Green economy GDP digital currency
Green economy is a new economic form, which is market-oriented, based on traditional instrial economy and aimed at the harmony between economy and environment. It is a development state of instrial economy to meet the needs of human environmental protection and health
the difference between green economy and traditional instrial economy is that traditional instrial economy is characterized by destroying ecological balance, consuming a lot of energy and resources, and damaging human health; Green economy is characterized by maintaining human living environment, reasonably protecting resources and energy, and benefiting human health. It is a balanced economy
The Fifth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China stressed that we should adhere to building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society as an important focus to accelerate the transformation of the mode of economic development, strengthen ecological and environmental protection, improve the level of ecological civilization, and enhance the capacity of sustainable developmentthe annual report of green development index is the first time in China, which fills the research gap in this field in China, enables China to participate in the international dialogue on this issue, and helps to improve the green development consciousness of the whole people, which has important theoretical and practical significance
Green economy is short for GDP. The surplus GDP after decting the value of natural resources depletion and environmental pollution loss from GDP. Total GDP - (environmental resources cost + environmental resources protection service fee) = green GDP
China's system of national accounts (2002) adopts the basic accounting principles, contents and methods of the 1993 SNA, so GDP data are internationally comparable
after the national economic census or the change of calculation method and classification standard, the historical data of quarterly GDP are revised, so the time series of quarterly GDP since the first quarter of 1992 are comparable
extended data:
in actual accounting, the three forms of GDP are expressed in three calculation methods, namely proction method, income method and expenditure method. The three methods reflect GDP and its composition from different aspects. The results calculated by proction method, income method and expenditure method are respectively called proction method GDP, income method GDP, distribution method GDP and expenditure method GDP
the GDP calculated by the three methods reflects the proction results of the same economy in the same period. Therefore, in theory, the results obtained by the three methods should be consistent. However, in practice, e to the influence of data sources, caliber range, calculation methods and other factors, the calculation results of these three methods are often different, that is, there are statistical errors
Green economy is a new economic form, which is market-oriented, based on traditional instrial economy and aimed at the harmony between economy and environment. It is a development state of instrial economy to meet the needs of human environmental protection and health
in the green economy mode, many technologies beneficial to the environment, such as environmental protection technology and cleaner proction technology, are transformed into proctivity, and sustainable economic growth can be achieved through economic behaviors beneficial to or not antagonistic to the environment
the essence of green economy is a sustainable development economy with the coordinated development of ecology and economy as the core, an economic development mode characterized by the maintenance of human living environment, reasonable protection of resources, energy and beneficial to human health, and a balanced economy. The development of green economy is a fundamental negation of the traditional economic development mode of several centuries since the instrial revolution and an inevitable trend of world economic development in the 21st century
China should take the trend of ecology, knowledge and sustainability as the goal, transform the existing non sustainable black economy with serious resource consumption and environmental pollution, establish and improve the ecological economic development system, and promote the ecology of science and technology, proctivity and national economic system, Make the socialist China in the 21st century become a green economic power
significance of green development:
the Fifth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China stressed that we should adhere to building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society as an important focus to accelerate the transformation of economic development mode, strengthen ecological and environmental protection, improve the level of ecological civilization, and enhance the ability of sustainable development
the annual report of green development index is the first time in China, which fills the research gap in this field in China, enables China to participate in the international dialogue on this issue, and helps to improve the green development consciousness of the whole people, which has important theoretical and practical significance
the above contents refer to the network - green development
the above contents refer to the network - green economy
green economy is a new economic form developed with the market as the guide, the traditional instrial economy as the basis, and the harmony between economy and environment as the purpose. It is a development state of instrial economy to meet the needs of human environmental protection and health. Green economy aims at the harmony between economy and environment. It transforms many environmental friendly technologies such as environmental protection technology and cleaner proction technology into proctive forces, and realizes sustainable economic growth through economic behaviors that are beneficial to or not antagonistic to the environment
green economy is a balanced economy characterized by maintaining human living environment, reasonably protecting resources and energy, and benefiting human health
the development of circular economy (green economic elements) is the specific practice of implementing the scientific outlook on development, the strategic choice of realizing the goal of a well-off society in an all-round way, the effective means of solving the contradiction between environmental protection and economic development, and the implementation of sustainable development strategy, and one of the important ways to realize the new instrialization.
Green GDP is a scientific concept of sustainable development, but there are still some practical difficulties to be solved. Even in some developed countries, despite the introction of various technical indicators of green GDP, these indicators have not been unanimously recognized. At present, no country in the world has calculated the complete green GDP Based on the total cost of resource depletion and the total cost of environmental loss. This fully shows that the accounting of green GDP is a very difficult work
first, conceptual issues
insufficient understanding of the necessity of green GDP accounting. For the complexity of green GDP accounting, local governments are also lack of understanding. Not only in theory, their technical system is not mature enough, they are facing complex economic, political and cultural environment, but also difficulties in practice. Green GDP unifies economic growth and environmental protection, comprehensively reflects the results of national economic activities, and the implementation of green GDP will bring great changes to the cadre assessment system. In the past, the performance of cadres in various regions was measured by GDP growth alone. Now it is necessary to put economic growth, social development and environmental protection together for comprehensive evaluation, which will cause a lot of resistance for cadres< Second, it is difficult to define the property rights of natural assets and price them in the market. Therefore, it is very difficult to define its property right. How to define the property rights of natural assets and price them reasonably has always been a major difficulty in the research field of green GDP accounting, and also an important reason why green national economic accounting can not make substantial progress< At present, many countries have carried out the accounting of environmental resources, and most of them are based on the physical quantity. In recent years, the accounting of value quantity has just begun. Compared with the physical quantity, the accounting of value quantity is more difficult. How can we measure the value of resource elements? Environmental factors did not enter the market. Therefore, it brings difficulties to the quantitative evaluation of resources, such as the quantitative evaluation of air and water resources, forest resources, land resources and mineral resources< Environmental cost refers to the sum of the cost of resource depletion, the cost of environmental degradation and the cost of prevention and control to manage the impact of an entity's activities on the environment in the process of its sustainable development. Environmental cost accounting is the basis of green GDP accounting. Environmental cost includes environmental degradation cost and environmental governance cost. The accounting of environmental cost is mainly reflected in the accounting of time factor and space factor of environmental cost. From the perspective of time factor, environmental loss and ecological damage are often not balanced, and the loss of resources and environment is not synchronized with economic development. For example, the ecological damage and health losses caused by instrial development are graally emerging after the occurrence of pollution. Some of them take several years or even more to be found, and it is difficult to allocate the cost accounting to which year. From the perspective of spatial factors, it is difficult to fully consider the loss factors caused by a certain pollutant e to the multi factors of environmental pollution loss. In practice, it is difficult to quantify these costs comprehensively. Therefore, how to deal with the cumulative effect of environmental cost and determine the factor range of environmental cost have become the key problems that perplex the accuracy, development and application of green GDP accounting< Five, the accounting methods are not unified
although more than 20 countries have carried out the research work of green GDP accounting, so far, there is no complete system of green GDP accounting in the world, and there is no widely recognized and unified accounting standard. Therefore, there are some difficulties in green GDP accounting in China[ 1] Six, green GDP accounting system is not perfect. With the increasing attention paid to environmental issues, environmental regulations and policies in various countries, including China, are graally increasing, but there are few or even no provisions on green GDP accounting or environmental cost accounting in these regulations and policies. China's current environmental protection law has been enacted for 16 years, and it has long been unable to meet the requirements of market economy, especially the implementation of green GDP accounting, green GDP accounting methods, environmental and resource accounting, as well as the definition and punishment of environmental pollution and resource consumption need to be revised, It is necessary to formulate and improve relevant environmental laws and policies, so as to create good conditions for the application of green GDP accounting theory and method. Second, the statistical laws and regulations are not perfect. At present, the coordination mechanism of environmental and resource statistics departments is still sound, and the environmental statistical planning, statistical system and statistical standards related to green GDP accounting have not been issued
according to the target mode of China's green GDP accounting, at present, the construction of green GDP accounting system needs to determine the following key contents
(1) to build a theoretical framework of green national accounting system
through research and learning from international experience, to establish a green national accounting system framework that is in line with international standards and ideal, linked up with the national statistical accounting system and implemented step by step< (2) put forward the physical quantity accounting scheme of environment and natural resources
physical quantity accounting is the basis of value quantity accounting. In order to clarify the relationship between environment and economy, we should establish the satellite accounting account of environmental physical quantity as soon as possible, link the environmental statistical data with environmental accounting, calculate the physical stock of environmental assets and the flow of their changes, and carry out the environmental physical quantity accounting in an all-round way< (3) put forward the value accounting scheme of environment and natural resources
this is not only a key point of green national economic accounting system, but also the difficulty of developing green national economic accounting. Value accounting mainly includes two parts: natural resource consumption and environmental resource consumption.
traditional economy is a one-way linear process of "resources procts wastes". The more wealth created, the more resources consumed and wastes proced, and the greater the negative impact on environmental resources. The circular economy obtains the greatest possible economic and social benefits with the least possible resource consumption and environmental cost, so as to make the material circulation process of economic system and natural ecosystem harmonious and promote the sustainable utilization of resources. Therefore, circular economy is a fundamental change to the traditional economic model of "mass proction, mass consumption and mass abandonment". Its basic characteristics are as follows:
in the process of resource exploitation, we should vigorously improve the comprehensive development and recycling rate of resources
in the link of resource consumption, we should vigorously improve the efficiency of resource utilization
in the process of waste generation, comprehensive utilization of resources should be vigorously carried out
in the process of renewable resources generation, we should vigorously recycle and recycle all kinds of waste resources
in the aspect of social consumption, we should vigorously promote green consumption
circular economy is a closed-loop material flow economy, also known as the ecological transformation of economy (or instry). That is, in the large system of human, natural resources and science and technology, in the whole process of natural resource input, enterprise proction, proct consumption and abandonment, we should constantly improve the efficiency and benefit of resource utilization, and transform the traditional development relying on the increase of resource consumption into the economy relying on the circulation of ecological resources
Green GDP refers to the total accounting index used to measure the real national wealth created by countries after decting the loss of natural assets. In short, it is to dect the economic loss cost caused by environmental pollution, natural resource degradation, low ecation, out of control population, poor management and other factors from the current GDP statistics, so as to obtain the real total national wealth.
there are several basic concepts involved in green GDP Accounting: gross green GDP, net green GDP, resource cost and environmental cost< Gross green GDP (gegdp)
Green GDP is equal to GDP decting the cost of natural resource depletion with intermediate consumption< Net value of green GDP (EDP)
is equal to green GDP minus depreciation of fixed assets, resource depletion and environmental degradation costs< Resource cost, also known as natural resource depletion cost, refers to the value consumed in economic activities. According to the characteristics of natural resources, some natural resources have the nature of one-time consumption, such as non renewable mineral resources, partially renewable forest resources (timber forest) and water resources in the north and West. The use of these resources is resource consumption cost rection and has the nature of intermediate consumption. Some natural resources are consumed for many times, such as land resources, some renewable forest resources (special forest, shelter forest, etc.) and water resources in the south. The use of these resources is similar to the use of fixed assets, and its resource consumption has the nature of "fixed assets depreciation"< Environmental cost, also known as environmental degradation cost, refers to the cost of environmental service quality degradation caused by environmental pollution caused by economic activities
environmental degradation cost is divided into environmental protection expenditure and environmental degradation cost. Environmental protection expenditure refers to the value actually paid for environmental protection, while environmental degradation cost refers to the value of environmental pollution loss and the value that should be paid for environmental protection. The natural environment mainly provides living space and ecological efficiency, and has the characteristics of long-term and multiple use, which is also similar to the use characteristics of fixed assets. In this way, the cost of environmental degradation caused by the pollution of economic activities has the nature of "depreciation of fixed assets".