Digital cryptocurrency mining
mining is a nickname for the exploration method of acquiring bitcoin. Because of its working principle is very similar to mining minerals, so named. In addition, bitcoin explorers who do mining work are also known as miners
bitcoin network generates new bitcoin through "mining". In essence, the so-called "mining" is to use computers to solve a complex mathematical problem to ensure the consistency of bitcoin network distributed accounting system
bitcoin network will automatically adjust the difficulty of mathematical problems, so that the whole network can get a qualified answer about every 10 minutes
then the bitcoin network will generate a certain amount of bitcoin as a reward to reward the person who gets the answer
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to be a miner, just "mine" bitcoin and search for 64 bit numbers by computer. By repeatedly decrypting with a computer, it competes with other gold miners to provide the number needed for the bitcoin network
if the computer can successfully create a set of numbers, it will get 25 bitcoins. Bitcoin is decentralized. It needs to create a fixed number of bitcoins per unit of computing time. It can get 25 bitcoins every 10 minutes
by 2140, the upper limit of bitcoin in circulation will reach 21 million. In other words, bitcoin system can be self-sufficient, which can be translated into coding to resist inflation and prevent others from sabotaging< br />
computing this random code requires a lot of GPU operations, so the miners purchase a large number of graphics cards to get bitcoin more quickly and make profits
bitcoin has a halving effect, that is to say, every four years, the number of bitcoin will be halved. In this way, the computing power of bitcoin will increase, that is, the difficulty of mining will increase. Under normal circumstances, mining generally refers to the use of mining machine, that is, the computer to dig. These all refer to the single operation, or the operation of the whole mine. Cloud computing power mining refers to mining with multiple people. You can participate in mining as long as you invest a small part
the usual steps of bitcoin mining are "purchase miner - deploy miner - set miner - get profit", but the deployment of miner is affected by many factors, such as electricity price, site, temperature, noise, operation and maintenance, etc. These barriers need certain conditions and knowledge to eliminate, so it gives birth to a sub mole of mining instry - cloud computing power
cloud computing power is a remote mining mode. Users purchase cloud computing power contracts through the platform, rent computing power mining, and obtain revenue regularly. The advantage of cloud mining is that users don't need to deeply understand the mining principle and various software and hardware, or buy expensive mining machines, and they don't need 24-hour maintenance. As long as they place an order, they can participate in mining, which is similar to purchasing usufruct procts
for mine owners, renting and selling the right to use the computing power for a period of time to customers at a price slightly lower than the self operated mining income can quickly return cash, purchase the latest mining machinery in advance, expand the proction scale, and win the possibility of profit in the forward market. To some extent, it can also retain mining machinery at a low currency price, transfer risk, and hedge the single risk of self operated mining business< However, compared with direct participation in mining, cloud computing power also shows the following disadvantages:
even if the platform fully displays relevant information such as mines, mining machinery, cooperation and teams, it is still difficult for users to judge the quality of computing power, real-time operation status (such as power failure, site temporary inspection) or real revenue data behind the platform
the risk of speculation in bitcoin (short-term trading to earn spread) is higher than that of Tuen bitcoin (long-term bullish), but most Tuen bitcoin investors often lack judgment on short-term price changes and "get off early". Cloud computing power brings a small amount of bitcoin income to investors every day, which is also controlling investors' frequent operation in disguised form. Therefore, for many people who like bitcoin, there will be such a saying: "it's better to dig money than to fry money"
the market opportunity of cloud computing power is to provide indivials with a more neutral way of investment. The threshold is lower than that of self built mines, the risk is lower than that of short-term operation, and the cost is lower than the market price. It also allows mines to share the costs and risks and obtain more abundant cash flow
the main risk of cloud computing power lies in the authenticity and stability of computing power behind the contract. In our long-term contact with the mining instry, the high-frequency words we hear are "pit": reasons for power failure beyond common sense, various incidents ring the transportation of mining machinery, constant interference of viruses and extortion, fluctuation of futures and tardy spot, obstacles of cross-border trade, and team ghosts that can't be prevented. Therefore, real and stable computing power is scarce to a certain extent, Behind it is often years of experience. As an information intermediary, cloud computing power platform will become its core competitiveness in how to help users select high-quality cooperative mine cooperation, design friendly and attractive procts, formulate professional and transparent instry standards, establish disaster recovery plans to deal with various risks, and provide high-quality services throughout the whole process of investment
of course, mining is a long-term development instry, and cost recovery also needs a certain period, so whether you can make money mainly depends on whether you can stick to it.
bitcoin (BTC)
issue date: 2009
market value: US $163 billion
advantage: as the first cryptocurrency issued, bitcoin is the world's largest and most popular blockchain network and the most experienced cryptocurrency that can resist hacker attacks
disadvantage: the increasing demand brings great pressure to bitcoin network, which makes the transaction cost high. The system can only process about seven transactions per second, but its power consumption is amazing. This is mainly e to its workload proof mechanism and consensus principle, which makes mining become a labor-intensive activity
eth
release date: 2015
market value: US $70 billion
advantage: its built-in programming language allows developers to write their own smart contract computer programs running on the blockchain. So far, most of the first token sales are based on Ethereum's smart contracts
Disadvantages: Ethereum also uses the consistency protocol of workload proof, so it is relatively slow and consumes a lot of power. Many early smart contracts are vulnerable to hacker attacks, and the development of smart contract security is still immatureXRP
issue time: 2012
market value: US $32 billion
advantage: XRP claims that its XRP cryptocurrency can become the "bridge currency" of major financial institutions, and can settle cross-border payments more quickly and at lower cost. Ruibo uses a new consistency protocol, which can achieve faster transactions, faster than t-coin and Ethereum
disadvantages: as a private company, Ruibo has important control over the system, some people think that XRP is not decentralized enough, which is in contrast to bitcoin, which anyone can mine
bitcoin cash (BCH)
issue time: 2017
market value: US $19 billion
advantage: this kind of currency is a "hard fork" of bitcoin, and its founder has adjusted compared with bitcoin, so that it can handle a larger transaction volume
disadvantage: critics say bitcoin cash is too centralized - a few miners create most of the money
lightcoin (LTC)
time of issue: 2011
market value: US $10 billion
advantage: lightcoin is a kind of "alternative currency" - almost a clone of bitcoin, but there are still several differences. Lightcoin processes transactions four times faster than bitcoin, and the mining process remains open to amateurs - very different from bitcoin, because bitcoin's professional miners use expensive hardware
disadvantages: although it is faster than bitcoin, lightcoin is still too slow and consumes a lot of power. These factors make it unable to become an ideal payment method, and there is another disadvantage: it is not very famous
recommend an article: brief introction of the top 100 currencies in the market value ranking of digital currency. This article summarizes the brief introction of the top 100 currencies in the market value ranking (according to the market value ranking of coinmarket cap on July 30, 2018), hoping to be helpful to friends who have just entered the currency circle
The wealth myth of "one coin, one villa" is still widely spread in the currency circle, and new investors are eager to try. But in fact, a stable power structure has been formed in this small circle, from mining machinery manufacturers to large mine owners, and then to mining pools
manufacturing and selling mining machines, mining, building mines and building ore pools, the "mining circle" has become another way to get rich in the blockchain world, and mining machines have also become a little-known "big business"
according to the imagination of Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, the ideal state should be "decentralized", with computing power scattered all over the world. However, contrary to decentralization, the mine pool is absolutely centralized, and more and more mining machines are connected to the mine pool
this article was first published in the Southern Weekend
"if speculation is a road of no return, then investment in mining machinery is a business that can make a steady profit without loss, and it is only a matter of time before the cost is recovered." Zhong Xi, general manager of Shenzhen Aibo times Technology Co., Ltd., calculated an account. A miner earns 200 yuan a day, which can be recovered in 120 days, and then the profit
in October 2017, in addition to his main business, Zhong Xi joined the mining army and quickly became a big boss in the mining circle. He operated many large mines in Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places
in fact, the business of "steady profit without loss" still depends on the continuous rise of currency price. In the past two months, the price of bitcoin has dropped from US $15000 to about US $10000, or even below US $6000 at one time, which has extended the cycle of mining machinery return. If it keeps falling, the profit will be far away
in 2012, four years after the advent of bitcoin, mass-proced mining machines appeared. Before that, mining was mainly a private activity, which could be completed by a home computer“ At that time, the home computer was the money printing machine, and a lot of bitcoin could be g up every day. " Huang Shiliang, a senior digital currency player who sold mining machines in his early years, recalled to Southern Weekend reporters
after the emergence of mining machine, mining began to be "socialized", with the emergence of mines and pools, and mining became a collective work. The indivial miner is entrusted by the mine, just like the workers on the proction line, as long as they are there, they can get paid every day
manufacturing and selling mining machines, mining, building mines and building ore pools, the "mining circle" has become another way to get rich in the blockchain world, and mining machines have also become a little-known "big business"
China has become the world's largest procer of mining machinery. Since 2012, a number of miner manufacturers have been born in China, such as Shenzhen bitquan Co., Ltd., which proces cat roasting miner, bitmainland, Jianan Yun and Yibang communication, which are now famous. In Huaqiangbei, Shenzhen, foreigners can be seen everywhere asking about the price of mining machinery with translators
recently, in an interview with the media, the CEO of bitcontinental, Mr. Zhan Ketun, said that this startup company, which has been established for only four years, had a revenue of about US $2.5 billion in 2017. Bitcontinent is known as the world's largest miner, whose ant miner has always been the hard currency of the coin circle and miner world
just like the coin circle, the mining circle also needs belief that the mechanical mathematical operation of mining machines every day can create great wealth
However, contrary to the "decentralization" advocated by bitcoin, the miner's world is moving towards "centralization". Miner dealers build their own mines. After the investors buy the miner, they are entrusted by the seller; The procers build their own mines and manage themthis process of "centralization" made the wealth of the mining circle snatched by a few people, and it was not easy for Zhong Xi to enter the core circle
calculation force "centralization"
the main function of the mine is to provide a place for scattered mining machines to operate. But it is the "ore pool" that really plays the role of integration
the so-called "mine pool" can be simply understood as "cooperative mining". The miners and the mines give the calculation power to the mine pool, and the mine pool is used as the only address to access the digital currency network for mining, and then distribute dividends to the miners according to the calculation power of the mining machine
the history of ore pool is longer than that of mining machine. In November 2010, the mine pool named slush appeared. Today, its official website says "the world's first mine pool", which is also recognized by the coin circle. Compared with the mine, the construction of the mine pool needs certain technology, and the threshold is relatively higher
the person in charge of a well-known domestic mine pool explained the principle of the mine pool to the Southern Weekend reporter. He compares mining to buying lottery tickets. If you dig alone, the probability of winning the lottery is very unstable. You may win 100000 today, but you won't in the next six months
"gather the people who buy lottery tickets together and buy them in a unified way. No matter who wins, they will be divided according to the proportion of money they pay. In the coin circle, the mine pool plays this role. " The person in charge said
it's not complicated to connect the mining machine with the ore pool. According to the operation guidelines of the major ore pools, it can be completed in a few steps, and then according to the calculation power provided by ourselves, we can get benefits from the ore pool. The miner is like a worker standing on the proction line, receiving a fixed salary every day
the mine pool with huge computing power and many mining machines has an absolute say in the coin circle and the mining circle. For example, if you want to issue a new digital currency or dominate the bitcoin bifurcation, you generally need to get the support of the mine pool. Without the support of the mine pool, no one will dig the new currency, so it is meaningless
in addition, when a hot new coin comes out, the mine pool can also use its own miners to pack it quickly and take the lead in the rush purchase of these new coins
in June 2017, when SNT and EOS were issued, Southern Weekend reporters witnessed the scene of minchi snapping up tokens. Because there are too many investors, many indivial investors can not put their funds into the designated position, but the person in charge of a mine pool can easily complete this operation
according to the imagination of Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, the ideal state should be "decentralized", with computing power scattered all over the world. However, contrary to decentralization, the mine pool is absolutely centralized, and more and more mining machines are connected to the mine pool
on January 18, 2018, Emin Yun silash, a computer professor at Cornell University, and other five people co authored a paper pointing out that there is an implicit power structure behind bitcoin and Ethereum, the two major digital currencies, and mining is too centralized, in which 50% of bitcoin's computing power is controlled by the four major mines
In fact, this problem has always existed. Four years ago, the founder of Ethereum, vtalik, noticed this problem when he wrote Ethereum white paper. He wrote: "this problem can be said to be very serious. At the time of writing this article, the two largest mines indirectly controlled about 50% of the computing power of the whole network." Up to now, this problem has not been solved. An early translator of the Ethereum white paper told the Southern Weekend reporter, "this is not a technical problem, but a human problem."5
recessive power structure
in the mining circle, the top of the food chain is mining machinery manufacturers. At present, the three recognized mining machinery manufacturers are located in China. Through the proction and sales of mining machines, they get a lot of profits. At the same time, they also set foot in the construction of mines and pools, and have the right to speak in the whole coin circle
ant mining pool is one of the top two large mining pools in the world, and its computing power accounts for 17% of the total network computing power. However, according to instrial and commercial data, it was founded by bitmainland; Several investors of Jianan Yun are also investors of Hangzhou mining Pool Technology Co., Ltd., which has its own mining pool hash and mining platform, but the mining pool has ceased operation at the end of 2017
Yibang communications has set up three blockchain companies in Hohhot, Wuhai and Zhundong Economic Development Zone in Inner Mongolia. A salesperson of Yibang communications told reporters at Nanfang Weekend that they have mines and mining businesses in these three places, but these mines have been operating at full capacity, and there is no machine space to host new mining machines"we are building a new mine in Irkutsk, Russia, where electricity charges are much lower and new mining machines can be hosted there." The source said
above the mining machinery manufacturers, it is the harvest of chip giants“ The core technology of mining machinery lies in the chip. Whoever has the chip can proce more mining machinery. " Ding Yang told reporters at Nanfang Weekend that the chips are mainly in the hands of several giant manufacturers, such as TSMC, NVIDIA, AMD, etc
since 2015, TSMC has always been the largest chip supplier of Jianan Yun. In 2015, the chips purchased by Jianan Yun from TSMC accounted for 69.62% of all the chips purchased by Jianan Yun. Since then, this figure has been maintained at about 60%. Most of the profits of Jia Nan Yun Zhi were made by TSMC
On January 18, 2018, at the presentation meeting of TSMC's fourth quarter financial report, chairman Zhang Zhongmou said that although the mobile business prospect this year is weak, the company's revenue will still grow by 10% - 15%. One of the key factors is the demand for chips e to the continuous and steady development of cryptocurrencyunder the mining machinery manufacturers, there is another power structure. Jianan Yun disclosed this secret in its 2017 prospectus. In the first four months of 2017, four of the top five customers of Jianan Yun were "indivials". According to public information, three of them are well-known "wrists" in the currency circle
Wu Gang, the largest customer, was the first group of miners, and later founded haobtc, which has one of the world's top ten mines; Lin Zhipeng, the second largest customer, is the founder of Xiaoqiang mining machinery. He has been engaged in the proction and sales of mining machinery for a long time. He has been cooperating with Xie Weiqin, the sixth largest customer; Wang Jin, the third largest customer, founded bitbang, a coin circle information websitethese big customers are not simple miners, they all have their own influence in the coin circle. Mechanical operation of the mining machine to bring them income at the same time, also brought the right to speak
according to an insider in bitmainland, most of the big customers in bitmainland are big guys in the currency circle. However, bitmainland officials declined an interview with the Southern Weekend reporter. The company's Public Relations Department responded that it was not convenient to disclose the content because it signed a confidentiality agreement with its customers
"one coin, one villa" wealth myth is still widely spread in the currency circle, and new investors are eager to try. But in fact, a stable power structure has been formed in this small circle, from mining machinery manufacturers to large mine owners, and then to mining pools
most of the new entrants can only make the harvested "leeks"
after 2016, most of the new Shanzhai coins are POS mining or pre mining, and Ruitai coin is the best example. Of course, there are also some pyramid schemes selling cloud mining machines.
anyone can run software on special hardware to become a bitcoin miner. Mining software monitors transaction broadcast through P2P network and performs appropriate tasks to process and confirm these transactions. Bitcoin miners can earn transaction fees paid by users to speed up transaction processing and additional bitcoin issued according to fixed formula
new transactions need to be included in a block with mathematical workload proof before they can be confirmed. This kind of proof is hard to generate because it can only be generated by trying billions of calculations per second. Miners need to run these calculations before their blocks are accepted and rewarded. As more people start mining, the difficulty of finding effective blocks will be automatically increased by the network to ensure that the average time to find a block remains at 10 minutes. Therefore, the competition for mining is very fierce, and no indivial miner can control the content contained in the block chain
workload proof is also designed to rely on previous blocks, which forces the time sequence of block chain. This design makes it extremely difficult to cancel previous transactions, because the workload proof of all subsequent blocks needs to be recalculated. When two blocks are found at the same time, the miner will process the first block received, and once the next block is found, it will be transferred to the longest block chain. This ensures that the mining process maintains a global consistency based on processing capacity
bitcoin miners can neither increase their rewards by cheating, nor deal with the fraulent transactions that destroy the bitcoin network, because all bitcoin nodes will reject the blocks containing invalid data that violate the bitcoin protocol rules. Therefore, even if not all bitcoin miners can be trusted, the bitcoin network is still secure.
"Transaction is mining" is a typical platform operation mode. Users mine through transactions. Some platforms will issue their own tokens as rewards for users' trading behavior
Relevant introction:in June 2018, the cryptocurrency exchange fcoin put forward the concept of "trading is mining", and in a short period of time, the daily trading volume rose to the first in the world, triggering a war between exchanges
"transaction is mining" is actually a return mechanism of personal transaction fees based on platform currency. Strictly speaking, there were similar playing methods before the establishment of fcoin. For example, bibox had a mechanism to return a certain proportion of fee income to platform currency holders
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fcoin's "transaction is mining" is repackaged. Following the allocation rules of bitcoin mining, 51% of platform currency ft is taken as the mining reward pool. Through "mining (trading on fcoin)", FT is graally unlocked. Once 51% of FT is fully fed back, "mining" is automatically terminated
in terms of specific implementation, fcoin trading means mining starts at 0 o'clock every day (GMT + 8), and the transaction fees generated by users will be converted into ft for accumulation every hour. The conversion price is calculated according to the average price of FT in that hour (the average price is calculated as total transaction amount / total trading volume)
PSTN (public switched telephone network)
is a global voice communication circuit switched network, including commercial and government-owned
includes commercial and government-owned. It also refers to simple old fashioned telephone service (POTS). It is a collection of all circuit switched telephone networks since Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Today, in addition to the final connection between the user and the local switchboard, the PSTN has been fully digitized technically
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the main components of PSTN network are as follows:
1. Transmission system: cable (cable, optical fiber) is the main, cable and wireless (satellite, ground and radio) are used alternately, and the transmission system transits from PDH to SDH and DWDM
2. Switching system: the switching equipment in the telephone office, the exchange, has been programmed and digitized graally, and the connection process is controlled by computer User system: including telephone, fax and other terminals, and a pair of wires used to connect them with the switch (called user loop). The user terminal has been graally digitized, multimedia and intelligent, and the user loop has been digitized and broadband Signaling system: in order to realize the communication between users, various control signals are provided between exchange offices, which are mainly call establishment and releaseaccess through PSTN:
dial up Internet / Intranet / LAN- Network interconnection between two or more LANs
Although PSTN has some problems in data transmission, it is still an irreplaceable networking medium (Technology). In particular, the application of xDSL technology and procts invented by Bellcore, which is based on PSTN, expands the development and application space of PSTN, making the networking speed between 9mbps and 52mbpsmining is a process of consuming computing resources to process transactions, ensuring network security and keeping everyone's information synchronized in the network. It can be understood as the data center of bitcoin. The difference lies in its completely decentralized design. Miners operate all over the world, and no one can control the network. This process is called "mining" because it is similar to gold panning, because it is also a temporary mechanism for issuing new bitcoin. However, unlike gold panning, bitcoin mining provides rewards for services that ensure the safe operation of payment networks. After the last bitcoin, mining is still necessary
however, some currencies now use one-time mining, such as Ruitai.