Bank credit and digital currency

Bank trust cooperation means that banks provide loans to enterprises through trust financial procts. For example, if an enterprise needs a loan, it can "package" the relevant loan items into financial procts by the trust company, and then sell them to investors through the bank
with the promulgation of the trust law of the people's Republic of China, the measures for the administration of trust and investment companies, and the Interim Measures for the administration of trust funds of trust and investment companies, the problems that perplex the functional orientation of the trust instry have been solved. At the same time, it also marks the initial formation of the four pillars of China's financial system: banking, insurance, securities, and trust. After the re registration of trust and investment companies, the fund trust business, as its main business in the future, has a strong growth momentum. A prominent feature of its business development is its cooperation with banks, which has been relatively successful in more than one year's practice. It innovates financial procts, brings forth new ones, and promotes the exchange and sharing of information, network, customers, technology and other resources. Bank trust cooperation has become a mutually beneficial platform for the development of trust business and the banking instry to strive for high-end customers and develop extended business. 1. The separate operation and the financial policy of encouraging innovation provide a "natural" opportunity for the cooperation between banks and credit. Although the banking instry has the function and profit requirements of intermediary business, its business scope and operation mode are limited. The trust instry has a very broad business space, but the collection of trust funds is subject to certain restrictions, such as: it can not be publicized through public media, the number of entrustment contracts is not more than 200 (unlimited number of funds with a scale of more than 3 million yuan), the single entrustment fund is not less than 1 million yuan, and so on
2. Each bank and credit has its own comparative advantages in business operation, and the cooperation is more concive to the exertion of the advantages of each party. At the same time, the restrictions on itself can be reasonably relaxed to varying degrees. Such as: the banking instry has a huge amount of capital and rich customer resources, the use of funds is limited, the use of channels is narrow; The use of funds in the trust instry is relatively flexible, but the financing channels are limited
3. Through cooperation, we can improve the innovation of financial instruments and multi-faceted services, meet the different needs of trust investors, and achieve the purpose of improving the efficiency and stabilizing the relationship among bank, credit and customers
4. With the acceleration of the opening up of the financial instry, it is necessary to make preparations for participating in competition and even mixed operation at that time. 1. After the cancellation of the original settlement qualification, the trust company can only open a settlement account in the bank as a general enterprise, and the loan, investment and other business funds are settled through the bank account. After the fund trust business is started, a special trust account must be opened in the bank. The bank sells the trust plan on behalf of the trust company, receives and pays the funds and cashes the trust income on behalf of the trust company
2. Guarantee and interbank lending and credit
the trust company provides guarantee for the borrower's loan to the bank, and the bank provides guarantee for the trust and investment company's loan, etc; As a financial instry, the two sides are trading partners for capital (bond) transactions. 3. Cooperation in other specific business areas
such as joint investigation and evaluation of projects, striving for good projects, developing high-end customers, and joint loans; Or bank loans, trust guarantees; Both sides transfer and buy back assets to achieve the purpose of financing or adjusting the proportion of assets and liabilities< In order to standardize the operation and ensure the interests of banks, trusts and customers, the trust company is the trust fund manager, and the bank is the trustee, signing the trust account custody agreement to manage the trust plan
5. Sign strategic cooperation agreement
forward looking cooperation. In order to establish a long-term and stable cooperative relationship, seek more extensive areas of cooperation, and constantly launch new financial procts, the two sides discuss possible aspects of cooperation, formulate framework terms, and give each other priority in cooperation. 1. Signing an agreement, the bank signs an agency agreement with the trust at this stage, which stipulates that the bank will charge a certain commission for the sale, and the trust fund will open an account in the bank, so that the trust company can successfully issue the commitment of the trust plan. The projects of the sale on behalf trust scheme are generally inspected or approved by the banks
2. The trustor joins the trust plan and benefits of all parties. At this stage, the bank introces the client (the trustor) to the trust, and the trustor handles the trust contract and other related proceres with the trust company. On the surface, banks temporarily give up customers, but because special trust accounts and special trust project accounts are opened in their banks, the trust funds are still in their banks before they are used, the bank customer funds do not flow out, and the bank can obtain agency income; Once the trust scheme is sold successfully, the trust company will start to obtain the income from the trust service charge (generally collected annually), and then develop other trust businesses. The interests of the client: the interest rate of idle funds deposited in the bank is 0.72% (or 1.44%), while the income from joining the trust plan can generally reach more than 4%
3. Withdrawal of the trustor - transfer of the trust plan
when the bank sells the trust plan on a commission basis, it promises to the trust company the guarantee of the supply of trust funds ring the trust period. When it introces the trust plan to institutional customers, it promises that after a certain period of time (such as three months), the customers can choose to continue or withdraw. If it withdraws, it will notify the bank in advance (such as five days), and the bank promises to find the transferee for it, If the customer needs short-term funds ring the trust period, the bank promises that the loan can be guaranteed by the trust company or pledged by the trust contract. The bank can expand the loan business without losing the deposit or even expanding the deposit; In the process of trust fund management, trust companies continue to deepen the contact with clients, provide other functions of trust services for them, and expand business space. Banks and trusts can charge different proportions of transfer fees when the trustor withdraws from the transfer of the trust plan. Through market-oriented, customer-centered, trust plan as the carrier, bank as the media and platform, to manage funds and value-added, extended services for the purpose of achieving indirect financing to direct financing, the profitability of customer funds and the effectiveness of social funds are greatly improved; To realize the flow of trust funds and activate the trust market; To achieve the win-win effect of stable and close relationship between all parties involved. First, define the bank credit financial cooperation business, in order to achieve a comprehensive "closure"
according to the previous provisions of the CBRC on the investment management of personal financing business of commercial banks, private banking channels are not included in the supervision. This time, all customers and businesses related to bank credit financing cooperation have been required to be included
in view of the current popular financing bank trust financial cooperation business, the notice has offered two trumps. One is the 30% bottom line: the balance proportion management shall be implemented for trust company financing bank trust financial cooperation business, that is, the proportion of financing business balance in bank trust financial cooperation business shall not be higher than 30%
secondly, it is required that trust procts of trust companies should not be designed to be open-ended. The bottom line of 30% means that in the near future, bank trust financial cooperation procts can not be done. In fact, at present, the proportion of financing bank trust financial cooperation business in the overall bank trust financial cooperation business is quite high. According to Zhao Yang, a researcher of Puyi wealth, the most typical financing business is credit investment bank credit financial procts. Before 2010, credit bank credit cooperation procts accounted for 70% - 80% of the total number of bank credit cooperation procts. After entering 2010, influenced by a series of tightening bank credit cooperation policies, the issuance of credit bank credit cooperation procts decreased, but the proportion still reached more than 50%
by the end of June 2010, the scale of bank credit cooperative financial procts has exceeded 2 trillion yuan, mainly in trust loans and credit asset investment business. On July 2, 2010, the CBRC orally informed the trust company to suspend the bank trust cooperation business. The cooperation procts of bank and credit have declined greatly. According to the statistics of Puyi wealth, in July, a total of 408 bank trust cooperation procts were issued, with a 20% decrease in circulation compared with last month. Among them, 72 credit financing procts, including trust loans and credit assets, were issued, compared with 180 in June; In addition, there are 297 portfolio procts, 18 bill assets and 4 equity
in the view of some trust companies, comprehensive restrictions on open-end procts are more lethal. According to the above-mentioned analysis, the so-called open-end trust procts are similar to open-end funds, that is, procts that can be opened regularly and purchased and redeemed separately. At present, the rolling issuance of financial procts commonly used by commercial banks has been listed in this list. For example, for a three-year proct, the bank can divide it into a three-month period, "one period, one period, one period, one period, rolling and rolling". The notice also stipulates that the term of trust procts shall not be less than one year. According to the statistics of public information, the total number of financial procts issued by the Institute of trust and financial management of Southwest University of Finance and economics from January to November 2008 is 2553, and it is expected that the total number of financial procts issued in the whole year will exceed 3200. As some commercial banks have not disclosed the specific issuance scale of their indivial procts, according to the average issuance scale estimated by the annual statistical samples, the overall issuance scale of bank credit cooperative financial procts in 2008 will exceed 800 billion yuan. If we add non-public information financial procts, the overall scale of bank letter cooperation in 2008 will be more than 1 trillion yuan. In 2007, commercial banks and trust companies issued 582 cooperative financial procts
compared with 2007, the business of bank credit cooperation in 2008 is quietly changing. This change can be clearly reflected in the scale, proct structure and other aspects. In 2007, bank credit cooperation accounted for 25% of the total financial proct market of commercial banks. In the structure of bank credit cooperative financial procts, credit financial procts account for 48%, and securities investment financial procts account for 43%. In 2008, the bank trust cooperative financial procts were mainly credit (trust loan and credit asset transfer) and bill asset investment, accounting for 63.96% and 23.23% of the bank trust cooperative business respectively. In 2008, the number and scale of issuance of securities investment financial procts, including new share subscription, showed a sharp decline compared with the previous year, accounting for only 8.11% of the bank letter cooperation business. What these data highlight are three kinds of changes in the bank credit cooperative business in 2008: the number of bank credit cooperative financial procts has increased significantly, the main investment market of bank credit cooperative financial procts has changed greatly, the investment style of bank credit cooperative financial procts has changed significantly, and the stable financial procts occupy the dominant position in the bank credit cooperative financial market. Luo Zhihua, deputy director of the Institute of trust and financial management of Southwest University of Finance and economics, said that there are three main reasons for this change:
firstly, it is based on the macro-control policies in 2007 and the first half of 2008. The rapid development of bank credit cooperative financing market in 2008 is directly related to the macro-control policies and measures adopted by the central bank to deal with the domestic economic overheating and inflation. In order to cope with the overheated economy and inflation, the central bank frequently uses credit scale control, interest rate increase, increase of deposit reserve ratio and other means to rece and limit the ability of commercial banks to provide liquidity. As the establishment of trust for loans and investment can circumvent this restriction, commercial banks are encouraged to provide market support through bank trust cooperation

Since 2016, the Zhongshan Mausoleum in Nanjing has been free of charge, but not all scenic spots in the eastern suburbs are free of charge. The place where Sun Yat Sen's mausoleum is free of charge, but Linggu Temple, music station, Meiling palace, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, Meihua Mountain, observatory and other places all need tickets

the above picture shows the mausoleum of Zhongshan

extended materials

Zhongshan Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Sun Yat Sen, known as the father of the Republic of China and the pioneer of China's democratic revolution. It is located at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain in the Eastern suburb of Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, adjacent to Linggu Temple in the East and Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in the West. After Sun Yat Sen died in Beijing in March 1925, the Chinese Kuomintang built a mausoleum for him in Nanjing in accordance with his will

Zhongshan Mausoleum is designed by Lu Yan, and the overall plane is in the shape of alarm bell, which is consistent with Sun Yat Sen's political will of "arousing the public". The design of the mausoleum makes full use of the terrain and arranges the archways, Mausoleum gates, stele pavilions, memorial halls and other main buildings on the gentle slope of the south of Zijin Mountain from low to high

Zhongshan Mausoleum absorbs the symmetrical layout of ancient Chinese mausoleums, connects the main buildings as the axis by using the tomb passage and steps, and arranges a large area of green space to connect the mausoleum buildings into a grand whole commensurate with the background mountains. The main building of the mausoleum adopts the large roof shape of Chinese classical palace architecture, applies the design and construction technology of Western architecture, and shows calm and grand bearing with solemn blue and white and rigorous architectural configuration. It is considered as a classic work integrating Chinese and western in the history of modern Chinese architecture