The significance of digital currency publicity
Publish: 2021-05-07 01:06:19
1. Let's first explain digital currency. The real digital currency is issued by the state, based on the national credit, and stored in the form of electronic data. This is the national legal currency that can be circulated. So far, no country has issued digital currency, so has China. Therefore, anyone claiming to be a digital currency issued by the state is a fraud. The function of legal digital currency is the same as that of paper currency. So there is no concept of investment. Just imagine, would you spend 100 yuan to buy a ten yuan RMB? bitcoin is still a virtual currency, not a real currency. Bitcoin is an encryption algorithm based on the blockchain, and the calculation results are obtained. The biggest characteristics are decentralization, uniqueness and finiteness. Because of these characteristics, it is impossible for a country to use bitcoin as legal tender. So I have no objection to using bitcoin as a target of speculation. But if bitcoin is promoted as a digital "currency", I think it is suspected of cheating, because it does not have the characteristics of national legal tender. Some people in the world are willing to accept bitcoin transaction. I think it is actually a "barter" transaction, not a real currency transaction. At present, bitnet exchange can provide the most trading pairs, and investors can participate in leveraged trading and perpetual contract trading.
2. Digital currency is to replace the real currency to complete commodity transactions. Digital currency is more convenient, faster and more healthy than cash. It can not appreciate itself
3. In short, virtual currency, also known as cryptocurrency, is issued and circulated on the Internet and mainly traded through exchanges. Because it runs on the blockchain, every transaction on the chain is semi anonymous and tamperable, so it ensures the circulation and a certain degree of security. Mainstream digital currencies include bitcoin, Ethereum and Leyte. Digital currency is inseparable from blockchain technology. The core idea of the latter is to ensure that all nodes have a consensus on a transaction through transaction broadcast and irrelevant node confirmation. Once the consensus is formed, transaction confirmation, block excavation and reward will follow. This reward is digital currency. If digital currency wants to have value, it can't do without people's recognition of its value. The more recognition, the more people want to have it, and the exchange came into being. If it's Xiao, it's not recommended to go to big exchanges (currency security, currency, OK) to play contract leverage. You can go to small exchanges to practice, such as currency easy, etc. You can also learn about the coin circle information. The development of the whole coin circle changes every day, very fast
there is no price limit for P.S. digital currency trading, so investment should be cautious!
there is no price limit for P.S. digital currency trading, so investment should be cautious!
4. Internet currency, also known as virtual currency, digital currency or electronic currency, is totally different from the currency we use in reality. In the "Internet social form", people set up or participate in the community according to their own needs. Members of the same community form a common credit value based on the same needs. Internet currency is a "new currency form" formed on this basis
Internet digital currency itself will not cheat people. Internet digital currency is just a tool, it depends on the people who use it
since 2013, digital currency has been popular all over the world, and has been on the front page of major news for many times
however, the digital money pyramid schemes also emerge one after another
the typical mode of digital money pyramid selling is to choose a ready-made one, or simply program yourself to invent a digital currency
1. Package several "experts", "elites" and "government officials"
2. Publicize all kinds of cases of making a fortune online and offline. Design the illusion of digital currency appreciation
3. The cheated directly invest to buy the digital currency
4. Give the cheated a compound interest reward or a direct rebate after the end of the investment cycle. Rewards are also digital money itself
5
6. Organizers sell a large number of digital currencies for cash, and the currency price will drop sharply
7. Claiming to be attacked by hackers, claiming to be controlled by makers, resulting in the decline of currency price
8. Running
the pyramid selling of digital currency is a combination of general pyramid selling, Ponzi scheme and direct selling. Compared with general pyramid selling, digital currency pyramid selling has three additional characteristics:
1. And the packaging is very advanced
2. Participants can get a head pulling reward. The prize is the digital currency itself
3. Digital currency tends to appreciate as more people participate in the scam. Participants can obtain the growth of the number of digital currency itself and the growth of book converted legal currency, including the lowest level participants
conclusion: in the early stage of digital money pyramid scheme, it is pyramid scheme, and in the later stage, it turns into Ponzi scheme immediately.
Internet digital currency itself will not cheat people. Internet digital currency is just a tool, it depends on the people who use it
since 2013, digital currency has been popular all over the world, and has been on the front page of major news for many times
however, the digital money pyramid schemes also emerge one after another
the typical mode of digital money pyramid selling is to choose a ready-made one, or simply program yourself to invent a digital currency
1. Package several "experts", "elites" and "government officials"
2. Publicize all kinds of cases of making a fortune online and offline. Design the illusion of digital currency appreciation
3. The cheated directly invest to buy the digital currency
4. Give the cheated a compound interest reward or a direct rebate after the end of the investment cycle. Rewards are also digital money itself
5
6. Organizers sell a large number of digital currencies for cash, and the currency price will drop sharply
7. Claiming to be attacked by hackers, claiming to be controlled by makers, resulting in the decline of currency price
8. Running
the pyramid selling of digital currency is a combination of general pyramid selling, Ponzi scheme and direct selling. Compared with general pyramid selling, digital currency pyramid selling has three additional characteristics:
1. And the packaging is very advanced
2. Participants can get a head pulling reward. The prize is the digital currency itself
3. Digital currency tends to appreciate as more people participate in the scam. Participants can obtain the growth of the number of digital currency itself and the growth of book converted legal currency, including the lowest level participants
conclusion: in the early stage of digital money pyramid scheme, it is pyramid scheme, and in the later stage, it turns into Ponzi scheme immediately.
5. 1 Modern credit currency
1; The issue of coins is usually unified in the central bank, which also belongs to credit currency
2. Bank current deposits (various names of current deposits)
3. Time deposits and residents' savings deposits in banks
4. All currencies based on bank credit, except banknotes and coins, The IMF generally calls it "deposit currency"
(2) credit currency and debt network
1. The circulation of credit currency is closely related to the comprehensive coverage of credit relationship and economic life
2, It is necessary to realize the growth and decline and transfer of creditor's rights and debts with credit payment instruments.
3; Bank credit documents naturally become an ideal form of currency to replace precious metals. 2. The creation of deposit currency. 1. The function of modern banks to create money. 2, The function of issuing bank notes and creating deposit currency has been developed.
2; The function of modern commercial banks to create money is to create deposit money
(2) original deposit and derivative deposit
1. Original deposit is the deposit formed by commercial banks accepting customers' cash deposits and rediscount and refinance funds from the central bank
2. Derivative deposit, It refers to the deposits derived from the bank's loan and investment activities; Derivative deposits are directly created by the asset business of commercial banks, which come from the different relationship between commercial banks and base money. The original deposit is the change from cash in circulation to deposit money, which does not cause the change of social money supply; The change of derivative deposit directly affects the change of social money supply
the status of the two is different, the original deposit determines the derivative deposit
(3) the derivation process of deposit currency under the seigniorage system
1; According to experience, keeping coins equivalent to 20% of the deposit amount is enough to meet the daily withdrawal of coins. Then, bank a can lend 8000 yuan to bank B. The balance sheet of bank a is as follows:
2. Party B pays 8000 yuan of coins to Bank C, and Bank C deposits the coins to bank B. according to the same consideration, bank B leaves 20% of the coins, i.e. 1600 yuan, and the remaining 6400 yuan is loaned to customer D. At this time, the balance sheet of bank B is as follows:
3. By analogy, from bank a to bank B, Bank C,..., bank n, continuous deposit, loan and deposit, the result is as follows:
4. Here are: (1) original deposit R, (2) total loan L, (3) total deposit after derivation (including original deposit) d, (3) total deposit after derivation (including original deposit) (4) the ratio of the necessary Mint stock to the deposit R, the relationship between the four can be expressed as
(4) the creation of deposit currency under the modern financial system
1. Similar to the preparation of mint stock
banks should prepare some bank notes for the deposits they absorb, In order to keep the deposit customers withdraw cash
in the check settlement, the balance between accounts receivable and payable between banks does not need to be settled with bank notes at all, but only needs to be transferred through the bank's deposit account in the central bank
2, The ratio of the bank's reserve deposits in the central bank to the total amount of deposits absorbed by the bank is the legal reserve rate
the part exceeding the legal ratio is the excess reserve rate
3, Deposit currency creation
"original deposit" source:
the deposit currency bank borrows money from the central bank
the customer receives a check from the central bank, such as an appropriation check issued by the Treasury, and entrusts his / her correspondent bank to collect money
it may also be that the customer sells foreign exchange to the deposit currency bank and forms a deposit, The process of banks selling foreign exchange to the central bank and forming reserve deposits is as follows:
examples:
1. Suppose that customer a of bank a receives a check from the central bank with the amount of 10000 yuan; Customer a entrusts bank a to collect money. As a result, the reserve deposit of bank a in the central bank will increase by 10000 yuan, while the equivalent deposit of bank a in the account of bank a will increase by 10000 yuan< (2) bank a absorbs deposits and makes conditional loans. If the legal reserve rate is still 20%, the legal reserve of bank a for this deposit shall not be less than 2000 yuan. If bank a provides a loan to customer B with a maximum loan amount of 8000 yuan, then the balance sheet of bank a is as follows:
3. When bank B pays 8000 yuan to customer C of bank B by check, and Bank C entrusts bank B to collect money, the balance sheet of Bank A and bank B is as follows:
4. Bank B has 8000 yuan reserve deposit in the central bank, According to the statutory reserve rate of 20%, its maximum loan amount is 6400 yuan. After lending 6400 yuan to customer D, the balance sheet of bank B is as follows:
5. When customer D of bank B pays 6400 yuan of payable payment to customer e of Bank C by check, and customer e entrusts Bank C to collect payment, the balance sheet of Bank B and Bank C is as follows:
6. Bank C has 6400 yuan of reserve deposit in the central bank, according to the legal reserve rate of 20%, The maximum amount of loan can not exceed 5120 yuan. If a loan is made to a customer, the balance sheet of Bank C is as follows:
(7) when a customer of Bank C has made a check payment of RMB 6400 to a customer of bank D, and the customer entrusts bank d to collect the money, the balance sheet of Bank C is as follows:
8, The derivation process of deposits is as follows:
9. The balance sheet of deposit monetary banking system is as follows:
4 Δ D is the total amount of derivative deposit increase including original deposit, Δ R is the initial increase of original deposit or reserve deposit, RD is the statutory reserve rate, The relationship between the three is as follows:
(5) multiplier of deposit money creation
1. Two necessary preconditions of deposit money creation
each bank only needs to reserve a certain proportion of the deposits it absorbs
the formation of bank clearing system
2. Multiplier of deposit money creation
bank deposit money creation The maximum expansion multiple of the total deposit determined by the mechanism is called derivative multiple, also known as derivative multiplier, which is the reciprocal of the legal reserve rate
the K value here is only the maximum multiple that the original deposit can expand, and the expansion multiple in the actual process often can not reach this value
3? D is the increase of current deposit and RD is the legal reserve rate of current deposit; Suppose again? T is the increase of fixed deposit, RT is the legal reserve rate of fixed deposit,? R is the increase of total reserve deposit, and the ratio of time deposit to current deposit is t (?)? T/?D There are:
4. The creation multiplier of cash and deposit currency
customers will withdraw cash from the bank, so that part of the cash flows out of the banking system, resulting in the so-called "cash leakage". The ratio of the amount of cash leakage to the total amount of current deposits is called the cash leakage rate, also known as the withdrawal rate? C is the amount of cash leakage, and C is the rate of cash leakage? C/?D? C＝c?? D
when cash is included, the creation multiplier of deposit currency is
5. Excess reserves and deposit currency creation multiplier
the reserves actually held by banks in excess of legal requirements are called excess reserves, and the ratio of excess reserves to total demand deposits is called excess reserve ratio, represented by E. At this time, the initial preparation of the bank is:
? R＝? D?rd＋t?rt?? D＋c?? D＋e?? D
＝? D (RD + T? RT + C + e)
the complete multiplier of deposit money creation is:
3. The process of money creation under the central bank system
(1) the process of cash input and circulation
1< 2. If the cash deposited in the deposit currency bank can not meet the requirement of withdrawing cash, it must withdraw cash from the reserve account, It is formed by the deposit currency bank withdrawing cash from the reserve deposit account of the central bank, It is the growth of cash issuance
cash withdrawal = deposit currency, the amount of cash deposited in the bank is more than the amount of cash withdrawn, which is the decrease of cash issuance
2. The issue of cash is growing: the fundamental reason is economic growth
3. Reserve deposits must be supplemented
when the issue of cash is an inevitable trend, It means that the deposit money bank continuously withdraws cash from the reserve deposit account, and the reserve deposit decreases correspondingly
under the condition of economic growth, the reserve deposit must be continuously supplemented
(3) the supplement of reserve deposit must be supported by the central bank
1, There must be an increase in the asset business of the central bank.
2. Ways for deposit money banks to replenish reserve deposits from the central bank:
rediscount and obtain loans directly from the central bank.
sell their own bonds to the central bank.
sell their own foreign exchange to the central bank...
3, On the one hand, the central bank accumulates its own assets; On the other hand, it forms two major liability items
reserve deposit balance of continuously replenishing and withdrawing cash
cash in circulation formed by the accumulation of cash leakage
4, If the central bank has the ability and no way to play its role, it will promote inflation if it forcibly supports unlimited money creation< (4) money multiplier: 1. Base money, for creating credit money, "deposit reserve" and "currency in circulation" are indispensable. Therefore, it is collectively referred to as base currency, or high-energy currency and strong currency. The International Monetary Fund calls it "reserve money"
2. The expression of the composition of the base currency:
b = R + C
where B is the base currency; R is the deposit reserve (reserve deposit and cash stock) held by the deposit currency bank; C is the cash circulating outside the banking system
3
1; The issue of coins is usually unified in the central bank, which also belongs to credit currency
2. Bank current deposits (various names of current deposits)
3. Time deposits and residents' savings deposits in banks
4. All currencies based on bank credit, except banknotes and coins, The IMF generally calls it "deposit currency"
(2) credit currency and debt network
1. The circulation of credit currency is closely related to the comprehensive coverage of credit relationship and economic life
2, It is necessary to realize the growth and decline and transfer of creditor's rights and debts with credit payment instruments.
3; Bank credit documents naturally become an ideal form of currency to replace precious metals. 2. The creation of deposit currency. 1. The function of modern banks to create money. 2, The function of issuing bank notes and creating deposit currency has been developed.
2; The function of modern commercial banks to create money is to create deposit money
(2) original deposit and derivative deposit
1. Original deposit is the deposit formed by commercial banks accepting customers' cash deposits and rediscount and refinance funds from the central bank
2. Derivative deposit, It refers to the deposits derived from the bank's loan and investment activities; Derivative deposits are directly created by the asset business of commercial banks, which come from the different relationship between commercial banks and base money. The original deposit is the change from cash in circulation to deposit money, which does not cause the change of social money supply; The change of derivative deposit directly affects the change of social money supply
the status of the two is different, the original deposit determines the derivative deposit
(3) the derivation process of deposit currency under the seigniorage system
1; According to experience, keeping coins equivalent to 20% of the deposit amount is enough to meet the daily withdrawal of coins. Then, bank a can lend 8000 yuan to bank B. The balance sheet of bank a is as follows:
2. Party B pays 8000 yuan of coins to Bank C, and Bank C deposits the coins to bank B. according to the same consideration, bank B leaves 20% of the coins, i.e. 1600 yuan, and the remaining 6400 yuan is loaned to customer D. At this time, the balance sheet of bank B is as follows:
3. By analogy, from bank a to bank B, Bank C,..., bank n, continuous deposit, loan and deposit, the result is as follows:
4. Here are: (1) original deposit R, (2) total loan L, (3) total deposit after derivation (including original deposit) d, (3) total deposit after derivation (including original deposit) (4) the ratio of the necessary Mint stock to the deposit R, the relationship between the four can be expressed as
(4) the creation of deposit currency under the modern financial system
1. Similar to the preparation of mint stock
banks should prepare some bank notes for the deposits they absorb, In order to keep the deposit customers withdraw cash
in the check settlement, the balance between accounts receivable and payable between banks does not need to be settled with bank notes at all, but only needs to be transferred through the bank's deposit account in the central bank
2, The ratio of the bank's reserve deposits in the central bank to the total amount of deposits absorbed by the bank is the legal reserve rate
the part exceeding the legal ratio is the excess reserve rate
3, Deposit currency creation
"original deposit" source:
the deposit currency bank borrows money from the central bank
the customer receives a check from the central bank, such as an appropriation check issued by the Treasury, and entrusts his / her correspondent bank to collect money
it may also be that the customer sells foreign exchange to the deposit currency bank and forms a deposit, The process of banks selling foreign exchange to the central bank and forming reserve deposits is as follows:
examples:
1. Suppose that customer a of bank a receives a check from the central bank with the amount of 10000 yuan; Customer a entrusts bank a to collect money. As a result, the reserve deposit of bank a in the central bank will increase by 10000 yuan, while the equivalent deposit of bank a in the account of bank a will increase by 10000 yuan< (2) bank a absorbs deposits and makes conditional loans. If the legal reserve rate is still 20%, the legal reserve of bank a for this deposit shall not be less than 2000 yuan. If bank a provides a loan to customer B with a maximum loan amount of 8000 yuan, then the balance sheet of bank a is as follows:
3. When bank B pays 8000 yuan to customer C of bank B by check, and Bank C entrusts bank B to collect money, the balance sheet of Bank A and bank B is as follows:
4. Bank B has 8000 yuan reserve deposit in the central bank, According to the statutory reserve rate of 20%, its maximum loan amount is 6400 yuan. After lending 6400 yuan to customer D, the balance sheet of bank B is as follows:
5. When customer D of bank B pays 6400 yuan of payable payment to customer e of Bank C by check, and customer e entrusts Bank C to collect payment, the balance sheet of Bank B and Bank C is as follows:
6. Bank C has 6400 yuan of reserve deposit in the central bank, according to the legal reserve rate of 20%, The maximum amount of loan can not exceed 5120 yuan. If a loan is made to a customer, the balance sheet of Bank C is as follows:
(7) when a customer of Bank C has made a check payment of RMB 6400 to a customer of bank D, and the customer entrusts bank d to collect the money, the balance sheet of Bank C is as follows:
8, The derivation process of deposits is as follows:
9. The balance sheet of deposit monetary banking system is as follows:
4 Δ D is the total amount of derivative deposit increase including original deposit, Δ R is the initial increase of original deposit or reserve deposit, RD is the statutory reserve rate, The relationship between the three is as follows:
(5) multiplier of deposit money creation
1. Two necessary preconditions of deposit money creation
each bank only needs to reserve a certain proportion of the deposits it absorbs
the formation of bank clearing system
2. Multiplier of deposit money creation
bank deposit money creation The maximum expansion multiple of the total deposit determined by the mechanism is called derivative multiple, also known as derivative multiplier, which is the reciprocal of the legal reserve rate
the K value here is only the maximum multiple that the original deposit can expand, and the expansion multiple in the actual process often can not reach this value
3? D is the increase of current deposit and RD is the legal reserve rate of current deposit; Suppose again? T is the increase of fixed deposit, RT is the legal reserve rate of fixed deposit,? R is the increase of total reserve deposit, and the ratio of time deposit to current deposit is t (?)? T/?D There are:
4. The creation multiplier of cash and deposit currency
customers will withdraw cash from the bank, so that part of the cash flows out of the banking system, resulting in the so-called "cash leakage". The ratio of the amount of cash leakage to the total amount of current deposits is called the cash leakage rate, also known as the withdrawal rate? C is the amount of cash leakage, and C is the rate of cash leakage? C/?D? C＝c?? D
when cash is included, the creation multiplier of deposit currency is
5. Excess reserves and deposit currency creation multiplier
the reserves actually held by banks in excess of legal requirements are called excess reserves, and the ratio of excess reserves to total demand deposits is called excess reserve ratio, represented by E. At this time, the initial preparation of the bank is:
? R＝? D?rd＋t?rt?? D＋c?? D＋e?? D
＝? D (RD + T? RT + C + e)
the complete multiplier of deposit money creation is:
3. The process of money creation under the central bank system
(1) the process of cash input and circulation
1< 2. If the cash deposited in the deposit currency bank can not meet the requirement of withdrawing cash, it must withdraw cash from the reserve account, It is formed by the deposit currency bank withdrawing cash from the reserve deposit account of the central bank, It is the growth of cash issuance
cash withdrawal = deposit currency, the amount of cash deposited in the bank is more than the amount of cash withdrawn, which is the decrease of cash issuance
2. The issue of cash is growing: the fundamental reason is economic growth
3. Reserve deposits must be supplemented
when the issue of cash is an inevitable trend, It means that the deposit money bank continuously withdraws cash from the reserve deposit account, and the reserve deposit decreases correspondingly
under the condition of economic growth, the reserve deposit must be continuously supplemented
(3) the supplement of reserve deposit must be supported by the central bank
1, There must be an increase in the asset business of the central bank.
2. Ways for deposit money banks to replenish reserve deposits from the central bank:
rediscount and obtain loans directly from the central bank.
sell their own bonds to the central bank.
sell their own foreign exchange to the central bank...
3, On the one hand, the central bank accumulates its own assets; On the other hand, it forms two major liability items
reserve deposit balance of continuously replenishing and withdrawing cash
cash in circulation formed by the accumulation of cash leakage
4, If the central bank has the ability and no way to play its role, it will promote inflation if it forcibly supports unlimited money creation< (4) money multiplier: 1. Base money, for creating credit money, "deposit reserve" and "currency in circulation" are indispensable. Therefore, it is collectively referred to as base currency, or high-energy currency and strong currency. The International Monetary Fund calls it "reserve money"
2. The expression of the composition of the base currency:
b = R + C
where B is the base currency; R is the deposit reserve (reserve deposit and cash stock) held by the deposit currency bank; C is the cash circulating outside the banking system
3
6. The significance is to rece the use of paper money, which can rece the waste of paper. At the same time, it makes people more convenient and fast, and will no longer be difficult because they forget to bring money.
Hot content