The basis of UFC digital currency circulation
According to its nature, currency issue can be divided into economic issue and financial issue. No matter what kind of issuance, it should be realized through the bank's cash revenue and expenditure channels. Among them, the main channels of cash delivery are: personal wages, bonuses and other cash payments; Cash expenditure of administrative enterprise management fee; Urban and rural residents' savings deposits, cash expenditure, etc
The main channels of cash return are: cash income from commodity sales; Cash income from various service charges; Cash income from savings deposits of urban and rural residents; Levy taxes on indivials, cash income, etc. According to the calculation, the difference between the bank's cash expenditure and its income is the amount of money issued (1) put forward the issuance plan of RMB and determine the annual money supply. Every year, the head office of the people's Bank of China puts forward a plan for currency issuance and withdrawal in accordance with the state's economic and social development plan, which shall be submitted to the State Council for approval before implementation. Including the design, printing and reserve of tickets and coins (2) the money supply plan approved by the State Council and approved by the people's Bank of China(3) allocate the issuing funds. The issuing fund is the currency to be issued kept by the central bank for the state. It is a reserve fund for currency issuance. It does not have the nature of currency. It is kept by the people's banks at all levels that set up the issuance Treasury. The head office is in charge of it. The right to use the issuance fund belongs to the general Treasury
1. It is the fundamental requirement of the law of money circulation that the amount of money circulation accords with the flow of social goods
Therefore, the people's Bank of China (PBOC), as the main body of money issuance, issues money based on the total social procts and their increments The theoretical basis is Marx's Currency Circulation Formula: total commodity price / circulation times of the currency of the same name = the amount of currency used in circulation According to its nature, currency issue can be divided into economic issue and financial issue. Economic issue is the currency issued to meet the needs of commodity circulation. This issue is in line with the law of currency circulation Therefore, it can not only meet the needs of the national economy, but also keep the currency stable. Fiscal issue is the currency issued to make up the fiscal deficit (see fiscal revenue and expenditure). This kind of issuance exceeds the actual needs of commodity circulation and often leads to inflationcurrency circulation refers to the total amount of currency issued by a country, usually including all the circulating and non circulating currencies. Among them, the circulating currency, namely the amount of cash issued, refers to the amount of cash issued in a certain period of time. Its calculation formula is: the actual amount of money needed in commodity circulation = the total price of goods / the average circulation times of the same unit of money
there are many corresponding explanations, but the most basic formula is the quantity equation of "money quantity theory": MV = py, where m is the amount of money needed in circulation, V is the speed of money circulation (that is, the number of times a note changes hands in a certain period), P is the price level, and Y is the real GDP
statistics show that since the financial crisis, China's currency circulation has been half of the global currency circulation. On this basis, some people have once again come forward to accuse China of over issuing money and blame money supply for China's GDP growth. The first important reason for the continuous expansion of China's money supply is the market-oriented reform http://money.163.com/13/0202/02/8MM5GRHN00253B0H.html
to sum up, a country's currency circulation and the country's economic operation state, International environment and policy are closely related
I hope it will be helpful to your problem research
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where m is the quantity of money needed for circulation, V is the speed of money circulation (that is, the number of times a bill changes hands in a certain period), P is the price level, and Y is the real GDP
let me explain this formula: on the right side of the formula is nominal GDP, while on the left side is m, which is not strictly the amount of money issued, but the amount of money actually needed for circulation. Therefore, a basic money demand function is to divide the V on the left by 10. So there is no problem with "positive correlation"
PS: in fact, the amount of money is controlled according to certain rules. GDP is, of course, an important factor in the rules.
the well-known digital currencies in the currency circle include bitcoin, Ruitai coin, Laite coin, doggy coin, etc.
banknotes are currency symbols generally implemented by the national government to the public with its own power. It is different from metal money. Metal currency is generally a valuable thing, its value is basically consistent with its face value; In other words, the cost of printing a 1000 yuan banknote may be the same as that of printing a 100 yuan banknote, but the difference is only the digital symbol
even so, it does not mean that the government can print and issue banknotes at will. There is an objective basis for printing and issuing banknotes
first, the printing of banknotes is based on the total wealth of the country. This can be divided into three aspects. The first is the total wealth of material property rights, the second is the total wealth of intellectual property rights, and the third is the amount of old currency recovery. Since paper money is only a symbol of money, money represents the total wealth of money owners. As far as a country is concerned, its total wealth is overall. As far as other organizations and indivials are concerned, the total wealth is measured by money. Therefore, the printing amount of national banknotes must reflect their wealth< The second is the GDP of that year. The GDP of that year is the sum of the newly created values by the domestic residents. It is the value of the newly invested labor, which must be expressed by the corresponding currency. The more GDP, the more paper money will be printed in that year
the third is the market volume. Paper money is a currency symbol convenient for transaction. Therefore, the circulation of paper money must be able to meet the needs of market transactions. How much market transaction volume, there must be how much paper currency circulation. However, paper money is not a currency symbol issued immediately, and the paper money involved in market transactions is generally deposited. Therefore, the market transaction volume can only be the reference basis for the issuance of banknotes, not the complete basis< The fourth is the amount of foreign currency acquisition. In order to strengthen foreign economic exchanges, the government needs to use a certain amount of foreign exchange, which can be obtained not only through foreign trade, but also through currency swap, acquisition of other countries' currencies, etc. When the foreign exchange of a country's foreign trade is not enough to meet the needs of the country, this method can be adopted. Of course, there are other ways, such as loans to other governments< The fifth is flexible government regulation policy. This adjustment is mainly carried out by controlling the circulation of banknotes. It has a variety of means, such as directly controlling the amount of banknotes, adjusting the amount of banknotes recovered, and adjusting the interest rate. To adjust the interest rate is to adjust the issue of paper money. The government's regulation of paper money printing and circulation includes the regulation of economic needs and political needs. The so-called adjustment of economic needs means that the government can adjust the issuance and circulation of paper money in order to ensure the development of economy according to its own needs. For example, when there is inflation in the economy, the government will raise interest rates and collect a large number of banknotes to curb inflation. When the speed of economic development is too low, the government begins to rece interest rates, increase loans and stimulate economic growth
the so-called adjustment of political needs is to adjust the issue of paper money according to the political needs of the government rather than the needs of the economy itself. Some countries use their own special economic conditions and advantages to increase the issuance of currency to plunder other countries' economic resources. I think the United States is such a country. They take advantage of their own economy and the special status of the US dollar to buy a lot of material wealth from other countries, and export a lot of excessive intellectual property rights to other countries, which enables the United States to plunder other countries' wealth through currency. Some governments, for friendship, support the development of other countries or for other political purposes, expand their exports to other countries through export credit in their own currency. This kind of export credit must be based on the local currency, only the local currency can reflect the power of the national government
the adjustment of the issue of paper money by the needs of politics is a kind of artistic adjustment. Whoever has a high level of art can skillfully master the means of adjustment and make perfect adjustment. From the current situation of the world economy, political regulation has increasingly become an important basis for regulating the circulation of paper money
the direct ways to issue banknotes include public expenditure, economic loans, national projects, etc. Public expenditure is a kind of government expenditure in order to maintain the normal operation of the state power and promote the public interest. It includes the salary expenses of all government employees, government, justice, ecation, science and technology, culture, health, transportation, communication, national defense construction funds, etc
national projects are projects built for the public interest. These projects must be for the public interest. They must be projects that the market and society cannot and cannot undertake, and they need to be organized, implemented and undertaken by the government. The implementation of these projects can greatly improve the public interest and promote the balanced and healthy development of society. Only public works can reflect the publicity of the government. Otherwise, the function and value of the government will be greatly reced, the social interest mechanism will be destroyed, the interest order will be distorted, and the harmonious structure will be ruined. The paper money issued by the state through government projects has become an important issue channel. It is an important choice for the government to adjust the circulation of paper money by adjusting the national engineering quantity. During the first Five-Year Plan period after the founding of new China, the government launched a large number of government projects, which not only improved China's infrastructure, strengthened the instrial based economic base, but also increased the social input and social precipitation of banknotes, and effectively promoted economic development
economic loan is a way for the government to put in banknotes for the purpose of economic development and economic projects. Generally, economic loans are issued to market subjects according to their credit degree according to their needs. The amount of economic loans is regular and feasible, and its principle is economic security and rapid and healthy development. As long as such loans are not enough to have a negative impact on economic security and economic growth at present and in the foreseeable future, but are only likely to have a positive impact on economic security and growth, and are guaranteed by credit, they can be put in as much as possible to meet the demand, that is to say, they are basically not refused to the borrowers and projects. But when the situation is on the contrary, it is necessary to strictly examine the borrowers and projects, strictly control the amount of loans, and increase the return of money through the above-mentioned other ways to regulate the safe and balanced operation of the economy
in this, I would like to say a few words about the "three company model" of the mathematical netizens on the powerful nation forum. First, the three company model is beneficial to the circulation of money and increase loans to poor areas. From the three company model, we can see that the circulation of money is the trading volume, because the three company model is a complete trading model. Loan to poor areas is an important part of the government's economic and social adjustment and the promotion of social harmonious and balanced development. Second, the blind spot is that the system is too simple. The three companies seem to be an isolated system, but there are a large number of external factors that can be involved. However, netizens of mathematics have turned away these factors that may be involved, and have not studied the external factors that may be involved. In other words, the three company model of mathematical netizens does not look like a closed system or an open system. Third, the three company model is just a trading model and a quadratic equation with two variables. The food company and the clothing company are two variables, while the gold company is only a variable parameter, which can be set according to the proction and trading volume of the other two companies.
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paper money is printed according to the total wealth of the country. This can be divided into three aspects. The first is the total wealth of material property rights, the second is the total wealth of intellectual property rights, and the third is the amount of old currency recovery. Since paper money is only a symbol of money, money represents the total wealth of money owners. As far as a country is concerned, its total wealth is overall. As far as other organizations and indivials are concerned, the total wealth is measured by money. Therefore, the printing amount of national banknotes must reflect their wealth
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GDP of that year. The GDP of that year is the sum of the newly created values by the domestic residents. It is the value of the newly invested labor, which must be expressed by the corresponding currency. The more GDP, the more paper money will be printed in that year
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market volume. Paper money is a currency symbol convenient for transaction. Therefore, the circulation of paper money must be able to meet the needs of market transactions. How much market transaction volume, there must be how much paper currency circulation. However, paper money is not a currency symbol issued immediately, and the paper money involved in market transactions is generally deposited. Therefore, the market transaction volume can only be the reference basis for the issuance of banknotes, not the complete basis
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foreign currency purchases. In order to strengthen foreign economic exchanges, the government needs to use a certain amount of foreign exchange, which can be obtained not only through foreign trade, but also through currency swap, acquisition of other countries' currencies, etc. When the foreign exchange of a country's foreign trade is not enough to meet the needs of the country, this method can be adopted. Of course, there are other ways, such as loans to other governments
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flexible government regulation policy. This adjustment is mainly carried out by controlling the circulation of banknotes. It has a variety of means, such as directly controlling the amount of banknotes, adjusting the amount of banknotes recovered, and adjusting the interest rate. To adjust the interest rate is to adjust the issue of paper money. The government's regulation of paper money printing and circulation includes the regulation of economic needs and political needs. The so-called adjustment of economic needs means that the government can adjust the issuance and circulation of paper money in order to ensure the development of economy according to its own needs. For example, when there is inflation in the economy, the government will raise interest rates and collect a large number of banknotes to curb inflation. When the speed of economic development is too low, the government begins to rece interest rates, increase loans and stimulate economic growth
where m is the quantity of money needed for circulation, V is the speed of money circulation (that is, the number of times a bill changes hands in a certain period), P is the price level, and Y is the real GDP
let me explain this formula: on the right side of the formula is nominal GDP, while on the left side is m, which is not strictly the amount of money issued, but the amount of money actually needed for circulation. Therefore, a basic money demand function is to divide the V on the left by 10. Therefore, there is no problem in "positive correlation"
so the money circulation is generally adjusted according to the changes of some nominal variables such as GDP or CPI. This is a fixed rule, and of course there are floating rules.