Public chain of digital currency classification
blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
extended data
according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:
1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain
2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain
3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain
alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain
blockchain features
1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain
2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent
3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention
4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes
5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously
issued based on Ethereum public chain should be observed according to the price trend of the platform.
Public chain, also known as "public chain", refers to the blockchain that anyone in the world can enter the system at any time to read data, send confirmatory transactions and compete for bookkeeping. The public chain is generally considered to be "completely decentralized", because no indivial or institution can control or tamper with the reading and writing of data in it. In terms of application, blockchain public chain mainly includes bitcoin, Ethereum, super ledger, most counterfeit currencies and smart contracts. The ancestor of blockchain public chain is bitcoin blockchain, which has the following characteristics:
1, open source code
upload the code to GitHub, and everyone can get complete blockchain data by downloading, Accept the test of the public
2, complete decentralization
anyone can become a node, each node is open, everyone can participate in the calculation of the blockchain, any node is not permanent, but phased, and any center is not mandatory for nodes. Anyone can read and send transactions, and transactions can be effectively confirmed on the blockchain. Anyone can participate in the consensus process. The consensus process determines whether a block can be added to the blockchain and the exact current state. Everyone can get financial reward from it, which is proportional to their contribution to the consensus process. These public chains are generally considered to be "completely decentralized"
3. Developing decentralized applications
through this public chain, developers can easily develop centralized applications. Public chain can protect the rights and interests of users from the influence of program developers
Generally speaking, blockchain wallet is used to store digital currency. In fact, blockchain wallet does not store digital currency, but a tool to store key (private key and public key). With the key, you can have the right to control the digital currency in the corresponding address, and use the digital currency collection address generated in blockchain wallet, You can accept the digital currency transferred to you by others, and you can also transfer the digital currency you own to others.
classification of digital currency wallets:
can be roughly divided into two categories, hot wallet (online wallet) and cold wallet (offline wallet)
first, hot wallet
Hot wallet is also called online wallet, It includes light wallets and heavy wallets (all node wallets). The wallets that need to be connected to the Internet can be directly traded
1. Light Wallet:
does not store the complete blockchain, only stores the data related to itself. It is small in size and can run on mobile phones, computers, web pages, etc
advantages and disadvantages: it does not occupy memory, supports a variety of digital assets, has a good user experience, is fast for novices, but transaction verification is a little slow
2. HEAVY WALLET (full node wallet)
maintains all blockchain data, completely decentralizes and synchronizes all data. It has better privacy and can verify the validity of transaction data locally
advantages and disadvantages: it has better privacy and faster verification of information, but it needs to synchronize data before each use, takes up a lot of hard disk space, and does not support multiple digital currency transactions
Second, cold wallet
cold wallet is not connected to the Internet, also known as offline wallet; For example, professional hardware devices, or private keys (mnemonics) written on paper
1. Hardware wallet
Hardware wallet is to store digital currency with professional hardware, store the private key of digital assets in a chip, isolate it from the Internet, and plug and play
2. Paper wallet
the advantages and disadvantages of writing the private key on paper and then deleting
cold Wallet:
is relatively safe, but it is very troublesome to create a wallet and trade. It is difficult for novices to operate, and the price of wallets is relatively expensive, generally ranging from thousands to tens of thousands of yuan. If you don't have a large amount of digital assets, you don't need to consider
generally, it's recommended for novices to use light wallet. Light wallet is easy to operate and easy to use. Personal used geekwallet
simple and convenient light wallet supports bitcoin (BTC), lightcoin (LTC), Ethereum (ETH), EOS Storage and management of mainstream digital currency assets such as usdt
using bip44 mnemonics, local private key, off-line signature and other security mechanisms, as well as mobile phone and computer al backup strategy, completely solve the loss of digital currency assets caused by hacker attack, virus infection, mobile phone loss, forgetting mnemonics and other ways, and provide users with online Multi Chain digital assets one-stop management service. The platform also has tiaoshao market, which can carry out token trading of physical assets on the chain
made by Changsha Bureau of land and resources
mining right contract
Article 1 both parties of this Contract:
transferor: Changsha Bureau of land and resources, Hunan Province, people's Republic of China
transferee:
according to the mineral resources law of the people's Republic of China, the Interim Provisions on the administration of mining right transfer, the According to the contract law of the people's Republic of China and other laws and regulations, both parties enter into this contract on the principle of equality, voluntariness, compensation and good faith
Article 2 the transferor transfers the mining right according to the authorization of the law, and the ownership of the mineral resources transferred belongs to the people's Republic of China. The state has jurisdiction and administrative power conferred by the Constitution and the law, as well as other powers exercised by the state in accordance with the laws of the people's Republic of China and rights and interests necessary for the interests of the public. The state ownership of mineral resources does not change with the land ownership or the right to use. The land use right attached to mineral resources does not belong to the scope of mining right transfer
Article 2 the mineral resources transferred to the transferee under this contract are located in
, and the inflection point coordinates of the mining area are shown in the annex for details, with the mining area of square kilometers and the mining depth of meter meter meter
Article 4 the main mineral species of the mineral resources transferred under this contract are: the mining method is mining, and the mining method is mining method< Article 5 the transferor agrees to deliver the transferred mineral resources to the transferee before (mm / DD / yyyy). According to the resource reserve evaluation report provided by the geological exploration unit, the transferred resource reserves under this contract are recoverable reserves tons
Article 6 according to the approved development and utilization plan of mineral resources and the mineral resources reserves within the mining scope, the service life of the transferred mine under this contract is years, and the proction scale of the mine is tons / year
Article 7 according to the relevant provisions on payment of mining right price, the price of the transferred mining right under this contract is RMB (in figures). Among them, yuan was handed over to the Provincial Department of land and resources; Turn over to Changsha Bureau of land and resources yuan; Turn in county (city)
yuan. However, the price of mining right stipulated in this contract does not include registration fee, mining right use fee and mineral resource compensation fee, and the transaction expenses of mining right have been dected
Article 8 the transferee agrees to pay the price of the mining right to the transferor in accordance with the provisions of paragraph () of this article, and pay it separately according to the amount determined by the transferor
(1) within days from the date of signing this contract, the above mining right price shall be paid in one lump sum
(2) pay the above mining right price to the transferor in installments according to the following time and amount
the first installment is RMB in words (in figures), and the payment time is before mm / DD / yyyy
the second installment of RMB in words (in figures), payment time: before mm / DD / yyyy
the third installment of RMB in words (in figures), payment time: before mm / DD / yyyy
the fourth installment of RMB in words (in figures), payment time: before (mm / DD / yyyy)
in case of policy adjustment, the new policy shall be implemented< Article 9 the grantee agrees to complete the infrastructure construction of the mine and start mining mineral resources before
if the mineral resources cannot be mined on schele, it shall be reported to the transferor in advance
Article 10 the grantee must organize proction in strict accordance with the mining area, mining types, proction scale, mining methods and mining methods specified in the approved plan for the development and utilization of mineral resources, so as to ensure the rational and effective utilization of mineral resources and the safe proction of the mine< Article 11 in case of any of the following circumstances ring the period of validity of the mining license, the transferee shall go through the change registration with the original license issuing authority:
(1) expand or narrow the scope of the mining area
(2) change of main mining minerals< (3) change of mining method< (4) change the name of mining enterprises
Article 12 the Grantee shall not transfer the mining right to another person for mining operation by means of contracting. If it is necessary to transfer the mining right, both parties to the transfer must apply to the original license issuing authority and go through the change registration proceres after examination and approval
Article 13 the transferee must take the initiative to accept the supervision and management of the transferor and submit the annual report to the transferor. If the grantee needs to continue mining after the expiration of the mining license, he shall apply to the original license issuing authority for registration of renewal 30 days before the expiration of the mining license
Article 14 in case of any potential safety hazard or damage to geological environment ring mining, the transferee shall immediately stop proction, report to the local people's government and relevant competent departments in time, and do a good job in rectification of potential safety hazard and treatment of geological environment
Article 15 the transferor shall not take back the mining right legally obtained by the transferee before the expiration of the service life stipulated in this contract. Under special circumstances, if the mining right needs to be withdrawn in advance according to the social and public interests, the transferor shall apply for approval in accordance with the legal proceres, and give corresponding compensation to the transferee
Article 16 Any party shall not be responsible for the partial or total failure to perform this contract e to force majeure, but shall take all necessary remedial measures to rece the losses caused by force majeure if conditions permit. If force majeure occurs after a party's delay in performance, he shall not be exempted from liability
Article 17 in case of force majeure, the party shall inform the other party of the event in written form such as letter, telegram, telex, fax, etc. within 48 hours, and submit to the other party a report on the reasons why the contract cannot be performed or partially cannot be performed or needs to be delayed within 3 days after the event< Article 18 the transferee must pay the price of the mining right on time in accordance with the contract. If the transferee fails to pay the price of the mining right on time, it shall pay the late fee to the transferor at the rate of 3 ‰ of the delayed payment every day from the date of late payment. If the delayed payment exceeds six months, the transferor has the right to terminate the contract and recover the mining right. The transferee has no right to ask for the return of the paid price, and the transferor can ask the transferee to compensate for other losses caused by breach of contract< Article 19 If the transferee pays the price of the mining right as agreed in the contract, the transferor must provide the mineral resources available for mining on time as agreed in the contract. If the mining right can not be provided for the reason of the transferor for more than six months, the transferee has the right to terminate the contract, the transferor shall double the paid price, and the transferee may request the transferor to compensate for other losses caused by the breach of contract
the transferor specially reminds us that the risk of mining investment is high, and what the transferor transfers on behalf of the state is the right of mining, so the scale, shape, reserves and grade of the ore body may be different from the actual mining, and the transferor will not bear any responsibility for this
Article 20 if the transferee violates the provisions of Articles 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of the contract, the transferor has the right to terminate the contract and investigate the relevant legal liabilities of the transferee< Article 21 the conclusion, validity, interpretation, performance and dispute settlement of this contract shall be governed by the laws of the people's Republic of China< Article 22 this contract shall come into force from the date when the transferor issues the mining license to the transferee
Article 23 this contract is made in quadruplicate, with the same legal effect. The transferor and the transferee shall hold two copies respectively< Article 24 this contract is signed in Changsha Bureau of land and resources, Hunan Province, the people's Republic of China on
Article 25 matters not covered in this contract can be agreed by both parties as an appendix to the contract, which has the same legal effect as this contract< br />
the resolution calls on the idea of bitcoin, but does not directly mention its name. Instead, it calls it "alternative illegal currency". Blockchain technology is the key point, which points out that this technology has the potential to "fundamentally change" the way trust and security are built on online transactions
but in fact, the United States has not taken action to formulate this rule. However, there is a global blockchain alliance R3 in the process of formulating the standard for the use of blockchain. Of course, blockchain is just a technology that can be used by any enterprise. In China, there is a project called decent, which is more avant-garde. It uses blockchain technology to build a decentralized content publishing platform, but it may encounter some problems in China.