Digital currency versus exchange rate
For atoms: the number of electrons and protons is the number of elements. For example, h is element 1, which contains one electron and one proton
The neutron number should know the mass number. If you haven't learned this yet, the mass number can be simply regarded as the relative atomic mass, the number of neutrons = the relative atomic mass minus the number of protons. For example, if O is element 8, it has eight electrons and eight protons. Relative to the atomic mass of 16, the number of neutrons = 16-8 = 8for ions, protons and neutrons are exactly the same as above, and electrons change, gain more and lose less. The method is similar
the number of electrons outside the nucleus = atomic number = proton number inside the nucleus = nuclear charge number (the number of electrons outside the nucleus of an ion = atomic number (sum) - charge number)
the maximum number of electrons held by each electron layer is 2n ^ 2 (n is the electron layer number). The number of electrons in the outermost layer is not more than 8 (when the k layer is the outermost layer, it is not more than 2). There are no more than 18 electrons in the second outer layer and 32 electrons in the last three layer
the extranuclear electrons are always arranged in the electron layer with the lowest energy first, and then from the inside to the outside, they are arranged in the L layer and then in the m layer. The above four laws are interrelated and cannot be understood in isolation
extended data:
neutrons exist in neutron stars as clusters (neutron stars are one of the few possible endpoints after supernova explosions e to gravitational collapse at the end of star evolution.) In the middle. The neutrons in the solar system mainly exist in all kinds of nuclei, and the neutrons in the elements are very rare β Decay is a change in which the neutron in the element releases an electron to become an element of the previous element sequence
Neutrons can be classified according to their velocities. High energy (high-speed) neutrons have the ability to ionize and penetrate deep into matter. Neutrons are the only ionizing radiation that can make other substances radioactive. This process is called "neutron excitation"“ "Neutron excitation" is widely used in the proction of radioactive materials in medical, academic and instrial fields High energy neutrons can travel very long distances in air. Neutron radiation needs to be masked by hydrogen rich materials, such as concrete and water. Nuclear reactor is a common neutron source, and water is used as an effective neutron shieldarrangement rule:
1. The electrons are arranged in different layers from the nucleus to the nucleus, and the energy is from low to high
The maximum number of electrons in each layer is 2n2 (n is the number of electron layers) There are no more than 8 electrons in the outermost layer (no more than 2 in the first layer), no more than 18 electrons in the second outer layer and no more than 32 electrons in the last three layers In general, the electrons are always in the lowest energy layer, that is, the first layer, when the first layer is full, then the second layer, when the second layer is full, then the third layerSecond, when the panda coin is facing the light source, the panda hair on the front pattern is clearly visible, the real coin hair is uniform, the thickness is consistent, and the color is coordinated, while the fake coin hair is uneven, stiff and unnatural
thirdly, among the Panda Gold and silver coins, e to the relatively low cost of counterfeiting, insufficient anti-counterfeiting technology, and the large number of editions of panda silver coins, they bear the brunt of the attack by criminals, trying to confuse the real with the false. To identify the authenticity of panda silver coins, we can start with the design of silver coins, which is the first choice for counterfeiters to attempt to counterfeit, and it is also the place where collectors are easy to be deceived
Fourth, look at the weight of the currency. Among the ten yuan silver coins, only the one in 1983, 1984 and 1985 weighed 27 grams, and the one in 1987 weighed 33.6 grams. In addition, there was a commemorative silver coin weighing two ounces in 1991, and the other one in each year weighed about 31.1 grams
fifthly, the specifications of authentic panda coins have been consistent in recent years, and they have never been mixed with other procts. This is a basic means to identify the real and fake panda coins. For example, there are seven specifications of the 2010 panda gold coin, which are 1 / 20 oz, 1 / 10 oz, 1 / 4 oz, 1 / 2 oz, 1 oz, 5 oz and 1 kg. On the front, the hall of praying for the new year in the temple of heaven in Beijing is printed with the name of the country and the year number; The design on the back is a picture of double play of pandas, with denomination, weight and fineness
the sixth is to look at the silk teeth. Since 2002, the 10 Yuan Panda silver coin has adopted the oblique teeth anti-counterfeiting technology, but since then, the panda counterfeit coin is still straight teeth, which shows that the counterfeiter is beyond his power, and the anti-counterfeiting is effective. Finally, the original packaging of panda silver coins also helps to identify the authenticity
finally, "mirror reflection" is one of the "fist" crafts of the mainland state-owned mints. The reverse side of the Panda Coin and the background under the temple of heaven pattern are all made into obvious "mirror reflection" effect. The stall owners of Guangzhou secondary market introced that most of the fake panda coins they found did not have the design of mirror reflection Specular reflection means that the reflecting surface of an object is smooth and the light is reflected in parallel, such as mirror, water surface, etc. When a beam of parallel light hits a plane mirror, the reflected light is parallel. This kind of reflection is called specular reflection; When a beam of light hits an uneven object, its reflected light also shoots in different directions, not parallel, so we can see the same object from different places. Otherwise, if it is all specular reflection, we can only see the object from a specific place.)