bank a absorbs deposits and makes conditional loans. If the legal reserve rate is still 20%, the legal reserve of bank a for this deposit shall not be less than 2000 yuan. If bank a provides a loan to customer B with a maximum loan amount of 8000 yuan, then the balance sheet of bank a is as follows:
3. When bank B pays 8000 yuan to customer C of bank B by check, and Bank C entrusts bank B to collect money, the balance sheet of Bank A and bank B is as follows:
4. Bank B has 8000 yuan reserve deposit in the central bank, According to the statutory reserve rate of 20%, its maximum loan amount is 6400 yuan. After lending 6400 yuan to customer D, the balance sheet of bank B is as follows:
5. When customer D of bank B pays 6400 yuan of payable payment to customer e of Bank C by check, and customer e entrusts Bank C to collect payment, the balance sheet of Bank B and Bank C is as follows:
6. Bank C has 6400 yuan of reserve deposit in the central bank, according to the legal reserve rate of 20%, The maximum amount of loan can not exceed 5120 yuan. If a loan is made to a customer, the balance sheet of Bank C is as follows:
(7) when a customer of Bank C has made a check payment of RMB 6400 to a customer of bank D, and the customer entrusts bank d to collect the money, the balance sheet of Bank C is as follows:
8, The derivation process of deposits is as follows:
9. The balance sheet of deposit monetary banking system is as follows:
4 Δ D is the total amount of derivative deposit increase including original deposit, Δ R is the initial increase of original deposit or reserve deposit, RD is the statutory reserve rate, The relationship between the three is as follows:
(5) multiplier of deposit money creation
1. Two necessary preconditions of deposit money creation
each bank only needs to reserve a certain proportion of the deposits it absorbs
the formation of bank clearing system
2. Multiplier of deposit money creation
bank deposit money creation The maximum expansion multiple of the total deposit determined by the mechanism is called derivative multiple, also known as derivative multiplier, which is the reciprocal of the legal reserve rate
the K value here is only the maximum multiple that the original deposit can expand, and the expansion multiple in the actual process often can not reach this value
3? D is the increase of current deposit and RD is the legal reserve rate of current deposit; Suppose again? T is the increase of fixed deposit, RT is the legal reserve rate of fixed deposit,? R is the increase of total reserve deposit, and the ratio of time deposit to current deposit is t (?)? T/?D There are:
4. The creation multiplier of cash and deposit currency
customers will withdraw cash from the bank, so that part of the cash flows out of the banking system, resulting in the so-called "cash leakage". The ratio of the amount of cash leakage to the total amount of current deposits is called the cash leakage rate, also known as the withdrawal rate? C is the amount of cash leakage, and C is the rate of cash leakage? C/?D? C＝c?? D
when cash is included, the creation multiplier of deposit currency is
5. Excess reserves and deposit currency creation multiplier
the reserves actually held by banks in excess of legal requirements are called excess reserves, and the ratio of excess reserves to total demand deposits is called excess reserve ratio, represented by E. At this time, the initial preparation of the bank is:
? R＝? D?rd＋t?rt?? D＋c?? D＋e?? D
＝? D (RD + T? RT + C + e)
the complete multiplier of deposit money creation is:
3. The process of money creation under the central bank system
(1) the process of cash input and circulation
1< 2. If the cash deposited in the deposit currency bank can not meet the requirement of withdrawing cash, it must withdraw cash from the reserve account, It is formed by the deposit currency bank withdrawing cash from the reserve deposit account of the central bank, It is the growth of cash issuance
cash withdrawal = deposit currency, the amount of cash deposited in the bank is more than the amount of cash withdrawn, which is the decrease of cash issuance
2. The issue of cash is growing: the fundamental reason is economic growth
3. Reserve deposits must be supplemented
when the issue of cash is an inevitable trend, It means that the deposit money bank continuously withdraws cash from the reserve deposit account, and the reserve deposit decreases correspondingly
under the condition of economic growth, the reserve deposit must be continuously supplemented
(3) the supplement of reserve deposit must be supported by the central bank
1, There must be an increase in the asset business of the central bank.
2. Ways for deposit money banks to replenish reserve deposits from the central bank:
rediscount and obtain loans directly from the central bank.
sell their own bonds to the central bank.
sell their own foreign exchange to the central bank...
3, On the one hand, the central bank accumulates its own assets; On the other hand, it forms two major liability items
reserve deposit balance of continuously replenishing and withdrawing cash
cash in circulation formed by the accumulation of cash leakage
4, If the central bank has the ability and no way to play its role, it will promote inflation if it forcibly supports unlimited money creation< (4) money multiplier: 1. Base money, for creating credit money, "deposit reserve" and "currency in circulation" are indispensable. Therefore, it is collectively referred to as base currency, or high-energy currency and strong currency. The International Monetary Fund calls it "reserve money"
2. The expression of the composition of the base currency:
b = R + C
where B is the base currency; R is the deposit reserve (reserve deposit and cash stock) held by the deposit currency bank; C is the cash circulating outside the banking system
3
1; The issue of coins is usually unified in the central bank, which also belongs to credit currency
2. Bank current deposits (various names of current deposits)
3. Time deposits and residents' savings deposits in banks
4. All currencies based on bank credit, except banknotes and coins, The IMF generally calls it "deposit currency"
(2) credit currency and debt network
1. The circulation of credit currency is closely related to the comprehensive coverage of credit relationship and economic life
2, It is necessary to realize the growth and decline and transfer of creditor's rights and debts with credit payment instruments.
3; Bank credit documents naturally become an ideal form of currency to replace precious metals. 2. The creation of deposit currency. 1. The function of modern banks to create money. 2, The function of issuing bank notes and creating deposit currency has been developed.
2; The function of modern commercial banks to create money is to create deposit money
(2) original deposit and derivative deposit
1. Original deposit is the deposit formed by commercial banks accepting customers' cash deposits and rediscount and refinance funds from the central bank
2. Derivative deposit, It refers to the deposits derived from the bank's loan and investment activities; Derivative deposits are directly created by the asset business of commercial banks, which come from the different relationship between commercial banks and base money. The original deposit is the change from cash in circulation to deposit money, which does not cause the change of social money supply; The change of derivative deposit directly affects the change of social money supply
the status of the two is different, the original deposit determines the derivative deposit
(3) the derivation process of deposit currency under the seigniorage system
1; According to experience, keeping coins equivalent to 20% of the deposit amount is enough to meet the daily withdrawal of coins. Then, bank a can lend 8000 yuan to bank B. The balance sheet of bank a is as follows:
2. Party B pays 8000 yuan of coins to Bank C, and Bank C deposits the coins to bank B. according to the same consideration, bank B leaves 20% of the coins, i.e. 1600 yuan, and the remaining 6400 yuan is loaned to customer D. At this time, the balance sheet of bank B is as follows:
3. By analogy, from bank a to bank B, Bank C,..., bank n, continuous deposit, loan and deposit, the result is as follows:
4. Here are: (1) original deposit R, (2) total loan L, (3) total deposit after derivation (including original deposit) d, (3) total deposit after derivation (including original deposit) (4) the ratio of the necessary Mint stock to the deposit R, the relationship between the four can be expressed as
(4) the creation of deposit currency under the modern financial system
1. Similar to the preparation of mint stock
banks should prepare some bank notes for the deposits they absorb, In order to keep the deposit customers withdraw cash
in the check settlement, the balance between accounts receivable and payable between banks does not need to be settled with bank notes at all, but only needs to be transferred through the bank's deposit account in the central bank
2, The ratio of the bank's reserve deposits in the central bank to the total amount of deposits absorbed by the bank is the legal reserve rate
the part exceeding the legal ratio is the excess reserve rate
3, Deposit currency creation
"original deposit" source:
the deposit currency bank borrows money from the central bank
the customer receives a check from the central bank, such as an appropriation check issued by the Treasury, and entrusts his / her correspondent bank to collect money
it may also be that the customer sells foreign exchange to the deposit currency bank and forms a deposit, The process of banks selling foreign exchange to the central bank and forming reserve deposits is as follows:
examples:
1. Suppose that customer a of bank a receives a check from the central bank with the amount of 10000 yuan; Customer a entrusts bank a to collect money. As a result, the reserve deposit of bank a in the central bank will increase by 10000 yuan, while the equivalent deposit of bank a in the account of bank a will increase by 10000 yuan< (2) bank a absorbs deposits and makes conditional loans. If the legal reserve rate is still 20%, the legal reserve of bank a for this deposit shall not be less than 2000 yuan. If bank a provides a loan to customer B with a maximum loan amount of 8000 yuan, then the balance sheet of bank a is as follows:
3. When bank B pays 8000 yuan to customer C of bank B by check, and Bank C entrusts bank B to collect money, the balance sheet of Bank A and bank B is as follows:
4. Bank B has 8000 yuan reserve deposit in the central bank, According to the statutory reserve rate of 20%, its maximum loan amount is 6400 yuan. After lending 6400 yuan to customer D, the balance sheet of bank B is as follows:
5. When customer D of bank B pays 6400 yuan of payable payment to customer e of Bank C by check, and customer e entrusts Bank C to collect payment, the balance sheet of Bank B and Bank C is as follows:
6. Bank C has 6400 yuan of reserve deposit in the central bank, according to the legal reserve rate of 20%, The maximum amount of loan can not exceed 5120 yuan. If a loan is made to a customer, the balance sheet of Bank C is as follows:
(7) when a customer of Bank C has made a check payment of RMB 6400 to a customer of bank D, and the customer entrusts bank d to collect the money, the balance sheet of Bank C is as follows:
8, The derivation process of deposits is as follows:
9. The balance sheet of deposit monetary banking system is as follows:
4 Δ D is the total amount of derivative deposit increase including original deposit, Δ R is the initial increase of original deposit or reserve deposit, RD is the statutory reserve rate, The relationship between the three is as follows:
(5) multiplier of deposit money creation
1. Two necessary preconditions of deposit money creation
each bank only needs to reserve a certain proportion of the deposits it absorbs
the formation of bank clearing system
2. Multiplier of deposit money creation
bank deposit money creation The maximum expansion multiple of the total deposit determined by the mechanism is called derivative multiple, also known as derivative multiplier, which is the reciprocal of the legal reserve rate
the K value here is only the maximum multiple that the original deposit can expand, and the expansion multiple in the actual process often can not reach this value
3? D is the increase of current deposit and RD is the legal reserve rate of current deposit; Suppose again? T is the increase of fixed deposit, RT is the legal reserve rate of fixed deposit,? R is the increase of total reserve deposit, and the ratio of time deposit to current deposit is t (?)? T/?D There are:
4. The creation multiplier of cash and deposit currency
customers will withdraw cash from the bank, so that part of the cash flows out of the banking system, resulting in the so-called "cash leakage". The ratio of the amount of cash leakage to the total amount of current deposits is called the cash leakage rate, also known as the withdrawal rate? C is the amount of cash leakage, and C is the rate of cash leakage? C/?D? C＝c?? D
when cash is included, the creation multiplier of deposit currency is
5. Excess reserves and deposit currency creation multiplier
the reserves actually held by banks in excess of legal requirements are called excess reserves, and the ratio of excess reserves to total demand deposits is called excess reserve ratio, represented by E. At this time, the initial preparation of the bank is:
? R＝? D?rd＋t?rt?? D＋c?? D＋e?? D
＝? D (RD + T? RT + C + e)
the complete multiplier of deposit money creation is:
3. The process of money creation under the central bank system
(1) the process of cash input and circulation
1< 2. If the cash deposited in the deposit currency bank can not meet the requirement of withdrawing cash, it must withdraw cash from the reserve account, It is formed by the deposit currency bank withdrawing cash from the reserve deposit account of the central bank, It is the growth of cash issuance
cash withdrawal = deposit currency, the amount of cash deposited in the bank is more than the amount of cash withdrawn, which is the decrease of cash issuance
2. The issue of cash is growing: the fundamental reason is economic growth
3. Reserve deposits must be supplemented
when the issue of cash is an inevitable trend, It means that the deposit money bank continuously withdraws cash from the reserve deposit account, and the reserve deposit decreases correspondingly
under the condition of economic growth, the reserve deposit must be continuously supplemented
(3) the supplement of reserve deposit must be supported by the central bank
1, There must be an increase in the asset business of the central bank.
2. Ways for deposit money banks to replenish reserve deposits from the central bank:
rediscount and obtain loans directly from the central bank.
sell their own bonds to the central bank.
sell their own foreign exchange to the central bank...
3, On the one hand, the central bank accumulates its own assets; On the other hand, it forms two major liability items
reserve deposit balance of continuously replenishing and withdrawing cash
cash in circulation formed by the accumulation of cash leakage
4, If the central bank has the ability and no way to play its role, it will promote inflation if it forcibly supports unlimited money creation< (4) money multiplier: 1. Base money, for creating credit money, "deposit reserve" and "currency in circulation" are indispensable. Therefore, it is collectively referred to as base currency, or high-energy currency and strong currency. The International Monetary Fund calls it "reserve money"
2. The expression of the composition of the base currency:
b = R + C
where B is the base currency; R is the deposit reserve (reserve deposit and cash stock) held by the deposit currency bank; C is the cash circulating outside the banking system
3
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