Christmas digital currency

The hottest things this year are "bitcoin", "Ethereum" and all kinds of cryptocurrencies, so hot that even aunts and uncles are about to start talking about them. It is no exaggeration to say that 2017 is the first year of the development of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology

as the underlying technology behind bitcoin, the concept of blockchain has only been mentioned in the past two or three years, although as early as 2009, "Nakamoto Tsung" released bitcoin. After this wave of digital currency boom, the concept of blockchain technology has really entered the eyes of all walks of life. I'm afraid it's too early to mention the wide application of blockchain technology, which is still in a very early stage of development. However, e to the arrival of the boom, many technicians and teams have contributed their efforts to build some blockchain concept projects“ Needless to say, as the first application of blockchain technology, bitcoin of "Zhongben cong" has realized the function of distributed ledger, which can realize the first decentralized value transmission of human beings. It can be said that it is "blockchain 1.0". Then Ethereum invented the smart contract, which extended the function of blockchain technology to build applications. It is well deserved to be defined as "blockchain 2.0". However, the blockchain concept projects that came out later did not realize this leap forward role, but only improved to a certain extent at the application level, so they can not be called "blockchain 3.0"

so what is "blockchain 3.0"? Maybe bitcoin OS is the answer: an operation system that is completely based on blockchain technology and follows the concept of blockchain technology. In the 1980s, before Microsoft released the windows operating system, personal computers and Internet technology were still in a non systematic state and could not be popularized. After the release, personal computers were allowed to enter ordinary people's homes, making PC and Internet universal application procts. Recently, bitcoin OS team announced the implementation of the bifurcations of bitcoin and Ethereum on Christmas day, so as to officially publish the plan of developing blockchain OS

anyone who knows a little bit about blockchain technology knows that bitcoin solves the problem of account book, while Ethereum is a smart contract to realize application expansion. Later, a team will launch a distributed storage project. But these systems with only a single functional mole are not "operating systems". The traditional definition of operating system is a huge management and control program, which includes five management functions: process and processor management, job management, storage management, device management and file management. In fact, the OS based on blockchain does not need to change all the five functional blocks into distributed ones, as long as the parts related to the external transmission of value and information can be decentralized and distributed. Therefore, the blockchain operating system should have at least three functions of "account system management, computing resource management and storage resource management", which can realize distributed ledger, edge computing and edge storage. Although it is still too early to define the instry standard in this way, bitcoin OS team is committed to realizing the blockchain OS possessed by these three functional blocks first, and then improving it through iteration

according to the bitcoin OS team, the name "bitcoin OS" is actually "blockchain OS", which is named after "bitcoin", which is also a tribute to the inventor "Satoshi Nakamoto". At present, from the technical details given by the bitcoin OS team, we may be able to see some aspects of this "blockchain 3.0" project

firstly, the management function of the account book system supports locating the ownership of resources according to the account ID, such as the private key; Computing resource management can obtain corresponding computing resources according to the demand, support edge computing, and share distributed computing power. In addition, storage resource management can use storage resources according to the demand, and support edge storage. Compared with bitcoin OS, Ethereum only supports account system and smart contract, which can not meet the distribution of distributed computing tasks. Ethereum only supports the fair execution of contract code, let alone the management of storage resources. So Ethereum is only a custom calculator

in addition, it is worth mentioning that bitcoin OS self customized enhanced smart contract. It supports two modes, which are more flexible and efficient

1. Central computing mode: the outgoing node is responsible for executing the smart contract, and both the incoming parameters and the output results support sipfs to be stored in the storage node

finally, we also need to mention the built-in sipfs super interstellar file system of bitcoin OS. Sipfs can realize the decentralized storage of technical input parameters and output parameters. At the same time, the file has a life cycle, and the DNA description of the file descriptor is recorded on the blockchain. The file descriptor of sipfs does not exist on the blockchain, but it will be stored in a separate file descriptor data file. After the end of the file life cycle, the blockchain will automatically delete the file descriptor, Realize the intelligent slimming of blockchain

"blockchain 3.0" is worth looking forward to, and bitcoin OS team, as the vanguard, is worth paying attention to and encouraging. We are looking forward to the real blockchain operating system

can't confirm

the ups and downs of the trading of the currency circle, which seems simple but contains the gateway! It is reported that BTC will continue to maintain the level of US $7800-7900 in January 2020 and wait for further outbreak. The current trend shows that bitcoin has begun to enter the rising channel in the next six months of 2020

1. Many institutions and companies will settle accounts at the end of the year, and most of them settle accounts in the form of legal currency

2. Christmas is a traditional festival in the west, which is equivalent to the Spring Festival in the East. At this time, users will throw money in exchange for legal money for consumption, and the capital will flow out

3. The Spring Festival is mostly from January to February of the Gregorian calendar, and China is a huge market for bitcoin, which has a great impact on the market. Before the Spring Festival, indivials and companies will sell a certain amount of money to prepare for the festival

now, it's 2020, and bitcoin has bottomed out twice. It's not known whether the low price has appeared and the best purchase price has been reached. However, judging from the recent performance of etc and BCH, the half price may have come. In addition, the escalating conflict between the United States and Iran and the instability of the international situation will accelerate the arrival of bitcoin bull market

Bitcoin is a kind of digital currency in the form of P2P. In the past four years, there were no more than 10.5 million bitcoin, and the total number will be permanently limited to 21 million. At the beginning of November this year, bitcoin was around us $5000. On December 17, bitcoin broke through the US $20000 mark. At Christmas, bitcoin fell by US $7000 to US $12612, equivalent to RMB 82541

there are many reasons for the sharp rise and fall of bitcoin . When bitcoin was first issued in 2009, it was only one cent, but now it is 12612 US dollars. At present, about 1.6 billion people own bitcoin, and more than 140000 have bitcoin wallets. This number is growing rapidly, and because the number of bitcoin is fixed, the penetration rate and other good news will make the price of bitcoin continue to rise. However, bitcoin is not only up but not down. CME and CBOE launched bitcoin futures trading, tightening of national policies, bitcoin theft and other factors will also cause bitcoin to fall. However, no matter how volatile the price of bitcoin is today, it seems too outrageous compared with the original price

Today, with the rapid development of information technology, real money is far from meeting people's demand for capital flow. virtual currency is the information flow or data flow that replaces the real currency in high technology. Virtual currency is different from check and telegraphic transfer. Virtual currency can not be transferred. At present, it can only be circulated in the network world. Virtual currency is released by each network machine, and there is no unified issuance and management standard. According to incomplete statistics, there are no less than 10 kinds of network virtual coins in circulation, such as Q coin, u coin and so on. Take Q coin as an example, with more than 300 million users. It is understood that the domestic Internet has a virtual currency market scale of several billion every year, and the growth rate is relatively large. Virtual currency is a newly emerging form of electronic currency in recent years. In essence, this kind of virtual currency is a form of goods. It is the result of a series of digital program algorithms through a series of mathematical algorithms. Virtual currency is also a kind of currency in essence, which can be used for trading

one Christmas, an editor of the financial times decided to buy bitcoin, a special Christmas gift for his parents. The reason is very simple. For the first time before Christmas, the value of bitcoin exceeded US $10000, which rose more than ten times in a year. Moreover, young people in Europe and the United States are talking about bitcoin. A survey found that 30% of the 20-30-year-old people in the United States have bought bitcoin. They don't know what bitcoin is, and they will definitely fall behind. The idea of taking bitcoin as a gift, on the one hand, can let oneself also try water in the coin circle, on the other hand, can also let the elderly parents play something new

as a result, the editor, who bought a $100 bitcoin, kept an eye on the market of the exchange every day ring the days when bitcoin jumped up and down, for fear that bitcoin would plunge into the water with his gift. On Christmas day, he spent half a day wrapping the electronic money of bitcoin for his father, and it took a lot of trouble to transfer the bought bitcoin as a gift to his father. After the transfer, he received the bill - the transfer cost was $30, which could be confirmed an hour later. Dad was very happy. He called in the new year to say that the bitcoin in his account had risen to 85 yuan

bitcoin is now the most popular cryptocurrency. To understand what bitcoin is, we need to explain it in several steps. First, it is cryptocurrency. Transactions are secure and will not be tampered with, because it relies on a technology called blockchain; Second, the blockchain technology is a kind of distributed general ledger that can safely record transactions, that is, a technology that stores transaction data on all networked computers, because each transaction needs at least half of the networked computers to confirm, so it ensures the security and transparency of transactions; Third, because of the use of distributed blockchain technology, bitcoin is different from the legal tender known as RMB or US dollar. It is no longer issued by the Central Bank of a country, there is no credit endorsement behind the country, there is no central authority to determine the currency value, and there is no central trading system to verify transactions

in 2016, the economist's cover article "trust machine", which introced "blockchain", was regarded by bitcoin insiders as a landmark event for bitcoin to enter the mainstream crowd According to the article of the economist, blockchain, as an emerging decentralized technology, has broad application prospects not only in the field of digital currency, but also in many fields such as supply chain, medical treatment, real estate transaction, etc

however, bitcoin has risen from less than $1000 in early 2017 to a maximum of $20000. Although this round of rise has made it a household investment, it is further and further away from the digital currency as a substitute for legal tender

if measured by the three main functions of currency, bitcoin can not shoulder any of them. The three main intelligences are value reserve, circulation means and pricing unit. Let's see why one by one

let's look at the stored value method first. The price of bitcoin has been soaring all the way. Recently, there is a roller coaster market. The price often fluctuates 20% to 30% in one day. If bitcoin is used as a value reserve, the volatility will obviously make people nervous: if you bought a car with bitcoin in January last year, the same amount of bitcoin will be enough for you to buy the most expensive sports car in January this year

then why can bitcoin Soar so much? In fact, the reason can be described in one word: fomo, which is the abbreviation for fear of missing out. Every one of us is afraid of missing this opportunity to make a fortune. If the story of people around us who are speculating in bitcoin and suddenly become a billionaire spreads, more and more people will buy bitcoin because of the money making effect. There are so many examples of such rapid bubbles in history. If many investors buy an illiquid asset, the price may double. p>

but fomo belongs to fomo, and the blockchain behind bitcoin has great potential, which is why the economist calls it a "credit machine"

some people regard blockchain as the future Internet. But the problem is that the application of blockchain in various fields mentioned above can be completed with centralized database. Blockchain has not brought advanced technology, and even has bottlenecks in the speed and frequency of transactions at this stage. So why do you do that? The answer lies in the concept of decentralization. Centralization means that all data are placed in a core database. When the database becomes larger and larger, it will face more and more security risks. Similarly, for each indivial, if data concentration in a center also gives the center great power, how to ensure that this power is not abused? Blockchain technology is the representative of "decentralized" technology. Decentralization, as the name suggests, means that there is no longer a core, no longer a center that commands and has authority, but a new organizational mode of decentralization, in which every participant is equal

therefore, the driving force behind the promotion of blockchain applications is actually to achieve a certain balance between the core and the public, that is, between the center and the decentralization. Another problem that centralization may lead to is that platform dominance will curb competition, just as our digital economy has been dominated by faang and bat. The United States is Facebook, Amazon, apple, Netflix and Google, let alone bat in China. The decentralized model dominated by blockchain can encourage the creation of new competitive markets

another point is also very important. Many experts hope to automate more processes by virtue of the transparent and tamper resistant characteristics of the data on the blockchain, as well as the characteristics of its smart contract, such as completing a transaction when a certain agreed condition is reached, and auditing the process at the same time. This feature of blockchain is particularly effective in some markets with corrupt government and lack of rules, which is why there are real estate transaction applications based on blockchain in some Latin American countries

look back at bitcoin and the explosive but problematic ICO market. Both experts and people in the instry are talking about the word "token", which is the meaning of adding a token to the chain. Bitcoin mania tells us how amazing fomo's wealth effect is. However, some experts believe that the blockchain with token can better motivate the participants to find the potential security risks on the public chain and make the blockchain based applications more efficient

In March 1975, my old friend Baum informed watts that "a group of people who make TV and video terminal equipment will hold a party", which is actually the first party of "home brew computer club" in Silicon Valley. Woz got a technical specification document imitating the Intel 8008 microprocessor from the party and was surprised to find that it was not far away from the cream soda computer he designed five years ago. His dream of self-made computer was once again inspired. Earlier, Watts had designed a terminal that could connect to the ARPA network (the predecessor of the Internet today) to type and instantly return characters to the screen. In the era when computers were still full of light bulbs and switches, Watts planned to combine computers, screens and keyboards to make unprecedented innovations. On the night of the first party, Watts finished the design sketch of apple I (not named at that time) on paper. At the second party, he sent out the design sketch for communication. At the beginning, he used the Motorola 6800 as the microprocessor by default. Later, he found the specification compatibility at the Western Electronic Show and convention in San Francisco in June 1975, The price of MOS 6502 microprocessor is reced by half
when everything is ready, Watts uses his off hours to assemble apple I in HP's office. At that time, when the computer was turned on, it would not move for half an hour. Based on his experience in developing calculators at HP (calculators must be in standby mode as soon as they are turned on and ready to accept arithmetic instructions), Watts wrote a polling monitoring program in read-only memory to facilitate the communication between the computer and peripheral devices (keyboards). After a series of troubleshooting tests, At 10 o'clock on June 29, 1975, the characters entered by the keyboard were displayed on the screen of apple I, and the history of personal computer opened a new page. At the end of 1975, jobs proposed to Woz to set up a company to sell printed circuit boards so that computer enthusiasts could assemble them by themselves. At first, Woz held a reservation. Later, jobs convinced him with "even if we lose money, at least we have owned a company in our life.". Mr. jobs asked Ron Wayne, a colleague of Atari, to help with his paperwork. They shared 10% of his shares. The company was named "Apple Computer" after Mr. Jobs's apple garden commune, which participated in the new era movement in Oregon. It was officially established on April 1, 1976
at that time, Paul Terry opened his first personal computer retail store "byte shop" in Shanjing city. Terry participated in the homemade computer club and saw watts show Apple I. jobs quickly got the company's first order from him and reached a 30 day grace period with chip distributors for batch shipment. Before that, Watts also made a number of improvements for apple I, including the use of dynamic random access memory chips and tape storage media. Apple I sells for $666.66 (wholesale price of $500 plus 30% profit), and only supplies bare boards when it ships, so Teri has to put the motherboard into a Polynesian Acacia box by herself, and provide customers with additional screens, transformers and keyboards. By the end of 1976, apple I had sold about 150 units, and its first year revenue was nearly $80000. After the completion of apple I, Watts began to design Apple II. For the first time, he and jobs argued that Apple II should be given more expansion capabilities and more slots. Their relationship deteriorated. Finally, Apple II not only has the ability to handle color and sound effects, but also can be used with game controllers. It is the first computer with built-in basic language, And there are eight slots. In August 1976, Apple II's circuit board was completed, and watts successfully played the brick game on the computer with basic language. In order to match the plastic shell, jobs also asked his colleague rod hlot of Atari to design the switching power supply, which improved the high heat defect of the traditional linear power supply and reced the noise
in the summer of 1976, the two began to look for sources of funds. After they ran into a wall everywhere, they set up with Mike Makula, a retail venture capitalist. Marcula finally invested $91000 in cash and $250000 in personal guaranteed credit. On January 3, 1977, he officially made apple a legal entity. Marcula was the president of apple and hired Mike Scott, the director of National Semiconctor Corporation of the United States, as the first CEO of apple. Watts was asked to resign from HP, He and jobs became full-time employees of apple. Apple II also made its official debut at the West Coast computer show in San Francisco in January, and sold 300 units within a few months. Since then, sales have been booming
in December 1977, with Apple II's application software (mostly games) springing up in the market, marcula asked watts to develop a flexible disk function for Apple II in a meeting to speed up the data reading speed. Taking the 5.25-inch floppy disk drive of shujiate as the research object, Watts designed the control interface card of the floppy disk drive two weeks before the launch of the international consumer electronics show in Las Vegas on Christmas day. From 1978 to 1979, the sales volume of Apple II increased significantly, from 1000 to 10000 units per month. During this period, Watts worked in the proct development of apple computer. In 1980, the value of Apple's shares rose by leaps and bounds. Woz felt that his colleagues in the company had paid a lot, so he launched a "Woz plan". He sold nearly one-third of his 80000 shares to the company's employees at a low price of $5 per share, and gave them to the early entrepreneurs, each with a million dollars worth of shares. Jobs didn't think much of it. Woz used the money to buy a villa in the mountains. However, material wealth could not make up for the broken marriage. At the end of the year, his marriage with his first wife, Alice, ended peacefully< On December 12, 1980, four days after John Lennon was shot dead by crazy fans, apple computer's shares were officially listed on the Nasdaq Stock Exchange, and 4.6 million shares were sold out in an hour. It became the most oversubscribed first public offering of Ford Motor Company since it was listed on the list of Fortune 500 companies. In September 2000, Watts was officially listed in the National Inventors Hall of fame. In 2001, Woz founded Zeus Wheel Co., Ltd., which is engaged in the research and development of wireless global positioning system technology. In 2002, Watts joined the board of ripcord networks and invested in a new telecommunications business with former Apple friends Alan Hancock, Jill Amelio, Mike Connor and Zeus wheel partner Alice felting. In the same year, Watts joined the board of directors of danger, a company that developed and designed the handheld computer Hiptop< In May 2004, nominated by Dr. Tom Miller, Watts received an honorary degree of doctor of science from North Carolina State University, an honorary degree of doctor of engineering from catling University, Michigan, and an honorary degree of doctor of science from Southeast University, Nova, Florida for his outstanding contribution to personal computers
in 2006, Zeus wheel ended its business, and watts turned to the partnership with Apple's old friends Alan Hancock and Jill Amelio to establish "Iquique technology", which specializes in acquiring and developing other technology companies. In September of the same year, Woz and Gina Smith co authored and published his autobiography iwoz: I am Woz. At present, he is writing three books, one of which is about pranks
in 2010, in season 4 of the big bang theory, Steve Wozniak also played a cameo role in himself, and the screenwriter expressed his respect for Steve Wozniak through the words of Sheldon, the protagonist of the show, which has mocked Apple's procts and employees more than once before, thus showing its great influence. Wozniak joined planet capital, a bitcoin based digital currency blockchain company, in May 2015. Planet capital, a multi-functional ATM operator, has announced that Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak has joined its board of directors as a consultant and director, cointelegraph South Africa reported
ctodan Sokol of the company confirmed the news to cointelegraph, which is a decisive step in the development of the relationship between Woz and blockchain. "It's very valuable to have a creative engineer like Woz give us advice," Sokol said
planet capital is located in Los Angeles. Its ATM can be used as both a legal currency ATM and a two-way digital currency ATM. The company says its goal is to change the self-service payment market. "Having an all star team focused on developing our patented IP, blockchain technology, next generation ATMs, unique network architecture and advanced wallet solutions will make us a breakthrough in the payment instry," CEO A. Lyle Elias said in a news release on Tuesday
Woz's becoming a member of the "All Star" team is very eye-catching, which has aroused people's curiosity about the relationship between the blockchain and the application "Apple pay" developed by apple. Planet capital's ambition to launch a multi-functional ATM is obvious. Its board members include Steve Mayer, founder of Atari, reed hunt, FCC chairman of Clinton administration, former chief financial officer of Carlyle Group, John Harris, former IBM / Seagate executive and Ken Hardesty
Lee caplin, chairman of the board, said: "my think tank includes some Silicon Valley heavyweights." In addition to the traditional ATM function, the machine allows customers to pay bills, allows suppliers to process point of sale transactions, allows mobile phone charges to top up, and allows businesses to sell gift cards

As political chaos continues in Venezuela, US President trump warned on the 17th that if Venezuelan President Maro insists on holding the election of the constituent assembly on the 30th of this month, the US side will quickly impose severe economic sanctions on Venezuela