Leo digital currency
virtual currency trading is prohibited by the state, so many platforms do not sell it. The relevant documents are as follows: announcement of the people's Bank of China Central Network Information Office, Ministry of instry and information technology, State Administration for Instry and commerce, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission, and China Insurance Regulatory Commission on preventing the financing risk of token issuance, All financial institutions and non bank payment institutions shall not directly or indirectly provide procts or services such as account opening, registration, trading, clearing and settlement for token issuance and financing and "virtual currency", nor undertake insurance business related to token and "virtual currency" or include token and "virtual currency" into the scope of insurance liability. Financial institutions and non bank payment institutions shall report to the relevant departments in a timely manner if they find clues of violation of laws and regulations in token issuance financing transactions
there are multiple risks in the financing and trading of token issuance, including the risk of false assets, the risk of business failure, the risk of investment speculation and so on. Investors must bear the investment risk on their own, and hope that the majority of investors are wary of being cheated
for all kinds of illegal financial activities carried out by using the name of "currency", the public should strengthen the awareness of risk prevention and identification ability, and timely report relevant illegal clues
extended data:
in 2014, there were 5 court judgments, and then increased by multiple, to 62 in 2017. The latest judgment was made by the court on May 2, 2018. 65 kinds of "pyramid schemes" involved more than 10 billion yuan, and more than 10 million people bought them
according to statistics, 141 virtual money pyramid schemes involve MBI, m3, Diablo, Asian, star, Jinyuan shopping alliance, Changjiang international, Qile bar, micro media, bonus point, virtual gold, HGC, COA, LFG, Sri, bismall, ahkcap, CPF, Yifen, K, R, Baichuan, kbao, Zhongfu Tongbao, Hongtong Raines electronic currency, global BlackRock No.1 financial currency, Glasberg, BCI, m currency
wing coin, ev coin, performance coin, FIS, u coin, ES, zangbao performance coin, huiai e-coin, Jianye disk e-coin, subsidy coin, hftag, Kaixin compound interest coin, kuailine virtual currency, Shihua coin, ente coin, CPM, karat coin, supreme coin, Wuhua union virtual currency, Meisheng e, Zhonghua coin, Mimi virtual currency, FIS, world Yunlian cloud coin There are at least 65 kinds of "virtual currency" such as Liwu coin, Vicat coin and mark coin. These virtual money MLM organizations have at least 15653622 members in China
according to the judgment documents, among the above-mentioned virtual currency pyramid schemes, Vicat is the most involved, with a total amount of 7 billion, and its global membership number is 10770000, with the largest number. In terms of the development scale of MLM organizations in China, "cloud coin" (also known as world UnionPay and world cloud network MLM platform) has the largest number of MLM organizations (4391449); Second, the "dark money" pyramid marketing organization has developed more than 3.4 million members
In 2014, Barry Silbert, founder of secondmarket, separated the bitcoin investment fund from the original company and established grayscale investments
in 2015, gray investment company was merged into the newly established digital currency group (DCG). DCG is not only focused on digital currency and blockchain investment, but also an incubator for start-ups. In addition to gray investment company, DCG also has two subsidiaries, namely, genesis, a cryptocurrency OTC broker, coindesk, a blockchain news and information website, and more than 150 other blockchain companies / projects invested
after years of development, gray investment company has become the largest cryptocurrency asset management company in the world, and its cryptocurrency trust scale has reached US $2.58 billion
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extended information:
in 2013, Barry Silbert, the founder, convinced the board of directors of secondmarket company to set up a bitcoin investment fund called bitcoin investment trust, which is the predecessor of gray scale bitcoin trust. It was not until September 2017 that gray investment's bitcoin trust fund began to grow explosively
it has become the largest bitcoin investment trust in the world, with more than 408500 bitcoins, nearly 2% of the total. In addition to bitcoin trust funds, gray investment company also launched BCH, ETH, etc, horizon, LTC, XLM, XRP and Zec trust funds, as well as grayscale digital large capital fund with mainstream currencies. Gray investment company's cryptocurrency trust procts provide convenience for institutional users to purchase cryptocurrency
Although bitcoin is a virtual currency or digital currency, it must become a means of settlement and a medium of transaction. At present, bitcoin is only an investment tool, especially a speculative tool. As a kind of currency, it is difficult to become a real currency if it can't be separated from its own financial attribute of speculative investment
of course, the reason why bitcoin is speculative investment is that it is covered with a layer of mystery, and the total amount of bitcoin released by the designer is limited, which leaves room for speculators to imagine. At the same time, bitcoin, based on blockchain technology, is either the symbol and pioneer of new economic and new financial decentralization, or the direction of global financial development in the future, which has unimaginable power to subvert traditional finance. This makes it another reason for being hyped
The third reason is that China's bad habit of speculation has eroded bitcoin. It is said that 90% of bitcoin speculation platforms are in China. It's not surprising that bitcoin has been wildly hyped. China's bad habit of speculation has begun to pollute the world, and bitcoin is not immune. This is also the reason why no consumer enterprise in China dares to use bitcoin for settlement. However, the situation in developed countries such as Europe, America and Japan is totally differentCanada was the first country to use bitcoin for transaction settlement. On October 31, 2013, the world's first publicly used bitcoin ATM machine was put into use in Vancouver, Canada. Its operators are bitcoiniacs in Vancouver and robocoin in Nevada. In a Vancouver cafe, bitcoin and Canadian dollar can be exchanged through this machine. After the ATM machine was put into use, it quickly attracted more than ten people, who were very curious about how it worked. Users need to scan their palm information before using it, and the daily exchange limit is up to $3000
bitcoin appeared in 2009 and is not controlled by institutions similar to central banks. In 2008, the concept of bitcoin was proposed by a man named Nakamoto
on October 5, 2014, 247exchange.com, the cryptocurrency exchange in Belize, announced that it had obtained a cooperation agreement with "softbanking", which will make 22000 branches of more than 400 banks connected with softbanking payment system all over the European continent as bitcoin buyers, Provide quick purchase channel. If you have one of these hundreds of banks, you can buy bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies more quickly and easily. The agreement covers 10 European countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, and the addenm includes banks in Slovenia and Hungary)
the banks in Europe are on the same side as the major retailers that accept bitcoin directly. For example, according to an agreement between bitcoin.co.id, an Indonesian bitcoin trading platform, and ipaymu, a payment processor, in Indonesia, where the payment network is backward, 238 million residents can now use bitcoin through more than 10000 "indomaret" convenience stores. These protocols make it easier for more people around the world to access and use bitcoin
What's more significant is that a clear positioning of bitcoin has always been the top priority in the instry. Following CFTC's formal definition of bitcoin and other virtual currencies as commodities in September 2015, the European Court of justice formally ruled on October 23 that bitcoin exchanges that charge a certain fee to convert traditional currencies such as euro or SEK into bitcoin can be exempted from VAT, which is regarded as the confirmation of bitcoin's currency status in Europe. According to the relevant provisions of the EU, "currencies, bank bills and coins used as legal tender" are not subject to VAT
after entering 2017, bitcoin ushered in substantial progress in settlement trading means. In the United States, blockchain technology has been used in oil trading. In late March 2017, Trafigura trading company and Natixis bank are looking for cheaper ways to simplify the trade process. They jointly test the application of blockchain in US oil market trade, which indicates that digital technology may change crude oil trading. Since November 2016, Trafigura and Natixis have been using Texas crude oil trading channels to simulate blockchain operations. This technology can save the tedious paperwork in oil trade, such as sending contracts, letters of credit and inspection by e-mail or fax
bitcoin is still used in oil trading, and more and more Japanese physical stores use it as a means of settlement, which will promote the popularity of this digital currency in Japan. By the end of March 2017, there were about 4500 stores supporting bitcoin settlement in Japan. According to Nippon Keizai Shimbun on April 5, 2017, big appliance retail chain bicamera and bitflyer, Japan's largest bitcoin exchange, will start trial operation of bitcoin settlement system in bicamera's Tokyo based youleting flagship store and bicqlobiccamera (bicqlo) Shinjuku Dongkou store from April 7, 2017. The upper limit of settlement is tentatively set at 100000 yen (about 110.6 yen per US dollar), which is the same proportion of discount as cash payment. Recruit lifestyle, a company of recruit group, aims to use bitcoin to settle 260000 stores by the summer of 2017
the specific operation is that when consumers settle accounts, they input the amount of yen into the cashier software of the store, and the consumption amount will be converted into bitcoin and a two-dimensional code will be displayed. After consumers scan the code with their mobile phones, the consumption amount will be dected from their bitcoin account, and the bitcoin exchange cooperating with the store will convert bitcoin into yen and remit it to the account of the store
since July 2017, consumption tax will no longer be paid when purchasing virtual currency in Japan, which is also regarded as a booster for the expansion of bitcoin market. We note that on October 23, 2015, the European Court of justice formally ruled that bitcoin exchanges that charge a certain fee to convert traditional currencies such as euro or SEK into bitcoin can be exempted from VAT. This ruling is regarded as the confirmation of bitcoin's currency status in the European region. It coincides with Japan's consumption tax exemption, proving that the real currency status of bitcoin transaction settlement means has been confirmed by more and more countries
Japan began to implement the newly revised capital settlement law on April 1, 2017, introcing the registration system to manage the exchanges engaged in virtual currency trading such as bitcoin, and continuously promoting the relevant system construction of virtual currency security. At the same time, it really establishes the real monetary attribute of bitcoin
of course, many obstacles must be overcome before bitcoin becomes a means of global settlement. The biggest obstacle is that the price of bitcoin fluctuates violently. Many people hold bitcoin for speculation, so it is difficult to promote it as a means of settlement. The Chinese mainland market must be targeted to curb speculation and bitcoin speculation. Chinese mainland market can not be allowed to speculate on speculation and bad habits, such as bitcoin and other digital money development. p>
Forbes, a financial magazine, is scheled to release its latest issue on the 27th. Before this, "Forbes" announced in September, "the United States 400 rich list", gates beat Warren Buffett to become the richest man
the magazine reevaluates the impact of the US financial trends in September on the domestic rich. From August 29 to October 1, Berkshire Hathaway chairman Warren Buffett's personal net assets increased by $8 billion to $58 billion in 33 days. Gates' personal net assets fell by $1.5 billion to $55.5 billion over the same period. He was the richest man in the United States for 15 years in a row
the credit crisis in the United States has worsened since September, and many rich people's assets have shrunk by more than $1 billion. Among them, Sheldon Adelson, CEO of Las Vegas minerals, lost $4 billion in personal net assets<
as of October 2008, the latest global rich list:
1,
Warren
buffet
Nationality: USA
age: 77
personal assets: 62 billion US dollars
2,
Carlos
slim
Helu
Nationality: Mexico
age: 68
personal assets: 60 billion US dollars
3 Bill Gates
Nationality: the United States
age: 52
personal assets: US $58 billion
4. Lakshmi
Mittal
Nationality: India
age: 57
personal assets: US $45 billion
5. Mukesh
Ambani
Nationality: India
age: 50
personal assets: US $43 billion
6 Anil
Ambani
Nationality: India
age: 48
personal assets: US $42 billion
7. Ingvar
Kamprad
Nationality: Sweden
age: 81
personal assets: US $31 billion
8. KP
Singh
Nationality: India
age: 76
personal assets: US $30 billion
9 Oleg
Deripaska
Nationality: Russia
age: 40
personal assets: US $28 billion
10. Karl
Albrecht
Nationality: Germany
age: 88
personal assets: US $27 billion
11. Li Ka Shing
Nationality: Hong Kong, China
age: 79
personal assets: US $26.5 billion
12 Sheldon Adelson
Nationality: US
age: 74
personal assets: US $26 billion
contents
basic information
growing up process
personal resume
political career
family background
quotations of ten years in power
ring the prime minister's term of office
relations between Downing Street and parliament, media relations and Gordon Brown's relations religious belief criticism of Middle East Policy towards us relations, relations with Israel and Labor Party's support rate
after leaving the prime minister's post Blair's donation was criticized
his autobiography caused trouble basic information
growing up process
personal resume
political career
family background
quotations of ten years in power
ring the prime minister's term of office
relations between Downing Street and parliament, media relations and Gordon Brown's religious belief criticism of relations with the United States, Middle East Policy and relations with Israel and Labor Party Support rate
Blair after he left office
donation was criticized
autobiography caused trouble
start
edit the basic information of this paragraph
Name: Tony Blair Chinese Name: Tony Blair full name: Anthony Charles Linton Blair date of birth: May 6, 1953 place of birth: Edinburgh, capital of Scotland sex: male Nationality: middle row in the UK Line: second brother: William Blair sister: Sarah Blair father: Leo Blair (foster father: James Blair of Glasgow) grandfather: Charles Parsons (stage name: Jimmy Linton) grandmother: Celia regoway mother: Mazel height: 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 meters) constellation: Taurus language: English, French, Latin lucky thing: a "lucky tie" with red, gold and white stripes on it favorite pen: Churchill pen best friend at Oxford: Mike Perry favorite novelist: Sir Walter Scott good friend: Peter influential person: Irwin family members: wife Cherie booth Blair, eldest son Euan Blair, Second son Nicky, daughter Kathryn, Leo primary school: boarding school near the University of Edinburgh secondary school: Fitz University: Law Department of St. John's college, Oxford University: degrees from fetis college and St. John's college, Oxford University Lyle was treated for heart problems. Love sports: like reading, like tennis and music, former position: British Prime Minister character characteristics: in the eyes of his brother: he is a good child, and is not a flashy person at all "; His loyalty to brotherhood used to be and still is. In the eyes of students: sincere and considerate "," quick thinking, good at expression, enough to fight with others. What's good: the first spaghetti favorite music: Debussy's classical music, and Beatles and free's rock music favorite books: political biographies and children's books full of whimsy interesting things: Law, trade unions, taxes, trade, energy, employment Crime and other issues: the two days when Britain won the right to host the Olympic Games in July and London was hit by massive terrorist attacks. Most important visitors: people admired by Mandela and Clinton: Churchill's "fans" favorite food: Peking Duck book: New Britain, The history of the relationship between "young country in my eyes" and China: he visited China as a member of the Labor Party delegation in 1988, attended the handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997, and paid an official visit to China as prime minister in October 1998 and July 2003. Advantages: tall and handsome, gentle, elegant, loving, filial to parents, quick thinking, good at expression, love reading, reading, like social, not aggressive. Short history: before college, I washed dishes and stood at the bar in Paris; He is the youngest British prime minister since 1812; In May 2000, it set a record for the British Prime Minister in office to have a baby in the past 150 years, and he did not take maternity leave; Respect your wife; He quit smoking because of his wife's strict policy; Good for friends; Love their children, often drive their children to school; Pay attention to appearance; Even if in a bad mood, I personally handle official business; Read the famous British writer Walter Scott's masterpiece Ivanhoe; Keep a good shape; I have a good relationship with my mother-in-law. (1 year old) born in Edinburgh, Scotland on May 6, 1953 (1.5 years old), went to Australia for Christmas in 1954. During the four week voyage, she sang, danced and behaved naughtily endlessly on board From 1954 to 1957, he lived in Australia
Tony Blair
(4 years old) in 1957, he took part in a concert of a local school. At the concert, he sang and danced as if he was in a state of no one. His mother took him away from the stage and sat down quietly to watch In January 1958, metzel took Tony back to England (5 years old). In 1958, he entered a private primary school (8 years old). In 1961, he entered the church school in Chester. His classmates called him "Blair II". After the first semester's exam, he jumped into the third grade. He often showed a preference for public applause In 1961, the first year before the exam, he ranked third in the school, right; Bible & gt; I know a lot. I'm a Christian. I'm good at sports, track and field, cricket, rugby. I was the best rugby player in my school from 1965 to 1966 In 1963, he moved to 28 meadows hill outside Durham In 1964, Leo suffered a stroke In 1964, Wei went to a boarding school near the University of Edinburgh, where her sister Sarah developed severe rheumatoid arthritis In 1965, he moved to a suburb a mile from Durham and was a conservative candidate in a school mock election 13 years old) in 1966, he entered Fitz public school. Tony described Fitz public school as "lack of theoretical foundation and poor qualification of basic course teachers" In the summer of 1967, he was captain of the cricket team In 1967, he participated in a debate on Vietnam and currency devaluation In 1969, he formed a performance group with five children In 1969, he discussed the issue of strikes and bills in Parliament and British interference in Nigeria In 1969, he was 6 feet tall (1.8 meters tall) (17 years old). In 1970, he became good friends with a rebellious girl named Angie hunt. 14 years later, he became the head of his private office and the most trusted adviser He graated from Fitz public school in 1971 In 1972, he took a year's leave to get a better understanding of the society In 1973, he entered the law department of St. John's college, Oxford University and took part in drama & lt; Goddess & gt;, My girlfriend Mary harong In 1974, her girlfriend was Susie Parsons, the most beautiful woman at Oxford University In 1975, he joined the band "ugly whispers" In June 1975, he left university without making a choice of political parties< Tony Blair (22) died in July 1975 In 1975, he went to London, moved into an apartment on elfield street and became a member of the labor party In 1976, he became Secretary of the Labour Party in the District of Chelsea. He came back to his apartment very late every night and sat by his bed reading the Bible. The next morning, he always got up before dawn to review his lessons and get the qualification of a lawyer In 1977, after joining the labor party, he left London and came to France to improve his French. He worked as a waiter in a hotel and a scribe in an insurance company In 1977, he returned to the UK and worked in Irvine's law firm At 1:45 p.m. in 1979, she smoked her last cigarette and married Cherie booth In the summer of 1980, he lived in 59, epipridin Road, E8 District, heikkoney, north of London In November 1980, he lost his first election as a candidate for Parliament in the labor party In February 1981, he was elected branch secretary In the autumn of 1981, he made up for the vacancy and became a candidate in the election On April 1, 1982, in the local election, he defeated three people and became the candidate of the labor party On April 28, 1983, at a Labor Party rally, Cherie Blair delivered a speech and said, "she is very happy to stand on the same platform with two tonies, Tony Blair. They started the pursuit of strange socialism and hurt Tony's self-esteem On May 9, 1983, Thatcher announced the general election On May 18, 1983, he was nominated as a candidate of the Labor Party in the sechfield district In June 1983, he was elected as a candidate of the labor party In 1984, he bought a house in Trenton In November 1984, he became a shadow cabinet He made his debut in the news media on March 6, 1985 In 1985, the eldest son Youan was born (34 years old) in 1987, the heart attack was born (34 years old) in 1987, and the second son Nicholas was born (34 years old) in 1987. He lost the election to the shadow cabinet and became the Deputy Minister of trade and instry in the shadow cabinet On November 24, 1987, the author of the article broadcast the half discussion of the house of Commons live on the same radio In 1988, he began to give & lt; Time & gt; Weekly articles In May 1988, Angie hunt became Tony's consultant In November 1988, he took part in the shadow cabinet election, ranked ninth and became Minister of energy *** On July 8, 1992, in the shadow cabinet election, he ranked second and became interior minister In January 1993, he went to the United States to study Smith died at 8:05 a.m. on May 12, 1994 On July 21, 1994, he became the leader of the labor party On July 23, 1994, when he moved into his new office, Queen Elizabeth granted him an honor to become an official of the secret service In early 1995, Cherie was elected legal adviser to the British royal family In April 1996, he came to the United States On April 12, 1996, he had a cordial talk with Clinton for half an hour In November 1996, Li gangqing visited the UK, and Tony sent & lt; New England & gt At noon on March 17, 1997, major announced the general election on May 1 44) March 18, 1997, & lt; The sun & gt; Announced support for Blair 44 years old) entered Downing Street on May 1, 1997 On July 1, 1997, he attended the return of Hong Kong (44 years old) on September 6, 1997 and the funeral of Princess Diana (44 years old). On October 21, 1997, Downing Street met with Tung Chee Hwa When visiting New York in December 1997, he got up at dawn on Saturday night to look for the church He visited China in the autumn of 1998 Leo was born on May 20, 2000 (49 years old) in August 2002, admitted that it was a mistake to build the Millennium Dome (51 years old) in 2004, and was hospitalized e to heart problems (51 years old) in July 2004,
450 million taels of silver, with interest of 980 million taels, how much RMB<
silver: 2 yuan / g
one or two = 500 g
1000 yuan / Liang
so when the eight countries allied forces, China lost 1 trillion yuan
the detailed reasons are as follows:
there were many monetary units in ancient China, which were different from Dynasty to Dynasty, especially before Qin and Han Dynasties. Only three basic units are discussed here:
Yiwen coin (i.e. a standard copper coin with square hole)
one or two silver
one or two gold
although the above units are different from Dynasty to Dynasty, there is little difference at least after Tang and Song Dynasties, so relatively stable and reliable data can be obtained<
exchange relationship
the exchange ratio of copper, silver and gold, just like the current foreign exchange price, often changes, unlike the one yuan equals 100 points<
according to the following description:
"the price ratio of gold and silver rose from 1:8 around 1600 to 1:10 in the middle and late 20th century, and doubled to 1:20 by the end of the 18th century."
it can be seen that 1 liang of gold can be exchanged for 8 ~ 11 liang of silver< In the early years of Daoguang, one or two pieces of silver were exchanged for a crane, that is, one thousand Wen; By the time of the Opium War in the 20th year of Daoguang, one or two silver coins could be exchanged for 16700 RMB. Since Xianfeng, the price of silver has soared, and one or two silver coins can be exchanged for as much as two thousand two hundred and three hundred Wen. "
it can be seen that under normal circumstances, one liang of silver can be exchanged for 1000-1500 Wen of copper coins. In ancient times, one Guan coin or one Diao coin is 1000 Wen
metal price
since the currency made of gold, silver and copper has value itself, and theoretically, the value of currency should be equal to the price of metal, we can answer the question of "how much is one or two silver" through the current price of metal
Kaiyuan Tongbao Tongqian of Tang Dynasty has a diameter of 8 points, 10 pieces weigh 1 liang, and Qianwen weighs 6 Jin and 4 liang; During the reign of emperor Shun of the Qing Dynasty, each copper coin weighed one and two cents and five percent, and then increased to one and four cents, which meant that each thousand Wen weighed eight Jin and twelve Liang. Although the ancient "two" weight units are different, they are about 40 grams, while the "Jin" is about 700 grams. The average weight of each coin is 5g<
the current price of gold, silver and copper (RMB) is as follows:
Gold: 100 yuan / g
silver: 2 yuan / g
brass: 0.02 yuan / g
the calculation result is:
1 liang Gold: about 4000 yuan
1 liang silver: about 80 yuan
1 copper coin (1 Wen coin): about 0.1 yuan
when the invisible hand of the world market turns into the iron fist of the American Empire, and when the confrontation between the old powers and the struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union turns into a unipolar Empire, the theorists who urgently need to explain all this feel the confusion brought about by the classical imperialist theory. It is an urgent task to deeply reflect on the classical imperialist theory formed nearly 100 years ago, surpass its own limitations, and explore the essence and characteristics of contemporary imperialism
in this context, the 2004 social register published the article global capitalism and American Empire by Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin, two famous Canadian political scientists[ 1] This paper makes an in-depth analysis of the problems existing in the classical theory of imperialism, and makes a very enlightening exploration of the essence and characteristics of contemporary imperialism. Soon after the articles of pannichi and Gending (hereinafter referred to as "pan genwen") were published in English, they were translated into French, German, Spanish, Japanese, Korean, Turkish and other languages, and published in separate editions in different languages. Their influence is expanding
this paper briefly shows pan genwen's historical review of the relationship between the global expansion of capitalism and the function of the state, and briefly introces his analysis of the problems existing in the classical imperialist theory. On this basis, the author, according to his own understanding, makes further theoretical expansion on Pan genwen's exploration of contemporary imperialism< First, the relationship between capitalist globalization and state functions. "Pan genwen" pointed out that the inherent expansion and internationalization tendency of capitalism does not mean that today's "globalization" is an irreversible inevitable result determined by economic logic
capitalism has experienced three major structural crises. The first crisis after 1870s strengthened the confrontation between the imperialist powers and led to the first World War and the Communist revolution. The second crisis in the 1930s actually reversed the ongoing process of capitalist internationalization. The reconstruction of capitalist world order after the second world war is a direct response to the failed globalization before the war. The third crisis in the 1970s was followed by the deepening and expansion of capitalist globalization. It promoted the economic competition among regions, but did not proce the old style confrontation between imperialist powers
the track of uncertainty proced by the structural crisis of capitalism from the 19th century to the 21st century means that the process of globalization is neither inevitable nor impossible. The problem is that we must distinguish the inherent expansion trend of capitalism from its actual historical process. A global capitalist order is usually a social construction with random nature based on various historical conditions at that time. The actual development and continuation of this order is not a simple derivative of abstract economic laws. Fundamentally speaking, whether the globalization trend of capitalism is realized or frustrated can not be explained without the role of the state
the capitalist world has been constructed in history. The rise of capitalism would have been unthinkable without European countries establishing legal and other capitalist economic infrastructure frameworks for property, contracts, money, competition and wage labor within their respective territories. In the mid-19th century, under the environment of instrial capitalism, the countries that carried out the so-called "laissez faire" policy played a highly active role both at home and abroad. At home, it implements the formal separation of regime and economy, and regulates and maintains the domestic social relations based on the capitalist order; At the same time, it carried out imperialist foreign policy for free trade in the world, and pushed the various domestic functions of the state to the international market[ 2]
the first country to create a form of imperialism driven by capitalist logic is the British Empire. British imperialism adopted both formal and informal empires to promote its free trade. The formal empire is the direct colonial rule over the conquered territory. Informal empires require economic and cultural infiltration of these countries in cooperation with local governments. In the middle and late 19th century, when the capital expansion went beyond the existing borders of European nation states, the capital either operated within the capitalist social order established by other countries, or expanded within the framework of a formal or informal empire. However, at this time, Britain did not have the ability to incorporate the emerging capitalist powers Germany, Japan and the United States into its "free trade imperialism". Without a proper tool to regulate global capitalism, the international capitalist economy and its mode of accumulation split, intensified the confrontation between imperialist powers, and led to the first World War
the central position of the United States in global capitalism today is based on the historical fate of various factors. It was only after the great crisis of the 1930s and the Second World War (from which countries learned how to respond to the problems of capitalist economic system) that capitalist globalization was reborn. And this process depends on the unique agent of globalization, a set of international structures developed under the leadership of the American Empire
historically, one of the basic characteristics of American national form is that its constitutional structure combines the expanded empire with the autonomy of the conquered territory[ 3] It initially took the form of expansion to the western territory. Different from the mercantilist Empire, the American Empire did not regard the conquered West as a colony, but made it an autonomous "state". Such acts as annexing Haiti and establishing a colony in the Philippines are not typical forms of American imperialism. Usually, the United States would rather take the form of foreign direct investment and modern companies, which makes the informal empire of the United States gain a non colonial imperialist appearance
after the first World War, the United States did not have enough strength to take the responsibility of leading the reconstruction of Europe. It was only ring the new deal that the United States really began to develop the planning capacity of a modern country. The United States entered a dead end of national construction in the late 1930s. However, the participation in the Second World War not only brought the United States out of the dead end of domestic problems, but also laid the foundation for its post-war management. The domestic positive orientation of the new deal is replaced by the international positive orientation
the end of the second world war created unprecedented opportunities for the United States. What Britain could not accomplish in the 19th century was accomplished by the informal empire of the United States, which successfully integrated all other capitalist powers into an efficient cooperation system dominated by itself. By manipulating Britain's debt status, the United States first integrated Britain into its own economic system as a subordinate. The free trade between the United States and Britain is further expanded to the world through the autonomous territories of the Commonwealth and through Latin America[ 4] Because of its advantages in science, technology and proction, the new American imperialism did not need territorial expansion, nor was it afraid to help its instrial rivals rebuild, because instrialization would stimulate rather than restrict international trade. At the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, the International Monetary Fund and the world bank were established under the control of the United States, integrating 44 countries into the international economic system dominated by the United States. A model of international economic management for all developed capitalist countries has been established. This institutional connection also includes the network of NATO agencies and the security intelligence agencies of countries in the cold war. Here, the cold war is just one side of the story. In addition to containing communism, another strategic purpose of the United States is to open the door to all countries in the world for the expansion of capitalism. This is a point that American strategists themselves have unequivocally acknowledged
through the post-war reconstruction of all the imperialist countries, the imperial network and institutional connection between the former imperialist countries and their colonies now exists between the United States and other major capitalist countries. At the same time, the protected countries of the United States are also turning to the Fordism capital accumulation mode of American style. This makes the working class not only become the source of expanding the surplus value, but also become an increasingly important consumer center to realize the surplus value. The core capitalist countries thus increase the possibility of greatly expanding their domestic markets. Us direct investment in these countries has also increased significantly. The center of gravity of the American Empire Network has shifted to the developed capitalist countries
although the United States treats the third world countries equally in form, the huge imbalance between the old imperialist legacy and the Marshall Plan, as well as the development assistance to the third world, leads to global inequality. In sharp contrast to its attitude towards Europe, the United States hates the "import substitution" instrialization strategy of the third world countries. The opposition to the economic nationalism of the third world countries made the United States involved in overthrowing the governments of many Third World countries from Iran to Chile. But generally speaking, the American Empire is characterized by infiltration of their borders, rather than elimination. Rather, it reconstructs these countries as an integrated element of the informal empire. As a part of this informal empire, the nation states are still the basic carriers. Through this carrier, on the one hand, social relations, property relations and market can be established and reproced; On the other hand, the international accumulation of capital can be implemented. Foreign direct investment in the world
[area] 330257 square kilometers (2002 / 2003 annual economic report of Ministry of finance of Malaysia)
[population] 24.527 million (2002). Among them, Malays and other indigenous people accounted for 66.1%, Chinese accounted for 25.3%, and Indians accounted for 7.4%. Among the indigenous residents in Sarawak, Iban is the main ethnic group, while kadashan is the main ethnic group in Sabah. Malay is the national language, English is commonly used, and Chinese is also widely used. Islam is the national religion. Other religions include Buddhism, Hinism and Christianity
[capital] Kuala Lumpur, with a population of 1.298 million<
anku Syed Sirajuddin ibni almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra jamalullail, the 12th supreme head of state, took office on December 13, 2001 and held a ceremony to ascend the throne on April 25, 2002
[important festivals] there are many festivals in Malaysia, and there are more than 100 festivals in China. However, there are only 10 national festivals stipulated by the government. Except for a few fixed dates, the rest of the specific dates are uniformly announced by the government in the previous year. The main festivals are: New Year's day, Eid al Fitr (Muslim), Spring Festival (Chinese), Hajj (Muslim), demon slaughtering day (Indian), & quot; May 1st & quot; Christmas day, Vesak day, the birthday of the current supreme head of state. August 31 is Malaysia's National Day (also known as independence day)
[brief] located in Southeast Asia, the territory is divided into East and west parts by the South China Sea. West Malaysia is located in the south of the Malay Peninsula, bordering Thailand in the north, Singapore across the Johor Strait in the south, South China Sea in the East and Malacca Strait in the West. East Malaysia is located in the north of Kalimantan island, adjacent to Indonesia, Philippines and Brunei. The total coastline of the country is 4192 km. It has a tropical rain forest climate. The average annual temperature of mountainous areas in the interior is 22 ℃ - 28 ℃, and that of coastal plains is 25 ℃ - 30 ℃
at the beginning of A.D., there were ancient countries such as jietan and langyashu in Malay Peninsula. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Malacca Kingdom centered on Malacca unified most of the Malay Peninsula. In the 16th century, it was occupied by Portugal, Holland and Britain. In the early 20th century, it became a British colony. Sarawak and Sabah belonged to Brunei in history. In 1888, they became British protected areas. In the Second World War, Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah were occupied by Japan. After the war, Britain regained its colonial rule. On August 31, 1957, the union of Malaya declared independence. On September 16, 1963, the United State of Malaya merged with Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah to form Malaysia (Singapore withdrew on August 9, 1965)< In November 1999, Malaysia held its 10th national election. The national front of the ruling party alliance won more than two-thirds of the seats and continued to be in power. Mahathir was elected Prime Minister for the fifth time. In addition to the original state of girandan, the opposition Islamic Party also won the power of dinganu. In 2000, the Malaysian Political Bureau remained stable on the whole, and UMNO, the main ruling party, successfully held a general election. In 2001, by & quot; September 11 Incident & quot; The Islamic Party, the opposition party, was accused of being involved in religious extremist forces. The National Front led by Prime Minister Mahathir won the Sarawak state election and the by election of glass city and other states, further consolidating its ruling position. In June 2002, Prime Minister Mahathir announced that he would resign from all party and government posts in October 2003, and made it clear that Vice Premier Badawi would take over. The Malaysian government and the opposition reacted calmly to this, the political situation did not appear any turbulence, and the transfer of high-level power was graally smooth
[Constitution] the Malayan constitution was promulgated in 1957 and continued to be used after the establishment of Malaysia in 1963. It was renamed as the constitution of the Federation of Malaysia, which was revised several times later. The Constitution stipulates that the supreme head of state is the head of state, Islamic leader and commander in chief of the armed forces, elected by the Council of rulers for a term of five years. The supreme head of state has the highest legislative, judicial and executive powers, as well as the power to appoint the prime minister and refuse to approve the dissolution of Parliament. In March 1993, the Malaysian parliament passed an amendment to the constitution, abolishing the privileges of Sudan, such as legal immunity. In May 1994, the amendment to the constitution was passed again. The main content is that the supreme head of state must accept and perform his official ties according to the government's suggestions
[the Council of rulers] is composed of hereditary Sultans from nine states, namely Johor, Pahang, Selangor, semeland, Perak, dinganu, gilantan, chitta and glass city, and heads of state from four states, namely Malacca, Penang, Sarawak and Sabah. Its function is to elect the supreme and deputy heads of state in turn among the nine hereditary Sudan; To review and promulgate national laws and regulations; It has the final jurisdiction over the National Islamic issues; We will examine major issues concerning the privileged status of the Malay, Sabah and Sarawak indigenous peoples. Laws concerning the privileged status of rulers shall not be passed without the consent of the meeting. At each meeting, the Prime Minister of the cabinet, the state ministers and the chief ministers of each state were present to assist
[parliament] is also called Parliament, the highest legislative body. It consists of the house of Lords and the house of Commons. This Congress was formed after the 10th national election in November 1999. There are 193 seats in the house of Commons, with a five-year term. The National Front headed by UMNO has 148 seats, accounting for 76.68% of the total number of seats. In January 2002, the former opposition Sabah Unity Party returned to the BN, and the number of seats in the BN increased to 151. The opposition party has 42 seats, including 27 from the Islamic Party, 10 from the Democratic Action Party and 5 from the National Justice Party. The speaker of the house of Commons, Dr. Tun Dato & 39; Seri Dr. Mohamed Zahir), who has been re elected since June 14, 1982. The house of Lords has 70 members, 44 of whom are appointed by the supreme head of state, and the other 26 are elected by the legislative assemblies of each state for a three-year term. The speaker of the house of Lords, Tan Sri Michael Chen wing sum, took office on December 7, 2000<
[government] the current government was formed in December 1999 and has made some adjustments since then. At present, members of the cabinet are: Prime Minister and Minister of Finance and special tasks Department Dato & 39; Seri Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the interior, Dato & # 39; Seri Abllah Ahmad Badawi), Datuk Abl Hamid, Datuk Tengku Adnan Tengku mansor, Dato & #39, datu Abl Hamid, datu Tengku Adnan Tengku mansor, datu Abl hadawi, datu Tengku Adnan Tengku mansor; The second minister of finance, Datuk Dr. Jamaluddin jarjis, Datuk Seri panglima Bernard giluk dompok, Datuk Seri Syed Hamid, Ministry of foreign affairs and Dato & # 39, Ministry of international trade and instry; Seri Rafidah, Minister of ecation, Tan Sri Musa, Ministry of defense, Dato & # 39; Seri Najib, Dato & 39, junior resources department; Seri Dr. Lim Keng Yaik), Datuk Mohamed Nazri of enterprise development department, Dato & # 39 of transportation department; Seri Dr. Ling long sik), Ministry of health Dato & Chen 39; Chua Jui Meng, Dato & # 39, engineering department; Seri sAMY Vellu), Datuk Leo moggie, Ministry of energy, telecommunications and multimedia, and Tan Sri Dato & 39, Minister of domestic trade and consumer personnel; Haji Muhyiddin), Tan Sri Datuk kasitah, Minister of land and cooperative development, Datuk Dr. Mohd Effendi, Ministry of agriculture, Datuk law Hieng Ding, Ministry of science, technology and environment, Datuk Dr. Fong Chan on, Ministry of human resources, Dato & Chen 39, Ministry of housing and local government; Ong kating), Minister of information Tan Sri Mohd Khalil, Datuk Abl Kadir, Ministry of culture, arts and tourism, and Dr. Dato & # 39, Ministry of national unity and social development; Dr. Siti zaharah, Ministry of rural development, dato#39; Azmi, Ministry of youth and sports, Dato & 39; HISHAMUDDIN In January 2001, the Ministry of women's affairs was added, Minister Datuk shahrizat
[Government Website] www.smpke.jpm.my/
[administrative divisions] the country is divided into 13 states, including Johor, chitta, gilantan, Malacca, semeland, Pahang, Penang, Perak, glass market, Selangor, dinganu in West Malaysia, and Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia. There are also Kuala Lumpur, the capital, and the federal region of Fujian. In December 2000, Putra Jaya, the administrative center of the federal government, became the third federal territory< The Supreme Court was formally established on January 1, 1985. In June 1994, it was renamed the federal court. There are Malaya High Court (for West Malaysia) and Borneo High Court (for East Malaysia), and there are district courts and magistrates in each state. There are also special military courts and Islamic courts. The chief justice of the federal court, Tan Sri Dato & 39; Sri Ahmad Fairuz) took office in March 2003. Datuk ainum Mohd Saaid, attorney general, took office on January 1, 2001
[political party] there are more than 40 registered political parties, 14 of which form the national front to govern jointly. In May 2001, the Sabah people's Justice Party was dissolved and merged into UMNO. In January 2002, the opposition Sabah Unity Party returned to the national front< (1) National Front: Coalition of ruling parties. In April 1974, it was expanded on the basis of the Malayan Union Party, and its member parties were relatively independent. In the general election, all parties of the National Front adopt a unified campaign logo and declaration, and the candidates' seats are allocated through internal consultation. BN emphasizes economic development, coordinating the interests of all political parties and building a peaceful, stable, prosperous and just society. *** S Movement Party, the people's Progressive Party of Malaysia; S Progressive Party of Malaysia, parti pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu Sarawak, and the Sarawak united people; The Democratic Party of Sabah, the Sabah Progressive Party, the party Bersatu Rakyat Sabah, the Democratic Party of Sabah Parti Bersatu Sabah. The chairman of the national front is usually the chairman of UMNO, and the current chairman is Mahathir< (2) the Uni