Noble digital currency

1. Financial license, that is, financial institution license, is an official document to approve financial institutions to carry out business. All institutions engaged in financial business must first obtain the corresponding financial institution license
in China, there are as many as 25 types of financial licenses, mainly including: Bank, insurance, securities company, fund, trust, third-party payment, credit reference, etc., which are approved by the central bank, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission, China Insurance Regulatory Commission and other institutions< The main business of the third party payment is: online payment, issuance and acceptance of prepaid cards, and payment service Bank card acquiring
main laws:
(1) administrative measures for payment services of non-financial institutions (order [2010] No.2 of the people's Bank of China)
(2) detailed rules for the implementation of administrative measures for payment services of non-financial institutions (announcement [2010] No.17 of the people's Bank of China)
2. Credit investigation
main business: credit investigation
main laws:
(1) people's Bank of China Law of the people's Bank of China of the people's Republic of China (2) Company Law of the people's Republic of China (3) Regulations on the administration of credit reference instry (4) measures for the administration of credit reference institutions (order of the people's Bank of China, 2013) No.1 Credit and other business
main laws:
(1) law of the people's Republic of China on commercial banks
(2) measures for the implementation of administrative licensing matters of Chinese funded commercial banks
4. Trust (suspension of issuance)
main business: all kinds of trust business The main laws are as follows:
(1) measures for the administration of trust companies (CBRC order [2007] No. 2)
(2) measures for the implementation of administrative licensing matters of non bank financial institutions of China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC order 2015 No. 6)
(3) measures for the administration of trust companies (CBRC order [2007] No. 2)
(2) measures for the implementation of administrative licensing matters of non bank financial institutions of China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC order 2015) No Measures for the implementation of administrative licensing matters of trust companies (Order No. 5 of China Banking Regulatory Commission, 2015)
revision / modification: the original measures for the implementation of administrative licensing matters of non bank financial institutions of China Banking Regulatory Commission (Order No. 13 of China Banking Regulatory Commission, 2007) shall be abolished as of June 15, 2015
5. Financial leasing
main business: financial leasing, inter-bank lending, borrowing from financial institutions Main laws:
(1) measures for the administration of financial leasing companies (CBRC Order No. 3, 2014)
amendment / modification: the original measures for the administration of financial leasing companies (CBRC Order No. 1, 2007) was abolished on March 13, 2014
6. Money brokerage
main business: promoting derivatives trading Bond trading and other brokerage services
main laws:
(1) measures for the implementation of administrative licensing matters of non banking financial institutions of China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC Order No. 6, 2015)
amendment / modification: the original measures for the implementation of administrative licensing matters of non banking financial institutions of China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC Order No. 13, 2007) Repeal< Main business of loan companies: various loans, settlement under loans, bill discount
main laws:
(1) Regulations on the administration of loan companies (No.76 [2009] of the people's Republic of China Banking Regulatory Commission)
revision: the Interim Regulations on the Administration of loan companies (No.6 [2009] of the people's Republic of China Banking Regulatory Commission) has been abolished since August 11, 2009< Main business of consumer finance: issuing loans for the purpose of consumption. Main laws: (1) law of the people's Republic of China on banking supervision and administration; (2) Company Law of the people's Republic of China; (3) measures for the pilot administration of consumer finance companies (order No.2 of China Banking Regulatory Commission, 2013)
amendment / modification: the original Consumer Finance Corporation The measures for the administration of pilot projects of the Department of Finance and instry (Order No. 3 of 2009 of CBRC) shall be abolished as of January 1, 2014< Main business: financial management services
main laws:
(1) measures for the administration of financial companies of enterprise groups (Amendment) (order No.8 of 2006 of China Banking Regulatory Commission)
approval by China Securities Regulatory Commission
10. Securities companies
main business: securities underwriting and recommendation, brokerage, self-management, direct investment, securities investment activities, securities trading, securities trading and so on Securities asset management and margin trading and other major laws:
(1) securities law
(2) Regulations on the supervision and administration of securities companies (revised in 2014)
amendment / modification: on March 8, 2017, the fifth session of the 12th National People's Congress held the second plenary session, which indicated that the securities law would be amended this year
11. Public funds
main business: public funds Main laws on institutional business:
(1) law of the people's Republic of China on securities investment funds (revised in 2015)
(2) measures for the administration of securities investment fund management companies (Order No. 84 of the CSRC on September 20, 2012)
(3) Interim Provisions on the administration of public offering securities investment funds by asset management institutions (announcement [2013] No. 10 of the China Securities Regulatory Commission)
Amendment: the original measures for the administration of securities investment fund management companies (Order No. 22 of the CSRC) shall be abolished as of November 1, 2012
12. Futures
main business: futures business
main laws:
(1) Regulations on the administration of futures trading
(2) measures for the administration of futures companies (Order No. 110 of China Securities Regulatory Commission)
amendment / modification: since October 29, 2014, The following three regulations are repealed: the measures for the administration of futures companies (Order No. 43 of CSRC) issued on April 9, 2007, the provisions on the administration of futures business departments (Trial Implementation) issued on November 3, 2011, and the provisions on issues related to the change of registered capital or equity of futures companies (Announcement No. 11 of CSRC) issued on May 10, 2012<
13. Fund sales
main business: selling fund shares, handling fund share subscription, redemption, etc.
main laws:
(1) measures for the administration of sales of securities investment funds (Order No. 91 of China Securities Regulatory Commission)
amendment / modification: Measures for the administration of sales of securities investment funds (Order No. 72 of China Securities Regulatory Commission) shall be abolished on June 1, 2013
14. Fund sales payment
main business: Monetary Fund Transfer Service
main laws:
(1) measures for the administration of sales of securities investment funds (Order No. 91 of China Securities Regulatory Commission)
amendment / modification: Measures for the Administration of sales of securities investment funds (Order No. 72 of China Securities Regulatory Commission) shall be abolished on June 1, 2013
15. Fund subsidiaries
main business: asset management for specific clients, asset management for specific clients, and Main laws on fund sales:
(1) Pilot Measures for asset management business of specific clients of fund management companies
(2) measures for the administration of sales of securities investment funds (Order No. 91 of China Securities Regulatory Commission)
amendment / modification: Measures for the Administration of sales of securities investment funds (Order No. 72 of China Securities Regulatory Commission) shall be abolished on June 1, 2013<
16. Professional subsidiaries of securities companies
main business: single or multiple securities businesses
main laws:
(1) Trial Provisions on the establishment of subsidiaries by securities companies (announcement of China Securities Regulatory Commission [2012] No. 27)
(2) securities law of the people's Republic of China
17. Asset management of securities companies
main business: collective investment of customer assets, Or special investment in client assets
main laws:
(1) measures for the administration of client asset management business of securities companies (Order No. 93 of China Securities Regulatory Commission)
(2) Regulations on the administration of securities companies (revised in 2014)
(3) detailed rules for the implementation of collective asset management business of securities companies (Order No. 93 of China Securities Regulatory Commission) The following two laws and regulations are repealed: the measures for the administration of customer asset management business of securities companies (Order No. 87 of the CSRC) promulgated on October 18, 2012, and the detailed rules for the implementation of collective asset management business of securities companies (Notice No. 29 of the CSRC) promulgated by the CSRC on October 18, 2012<
18. Equity crowdfunding
main business: equity financing
main laws:
(1) measures for the administration of private equity crowdfunding financing (Trial) (Draft for comments)
(2) securities law
(3) company law of the people's Republic of China
(4) opinions on further promoting the healthy development of capital market (GF [2014] No. 17)
revision / amendment Situation: the measures for the administration of private equity crowdfunding financing has not been released
CIRC approval
19. Insurance
main business: property insurance, life insurance, universal insurance; Major laws at home and abroad: Insurance Law of the people's Republic of China (revised in 2015)
20 Insurance brokerage
main business: insurance intermediary service
main law: Insurance Law of the people's Republic of China
approval by other authorities
21. Small loan company
approval authority: provincial financial office
main business: non mortgage loan, mortgage loan, mortgage loan, etc The main laws are as follows:
(1) guiding opinions on the pilot of small loan companies (No.23 [2008] of China Banking Regulatory Commission)
(2) measures for the administration of small loan companies (Draft for comments)
22. Financing guarantee
approval authority: provincial financial office
main business: loan guarantee L / C guarantee, etc.
main laws:
(1) Interim Measures for the administration of financing guarantee companies (Order No. 3, 2010, issued by seven ministries and commissions including CBRC)
23. Financial leasing
examination and approval authority: Ministry of commerce
main business: foreign investment financial leasing Domestic financial leasing
main laws:
(1) measures for the supervision and administration of financial leasing enterprises (Shang Liu Tong Fa [2013] No. 337)
(2) Notice on issues related to engaging in financial leasing business (Shang Jian Fa [2004] No. 560)
(3) measures for the administration of foreign investment leasing instry (2015 Amendment)
revision / modification: at the beginning of 2016, The Ministry of Commerce launched the revision of the measures for the supervision and administration of financial leasing enterprises< Commercial factoring
24. Approval authority: Ministry of Commerce
main business: accounts receivable financing, management, collection, repayment guarantee
main laws:
(1) contract law
(2) Company Law
(3) property law
(4) measures for the administration of commercial factoring enterprises (Trial) (Draft for comments)
(5) laws on foreign investment Administrative regulations
25. Pawnbroking Business
approval authority: Ministry of Commerce
main business: Pawnbroking Business
main laws:
(1) measures for the administration of pawnbroking (Decree No. 8 of 2005 of Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of public security)
(2) Regulations on the supervision of pawnbroking instry (Shang Liu Tong Fa [2012] No. 423)

2. Nobel was unmarried and childless all his life. For most of his life, he suffered from disease. He had two famous sayings: "I care more about the belly of the living than the memory of the dead in the form of a monument."“ I don't see that I deserve any credit and I'm not interested in it< On December 10, 1896, Nobel died in sanlima, Italy, at the age of 63
Nobel's tombstone is a gray Obelisk about 3 meters high, which looks very common. The front of the tombstone is engraved with "Nobel" and the date of Nobel's birth and death. On both sides of the tombstone are the names and birth and death of Nobel's four relatives. On the ground to the right of the tombstone, there is a number plate: 170 / 1678. Around are 10 cypress trees more than one person tall. There is no portrait of Nobel on the monument (it is said that there was only one portrait of Nobel before he died), no ostentatious carving, no glory about him in human history! Everyone who knows Nobel, standing in front of his grave, will feel the shock of this simplicity
in the history of world science, there is such a great scientist: he not only devoted all his life energy to the cause of science, but also left a will behind him to donate all his heritage to the cause of science, so as to reward future generations and strive to climb the peak of science. Today, the science award named after him has become the world's highest science award. His name, together with the achievements of human beings in scientific exploration, will forever remain in the history of human civilization. This great scientist is the famous Swedish chemist Alfred Bernhard Nobel
it is little known that Nobel was also a playwright, but his only play was not published until he was in danger. Unfortunately, his works are regarded as "defamatory and blasphemous". Almost all of them were destroyed after Nobel's death, and only three of them survived. It was not until 2003 that the first surviving edition was published in Sweden. Apart from Esperanto, the play has not been translated into other languages, including English.

3. Just recently ~ ~ John Nash, the hero in the beautiful heart, got schizophrenia. He thought he had a roommate named Charles, but found that he was the only one in his dormitory, and Charles was just a person he imagined. However, the hero in this movie only finds out that he is really suffering from this disease by himself, because with the growth of age, a little girl he fancied has not grown up, and the inference based on this is not consistent with the information given by LZ.

4. Introction to Nobel Prize

Nobel
noble, Alfred Bernhard, Swedish chemist. Born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833, died in San Remo, Italy on December 10, 1896. Nobel went to live in St. Petersburg with his family in 1842. In 1850, he went to Paris to study chemistry for one year, and then worked under J. Ericsson for four years. After returning to St. Petersburg, he worked in his father's factory< In 1859, Nobel began to study nitroglycerin, but in 1864, the factory exploded. In order to prevent accidents in the future, Nobel will absorb nitroglycerin in inert substances, the use of relatively safe. Nobel called it Dana explosive and patented it in 1867. In 1875, Nobel mixed collodion (cellulose hexanitrate) with nitroglycerin to get a gelatinous substance, which is called dynamite. It has stronger explosive power than Dana explosive. It was patented in 1876. In 1887, Nobel developed smokeless explosive. He has many other inventions, patented by manufacturers of synthetic rubber, leather and rayon

Nobel has accumulated great wealth in oil fields and explosive proction. At the time of his death, he used most of his legacy as a fund and awarded the Nobel Prize to those who had made great contributions to mankind in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace in the previous year with the interest of about US $200000, which was first awarded in 1901. Since 1968, the Nobel Prize in economics has been added and funded by the National Bank of Sweden
the Nobel Prize is based on the foundation established by a-b-nobel's will (since 1969, the number of awards has increased from five to six), and is awarded by four institutions (three in Sweden and one in Norway) every year. It was first awarded on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death. According to Nobel's legacy, the prize should be awarded annually to "the person who made the greatest contribution to mankind in the previous year" in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. The Swedish bank added an economic science prize in 1968 and awarded it for the first time in 1969

the Royal Caroline Institute of medicine

the awarding institutions mentioned by Nobel in his will are: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Physics and chemistry prize), the Royal Caroline Institute of surgery (Physiology or medicine prize) and the Swedish Academy of Arts (literature prize) in Stockholm, and the Royal Caroline Institute of surgery (Physiology or medicine prize) in Oslo The Nobel prize evaluation committee (Peace Prize) appointed by the Norwegian Parliament, and the Swedish Academy of Sciences also supervise the awarding of economics. The Nobel Foundation, established to implement the terms of the will, is the legal owner and actual manager of the foundation, and is the joint management organization of the awarding organizations. However, it does not participate in the deliberation or decision of the award, and its deliberation is entirely in the charge of the above four organizations. Each award includes a gold medal, a certificate and a bonus; The amount of bonus depends on the income of the foundation. Economics awards are awarded in the same way and in the same monetary value<

the work of selecting the winners began in the early autumn of the previous year, and the awarding units first sent out invitation cards to those institutions that have the ability to propose candidates according to the regulations of the Nobel Prize. The basis of selection is professional ability and international reputation; The nominees are not eligible. The nomination of a candidate must be notified to the relevant committee in writing before February 1 of the year in which the award is decided

starting from February 1 of each year, six Nobel prize evaluation committees, each responsible for one award, will start the selection work according to the nomination. If necessary, the committee may invite relevant experts from any country to participate in the selection. During the period from September to early October, the committee will submit the recommendation to the relevant awarding institutions; It is only in rare cases that the issue is put on hold. The awarding units must make a final decision before November 15. The committee's recommendations are usually followed. But it's not static. The deliberation and voting at all stages are concted in secret. Awards are given to indivials only, with the exception of peace awards, which can also be given to institutions. Candidates can only be nominated in their lifetime, but formal awards can be awarded after death, such as d-hammarskj? LD's 1961 Peace Prize and e-a-calvert's 1931 literature prize. Once the award has been assessed, it can not be overturned because of any objection. The official support for a candidate, whether diplomatic or political, has nothing to do with the award, because the awarding institution has nothing to do with the country<

the Nobel Prize Medal

a prize may be given to one person, or shared equally between the two kinds of achievements at most, or shared jointly by two or more people (never more than three people in fact), sometimes a prize will be kept until the next year; If the bonus is not awarded in the next year, it will be returned to the foundation. When the bonus is neither awarded nor retained, it will also be returned to the foundation. In this way, in the same academic field, there will be two bonuses in a year, that is, the bonus left in the previous year and the bonus of this year. If the winner refuses or fails to receive the prize before the specified date, the prize will be returned to the foundation. There have been cases of rejecting the prize and the government forbidding people from receiving the Nobel Prize, but the winners are still included in the list of Nobel Prize winners, with the words "rejecting the prize". The motives of not accepting the prize may be different, but the real reason is mostly external pressure; For example, Hitler's 1937 decree banned the German from receiving the Nobel Prize because he considered the peace prize awarded to c-osietsky in 1935 an insult. No matter what the reason is, the person who has refused to receive the Nobel medal and certificate can receive the Nobel prize when he explains his situation and applies, but he can not receive the prize. The prize has been returned to the foundation

if no one can meet the conditions required in the Nobel will or the world situation hinders the collection of selection information (such as ring the first World War and the Second World War), the award will be retained or stopped. The award is open to all regardless of nationality, race, religion or ideology. The same winner can win multiple awards without restriction. *** Winners usually go to receive the prize in person

the general rules governing awards have been set out in Nobel's will. In 1900, the executor, the representative of the awarding unit and the Nobel family reached an agreement on the supplementary provisions for the interpretation and execution of the will, which was approved by the king of Sweden at the Privy Council. These regulations remain unchanged in general, with only some modifications in practical application; The foundation of appraising economic awards is scientific, that is, mathematical or statistical, rather than political or social. The first two winners of the economics prize, economist Frisch and Ding Bergen, were awarded the prize for their work in econometrics, that is, the analysis of economic activities using mathematical formulas

6. Noble, Alfred Bernhard, Swedish chemist. Born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833, died in San Remo, Italy on December 10, 1896. Nobel went to live in St. Petersburg with his family in 1842. In 1850, he went to Paris to study chemistry for one year, and then worked under J. Ericsson for four years. After returning to St. Petersburg, he worked in his father's factory< In 1859, Nobel began to study nitroglycerin, but in 1864, the factory exploded. In order to prevent accidents in the future, Nobel will absorb nitroglycerin in inert substances, the use of relatively safe. Nobel called it Dana explosive and patented it in 1867. In 1875, Nobel mixed collodion (cellulose hexanitrate) with nitroglycerin to get a gelatinous substance, which is called dynamite. It has stronger explosive power than Dana explosive. It was patented in 1876. In 1887, Nobel developed smokeless explosive. He has many other inventions, patented by manufacturers of synthetic rubber, leather and rayon

Nobel has accumulated great wealth in oil fields and explosive proction. At the time of his death, he used most of his legacy as a fund and awarded the Nobel Prize to those who had made great contributions to mankind in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace in the previous year with the interest of about US $200000, which was first awarded in 1901. Since 1968, the Nobel Prize in economics has been added and funded by the National Bank of Sweden
the Nobel Prize is based on the foundation established by a-b-nobel's will (since 1969, the number of awards has increased from five to six), and is awarded by four institutions (three in Sweden and one in Norway) every year. It was first awarded on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death. According to Nobel's legacy, the prize should be awarded annually to "the person who made the greatest contribution to mankind in the previous year" in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. The Swedish bank added an economic science prize in 1968 and awarded it for the first time in 1969

the Royal Caroline Institute of medicine

the awarding institutions mentioned by Nobel in his will are: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Physics and chemistry prize), the Royal Caroline Institute of surgery (Physiology or medicine prize) and the Swedish Academy of Arts (literature prize) in Stockholm, and the Royal Caroline Institute of surgery (Physiology or medicine prize) in Oslo The Nobel prize evaluation committee (Peace Prize) appointed by the Norwegian Parliament, and the Swedish Academy of Sciences also supervise the awarding of economics. The Nobel Foundation, established to implement the terms of the will, is the legal owner and actual manager of the foundation, and is the joint management organization of the awarding organizations. However, it does not participate in the deliberation or decision of the award, and its deliberation is entirely in the charge of the above four organizations. Each award includes a gold medal, a certificate and a bonus; The amount of bonus depends on the income of the foundation. Economics awards are awarded in the same way and in the same monetary value<

the work of selecting the winners began in the early autumn of the previous year, and the awarding units first sent out invitation cards to those institutions that have the ability to propose candidates according to the regulations of the Nobel Prize. The basis of selection is professional ability and international reputation; The nominees are not eligible. The nomination of a candidate must be notified to the relevant committee in writing before February 1 of the year in which the award is decided

starting from February 1 of each year, six Nobel prize evaluation committees, each responsible for one award, will start the selection work according to the nomination. If necessary, the committee may invite relevant experts from any country to participate in the selection. During the period from September to early October, the committee will submit the recommendation to the relevant awarding institutions; It is only in rare cases that the issue is put on hold. The awarding units must make a final decision before November 15. The committee's recommendations are usually followed. But it's not static. The deliberation and voting at all stages are concted in secret. Awards are given to indivials only, with the exception of peace awards, which can also be given to institutions. Candidates can only be nominated in their lifetime, but formal awards can be awarded after death, such as d-hammarskj? LD's 1961 Peace Prize and e-a-calvert's 1931 literature prize. Once the award has been assessed, it can not be overturned because of any objection. The official support for a candidate, whether diplomatic or political, has nothing to do with the award, because the awarding institution has nothing to do with the country<

the Nobel Prize Medal

a prize may be given to one person, or shared equally between the two kinds of achievements at most, or shared jointly by two or more people (never more than three people in fact), sometimes a prize will be kept until the next year; If the bonus is not awarded in the next year, it will be returned to the foundation. When the bonus is neither awarded nor retained, it will also be returned to the foundation. In this way, in the same academic field, there will be two bonuses in a year, that is, the bonus left in the previous year and the bonus of this year. If the winner refuses or fails to receive the prize before the specified date, the prize will be returned to the foundation. There have been cases of rejecting the prize and the government forbidding people from receiving the Nobel Prize, but the winners are still included in the list of Nobel Prize winners, with the words "rejecting the prize". The motives of not accepting the prize may be different, but the real reason is mostly external pressure; For example, Hitler's 1937 decree banned the German from receiving the Nobel Prize because he considered the peace prize awarded to c-osietsky in 1935 an insult. No matter what the reason is, the person who has refused to receive the Nobel medal and certificate can receive the Nobel prize when he explains his situation and applies, but he can not receive the prize. The prize has been returned to the foundation

if no one can meet the conditions required in the Nobel will or the world situation hinders the collection of selection information (such as ring the first World War and the Second World War), the award will be retained or stopped. The award is open to all regardless of nationality, race, religion or ideology. The same winner can win multiple awards without restriction. *** Winners usually go to receive the prize in person

the general rules governing awards have been set out in Nobel's will. In 1900, the executor, the representative of the awarding unit and the Nobel family reached an agreement on the supplementary provisions for the interpretation and execution of the will, which was approved by the king of Sweden at the Privy Council. These regulations remain unchanged in general, with only some modifications in practical application; The foundation of appraising economic awards is scientific, that is, mathematical or statistical, rather than political or social. The first two winners of the economics prize, economist Frisch and Ding Bergen, were awarded the prize for their work in econometrics, that is, the analysis of economic activities using mathematical formulas

7. 02968888522

8. Materials:
Introction to Nobel Prize

Nobel
noble, Alfred Bernhard, Swedish chemist. Born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833, died in San Remo, Italy on December 10, 1896. Nobel went to live in St. Petersburg with his family in 1842. In 1850, he went to Paris to study chemistry for one year, and then worked under J. Ericsson for four years. After returning to St. Petersburg, he worked in his father's factory< In 1859, Nobel began to study nitroglycerin, but in 1864, the factory exploded. In order to prevent accidents in the future, Nobel will absorb nitroglycerin in inert substances, the use of relatively safe. Nobel called it Dana explosive and patented it in 1867. In 1875, Nobel mixed collodion (cellulose hexanitrate) with nitroglycerin to get a gelatinous substance, which is called dynamite. It has stronger explosive power than Dana explosive. It was patented in 1876. In 1887, Nobel developed smokeless explosive. He has many other inventions, patented by manufacturers of synthetic rubber, leather and rayon

Nobel has accumulated great wealth in oil fields and explosive proction. At the time of his death, he used most of his legacy as a fund and awarded the Nobel Prize to those who had made great contributions to mankind in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace in the previous year with the interest of about US $200000, which was first awarded in 1901. Since 1968, the Nobel Prize in economics has been added and funded by the National Bank of Sweden
the Nobel Prize is based on the foundation established by a-b-nobel's will (since 1969, the number of awards has increased from five to six), and is awarded by four institutions (three in Sweden and one in Norway) every year. It was first awarded on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death. According to Nobel's legacy, the prize should be awarded annually to "the person who made the greatest contribution to mankind in the previous year" in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. The Swedish bank added an economic science prize in 1968 and awarded it for the first time in 1969

the Royal Caroline Institute of medicine

the awarding institutions mentioned by Nobel in his will are: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Physics and chemistry prize), the Royal Caroline Institute of surgery (Physiology or medicine prize) and the Swedish Academy of Arts (literature prize) in Stockholm, and the Royal Caroline Institute of surgery (Physiology or medicine prize) in Oslo The Nobel prize evaluation committee (Peace Prize) appointed by the Norwegian Parliament, and the Swedish Academy of Sciences also supervise the awarding of economics. The Nobel Foundation, established to implement the terms of the will, is the legal owner and actual manager of the foundation, and is the joint management organization of the awarding organizations. However, it does not participate in the deliberation or decision of the award, and its deliberation is entirely in the charge of the above four organizations. Each award includes a gold medal, a certificate and a bonus; The amount of bonus depends on the income of the foundation. Economics awards are awarded in the same way and in the same monetary value<

the work of selecting the winners began in the early autumn of the previous year, and the awarding units first sent out invitation cards to those institutions that have the ability to propose candidates according to the regulations of the Nobel Prize. The basis of selection is professional ability and international reputation; The nominees are not eligible. The nomination of a candidate must be notified to the relevant committee in writing before February 1 of the year in which the award is decided

starting from February 1 of each year, six Nobel prize evaluation committees, each responsible for one award, will start the selection work according to the nomination. If necessary, the committee may invite relevant experts from any country to participate in the selection. During the period from September to early October, the committee will submit the recommendation to the relevant awarding institutions; It is only in rare cases that the issue is put on hold. The awarding units must make a final decision before November 15. The committee's recommendations are usually followed. But it's not static. The deliberation and voting at all stages are concted in secret. Awards are given to indivials only, with the exception of peace awards, which can also be given to institutions. Candidates can only be nominated in their lifetime, but formal awards can be awarded after death, such as d-hammarskj? LD's 1961 Peace Prize and e-a-calvert's 1931 literature prize. Once the award has been assessed, it can not be overturned because of any objection. The official support for a candidate, whether diplomatic or political, has nothing to do with the award, because the awarding institution has nothing to do with the country<

the Nobel Prize Medal

a prize may be given to one person, or shared equally between the two kinds of achievements at most, or shared jointly by two or more people (never more than three people in fact), sometimes a prize will be kept until the next year; If the bonus is not awarded in the next year, it will be returned to the foundation. When the bonus is neither awarded nor retained, it will also be returned to the foundation. In this way, in the same academic field, there will be two bonuses in a year, that is, the bonus left in the previous year and the bonus of this year. If the winner refuses or fails to receive the prize before the specified date, the prize will be returned to the foundation. There have been cases of rejecting the prize and the government forbidding people from receiving the Nobel Prize, but the winners are still included in the list of Nobel Prize winners, with the words "rejecting the prize". The motives of not accepting the prize may be different, but the real reason is mostly external pressure; For example, Hitler's 1937 decree banned the German from receiving the Nobel Prize because he considered the peace prize awarded to c-osietsky in 1935 an insult. No matter what the reason is, the person who has refused to receive the Nobel medal and certificate can receive the Nobel prize when he explains his situation and applies, but he can not receive the prize. The prize has been returned to the foundation

if no one can meet the conditions required in the Nobel will or the world situation hinders the collection of selection information (such as ring the first World War and the Second World War), the award will be retained or stopped. The award is open to all regardless of nationality, race, religion or ideology. The same winner can win multiple awards without restriction. *** Winners usually go to receive the prize in person

the general rules governing awards have been set out in Nobel's will. In 1900, the executor, the representative of the awarding unit and the Nobel family reached an agreement on the supplementary provisions for the interpretation and execution of the will, which was approved by the king of Sweden at the Privy Council. These regulations remain unchanged in general, with only some modifications in practical application; The foundation of appraising economic awards is scientific, that is, mathematical or statistical, rather than political or social. The first two winners of the economics prize, economist Frisch and Ding Bergen, were awarded the prize for their work in econometrics, that is, the analysis of economic activities using mathematical formulas
why: contribute to science!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

9. 中文片名
美丽心灵

英文片名
A Beautiful Mind

更多中文片名
美丽境界台湾
有你终生美丽 (香港)

有你终身美丽香港

影片类型
剧情 / 悬疑 / 传记

片长
135 min

国家/地区
美国

对白语言
英语

色彩
彩色

混音
杜比数码环绕声 DTS SDDS

评级
Rated PG-13 for intense thematic material, sexual content and a scene of violence.

级别
Singapore:PG Argentina:13 Australia:M Netherlands:12 USA:PG-13 Sweden:11 France:U Peru:14 Spain:T Finland:K-11 UK:12 Norway:11 Germany:12 Iceland:12 Brazil:12 Canada:14A Hong Kong:IIA Hungary:14 Ireland:12 South Korea:12 Switzerland:12 Malaysia:U Philippines:R-18

演职员表
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导演
朗·霍华德 Ron Howard

编剧
阿齐瓦·高斯曼 Akiva Goldsman .....(written by)
Sylvia Nasar .....(book)

演员
罗素·克劳 Russell Crowe .....John Nash
詹妮弗·康纳利 Jennifer Connelly .....Alicia Nash
艾德·哈里斯 Ed Harris .....Parcher
克里斯托弗·普卢默 Christopher Plummer .....Dr. Rosen
保罗·贝坦尼 Paul Bettany .....Charles
亚当·戈德堡 Adam Goldberg .....Sol
乔什·卢卡斯 Josh Lucas .....Hansen
雷吉·奥斯汀 Reggie Austin .....Pen Ceremony Professor (uncredited)
朗·霍华德 Ron Howard .....Man at Gouverners Ball (uncredited)
Anthony Rapp .....Bender

制作人
布莱恩·格雷泽 Brian Grazer .....procer
朗·霍华德 Ron Howard .....procer
Todd Hallowell .....executive procer
Karen Kehela .....executive procer
Kathleen McGill .....associate procer
Maureen Peyrot .....co-procer
Aldric La'Auli Porter .....associate procer
Louisa Velis .....associate procer

原创音乐
詹姆斯·霍纳 James Horner

摄影
罗杰·迪根斯 Roger Deakins .....(director of photography)

剪辑
Daniel P. Hanley .....(as Dan Hanley)
Mike Hill

选角导演
Janet Hirshenson
Jane Jenkins .....Code Red Nurse (as JJ Chaback)

艺术指导
Wynn Thomas

美术设计
Robert Guerra

布景师
Leslie E. Rollins .....(as Leslie Rollins)

服装设计
Rita Ryack

视觉特效
Kevin Scott Mack .....Digital Domain (as Kevin Mack)

副导演/助理导演
Joe Burns .....first assistant director: second unit
Kristin Cameron .....second assistant director (as Kristen Bernstein)
Noreen R. Cheleden .....second second assistant director
Jane Ferguson .....dga trainee
Todd Hallowell .....executive procer
Aldric La'Auli Porter .....associate procer
Shea Rowan .....second assistant director: second unit

制作发行
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摄影机
Arriflex 535, Cooke S4 Lenses

洗印厂
DeLuxe, USA

摄制格式
35 mm (Kodak)

制作处理方法
Spherical

洗印格式
35 mm

胶片长度
3766 m (Spain)

幅面
35毫米遮幅宽银幕系统

制作公司
梦工厂 DreamWorks SKG [美国]
Imagine Entertainment [美国]

发行公司
环球影业 Universal Pictures [美国] ..... (2006) (USA) (theatrical)
梦工厂电影发行公司 DreamWorks Distribution LLC [美国] ..... (2001-2002) (Non-USA) (theatrical) (through UIP)
环球影业(UIP) United International Pictures (UIP) ..... (2002) (Non-USA) (theatrical)
East West [俄罗斯] ..... (Russia)
United International Pictures (UIP) GmbH [德国] ..... (2006) (Germany) (theatrical)
United International Pictures (UIP) [瑞士] ..... (2006) (Switzerland) (theatrical)
United International Pictures (UIP) [荷兰] ..... (2006) (Netherlands) (theatrical)
United International Pictures y Cía. S.R.C. [西班牙] ..... (2002) (Spain) (theatrical)

特技制作公司
Digital Domain [美国] ..... (special visual effects and digital animation)
Keith Vanderlaan's Captive Audience Proctions ..... (makeup effects)

其它公司
After Six Formal Wear ..... thanks (as After Six - Men's Apparel Group)
Apple Computer Inc. [美国] ..... thanks (as Apple Computers)
Artists Rights Society [美国] ..... "Auto Portrait with 7 Fingers" by Marc Chagall, &; 2001 courtesy of
Bayonne Local Redevelopment Authority [美国] ..... thanks
Ben Silver [美国] ..... thanks
Bill Dance Casting [美国] ..... extras casting
C-5 Inc. [美国] ..... foley recording studio (as C5 Inc.)
Camera Service Center [美国] ..... lighting
Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment [美国] ..... cranes and dollies (uncredited)
Decca Records [美国] ..... soundtrack published by
Early Halloween [美国] ..... thanks (as Early Halloween, Vintage Clothing, NYC)
Estee Lauder [美国] ..... thanks

上映日期
美国
USA
2001年12月21日 ..... (limited)

加拿大
Canada
2002年1月4日

美国
USA
2002年1月4日

法国
France
2002年2月13日

巴西
Brazil
2002年2月15日

阿根廷
Argentina
2002年2月21日

意大利
Italy
2002年2月22日

葡萄牙
Portugal
2002年2月22日

韩国
South Korea
2002年2月22日

西班牙
Spain
2002年2月22日

英国
UK
2002年2月22日

澳大利亚
Australia
2002年2月23日 ..... (BASC Film Festival)

俄罗斯
Russia
2002年2月27日

德国
Germany
2002年2月28日

香港
Hong Kong
2002年2月28日

匈牙利
Hungary
2002年2月28日

哥伦比亚
Colombia
2002年3月1日

挪威
Norway
2002年3月1日

澳大利亚
Australia
2002年3月7日

瑞典
Sweden
2002年3月8日

台湾
Taiwan
2002年3月8日

日本
Japan
2002年3月30日

墨西哥
Mexico
2002年6月8日 ..... (Cineteca Nacional)

创作背景
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约翰·纳什JOHN F.NASH美国人 (1928- )，由于他与另外两位数学家在非合作博弈的均衡分析理论方面做出了开创性的贡献，对博弈论和经济学产生了重大影响，而获得1994年诺贝尔经济奖

影片美丽心灵是一部以纳什的生平经历为基础而创作的人物传记片该片获得了奥斯卡金像奖，几乎包揽了2002年电影类的全球最高奖项影片主人公原型纳什因此而成为热门的公众人物

约翰·纳什生于1928年6月13日纳什小时孤独内向，虽然父母对他照顾有加，但老师认为他不合群不善社交纳什的数学天分大约在14岁开始展现纳什21岁博士毕业，他的一篇关于非合作博弈的博士论文和其他相关文章，确立了他博弈论大师的地位在20世纪50年代末，他已是闻名世界的科学家了由于博弈论、代数几何和非线性理论方面取得的成就，被财富杂志推举为同时活跃在纯粹数学和应用数学两个领域的天才数学家中最杰出的人物

可在盛名的顶峰，纳什得了精神分裂症，让他在以后的30年里，一直饱受思维与情绪错乱的困扰往昔才华横溢的天才少年，变成了一个衣着怪异、喜欢在黑板上乱写乱画，留下些稀奇古怪的信息，成为一个游荡在普林斯顿校园里的满怀忧伤的幽灵他的妻子艾利西亚———麻省理工学院物理系毕业生，表现出钢铁一般的意志：她挺过了丈夫被禁闭治疗、孤立无援的日子，走过了惟一儿子同样罹患精神分裂症的震惊与哀伤……漫长的半个世纪之后，她的耐心和毅力终于创下了了不起的奇迹：和她的儿子一样，纳什教授渐渐康复，并且因为在博弈论方面的奠基性工作，走上了1994年诺贝尔经济学的领奖台如今，纳什已经基本恢复正常，并重新开始科学研究他现在是普林斯顿大学数学教授，但已经不再任教学校经济学系经常会举办有关博弈论的论坛，纳什有时候会参加，但是他几乎从不发言，每次都是静静地来，静静地走

剧情介绍
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美丽心灵是一部关于一个真实天才的极富人性的剧情片故事的原型是数学家小约翰-福布斯-纳什(Jr.John Forbes Nash)英俊而又十分古怪的纳什早年就做出了惊人的数学发现，开始享有国际声誉但纳什出众的直觉受到了精神分裂症的困扰，使他向学术上最高层次进军的辉煌历程发生了巨大改变面对这个曾经击毁了许多人的挑战，纳什在深爱着的妻子艾丽西亚(Alicia)的相助下，毫不畏惧，顽强抗争经过了几十年的艰难努力，他终于战胜了这个不幸，并于1994年获得诺贝尔经学奖这是一个真人真事的传奇故事，今天纳什继续在他的领域中耕耘着

1947年小约翰-福布斯-纳什(罗素-克洛饰，Russell Crowe)进入普林斯顿大学学习并研究数学这个"神秘的来自西弗吉尼亚的天才"并没有上预备班的经历，也没有遗产或富足的亲戚资助他进入“常春藤盟校”(Ivy League)----但普林斯顿最具声誉的奖学金证明他确实属于普林斯顿这个团队

这对纳什或是对普林斯顿来说是很不容易的优雅的社会交际他根本不屑一顾，上课也提不起什么兴致他整天沉迷于一件事：寻找一个真正有创意的理论他深信这才是他应该