Is NFC used for digital currency
Publish: 2021-05-12 12:39:24
1.
It must be domestic
for domestic distribution. If it's international
it's hard for many people to understand
Web links
2. NFC means near-field communication, that is to say, close use, such as bus and subway card
digital currency transactions only use the network, which has nothing to do with NFC. Of course, it can be used.
digital currency transactions only use the network, which has nothing to do with NFC. Of course, it can be used.
3. When the central bank's digital currency is used, the mobile phone must have NFC function to pay.
4. So far, the central bank has not issued digital currency. At present, the digital currency in the market is deceptive. Be careful to be cheated.
5. Digital currency, or digital renminbi, can be money in your WeChat or Alipay, and the NFC function of mobile phone is only applicable to physical consumption, such as bus and subway.
6. Useful, the popularity of digital money does not affect the use of WeChat Alipay. The use of digital currency is rather cumbersome, unlike WeChat payment and Alipay payment, which requires your mobile phone to support NFC function. aqui te amo
7. DC / EP digital wallet does not necessarily need NFC function of mobile phone, it also uses app
DC/EP has the same payment functions as WeChat and Alipay, such as scan code payment, remittance transfer and other functions. But DC/EP also has the functions of WeChat and Alipay:
1, and touch the mobile phone with two mobile phones, and even if mobile phone can not connect to the Internet, it can also realize offline payment. Br />2) anonymous payment, WeChat or Alipay need to know each other's accounts to transfer accounts, and DC/EP can be used as cash, no one else can see your account.
DC/EP has the same payment functions as WeChat and Alipay, such as scan code payment, remittance transfer and other functions. But DC/EP also has the functions of WeChat and Alipay:
1, and touch the mobile phone with two mobile phones, and even if mobile phone can not connect to the Internet, it can also realize offline payment. Br />2) anonymous payment, WeChat or Alipay need to know each other's accounts to transfer accounts, and DC/EP can be used as cash, no one else can see your account.
8. A brief introction of foreign exchange and gold:
foreign exchange: it is a creditor's right that can be used in the event of balance of payments deficit held by the monetary Administration (central bank, monetary administration, foreign exchange stabilization fund and the Ministry of Finance) in the form of bank deposits, treasury bonds of the Ministry of finance, long-term and short-term government securities, etc. Including foreign currency, foreign currency deposits, foreign currency securities (government bonds, treasury bonds, corporate bonds, stocks, etc.), foreign currency payment certificates (bills, bank deposit certificates, postal savings certificates, etc.)
Gold: it is the elemental form of the chemical element gold (chemical element symbol AU). It is a soft, golden yellow and corrosion-resistant precious metal. Gold is one of the rarest, most precious and most valued metals. In the world, gold is usually in ounces. In ancient China, gold was in two ounces, which is a very important metal. It is not only a special currency for reserve and investment, but also an important material for jewelry instry, electronic instry, modern communication, aerospace instry and other sectors. The chemical symbol of gold is Au, and the financial English code is XAU or gold. The name of Au comes from a story of Aurora, the goddess of dawn in Roman mythology, which means the shining dawn
the currency of each country is foreign currency for another country. Foreign trade transactions between two countries will lead to currency circulation. It will involve the exchange of currency. If a country's economy is strong, the relative currency will increase in value, on the contrary, it will depreciate. The fluctuation of currency has a lot to do with national policy and economy. Gold is the general equivalent, which is the same in every country<
the technical differences between foreign exchange speculation and gold speculation are not very big. Now we mainly talk about the following basic effects:
all foreign exchange transactions involve the exchange of one currency into another currency. At any time, the actual exchange rate will be mainly determined by the supply and demand of the corresponding currency. Remember that the demand for one currency means the supply of another. Similarly, when you provide one currency, it means the demand for another. The following factors affect the supply and demand of money, thus affecting the exchange rate
first, monetary policy
when the central bank believes that the intervention in the foreign exchange market is effective and the intervention result will be consistent with the government's monetary policy, the participation of the central bank in the foreign exchange market will affect the exchange rate. The participation of the central bank is usually through buying or selling the local currency to stabilize the local currency at a level considered to be real and ideal. Other market participants' judgment of the impact of the government's monetary policy on the exchange rate and their expectations of future policies will also have an impact on the exchange rate< If the global situation becomes tense, it will lead to the instability of the foreign exchange market, the abnormal inflow or outflow of some currencies will occur, and the final possible result is the substantial fluctuation of the exchange rate. Generally speaking, the more stable the political situation is, the more stable the currency is
the influence of political factors on the exchange rate can be illustrated by some examples. At the end of 1987, e to the continuous depreciation of the US dollar, in order to maintain the basic stability of the US dollar exchange rate, the finance ministers of the seven western countries and the presidents of the central banks issued a joint statement on December 23, 1987, and began to implement large-scale joint intervention in the foreign exchange market on January 4, 1988. They sold a large number of yen and Deutsche mark to buy US dollars, thus making the US dollar exchange rate rebound, The US dollar exchange rate remained basically stable. Second, if you pay attention to the euro, you must have noticed that ring the Kosovo war, for three consecutive months, the exchange rate of the euro against the US dollar has fallen by 10%. One of the reasons is that the Kosovo war situation has exerted downward pressure on the euro< Third, the balance of payments of a country will lead to the fluctuation of its local currency exchange rate. Balance of payments is a summary of all the external economic and financial relations of a country's residents. A country's balance of payments reflects its international economic status, and also affects its macro and micro economic operation. In the final analysis, the influence of the balance of payments is the influence of the supply and demand of foreign exchange on the exchange rate
foreign exchange income is generated by an economic transaction (such as export) or capital transaction (such as foreign investment in China). Because foreign exchange can not circulate freely in the domestic market, it is necessary to convert foreign currency into domestic currency in order to put it into domestic circulation. This forms the foreign exchange supply in the foreign exchange market. Foreign exchange expenditure is caused by a certain economic transaction (such as import) or capital transaction (investment abroad). Because it is necessary to convert domestic currency into foreign currency to meet their respective economic needs, there is a need for foreign exchange in the foreign exchange market
when these transactions are integrated and recorded in the balance of payments statistics, a country's foreign exchange balance is formed. If the foreign exchange income is greater than the expenditure, the supply of foreign exchange will increase; If the foreign exchange expenditure is greater than the income, the demand for foreign exchange will increase. With the increase of foreign exchange supply and the constant demand, the price of foreign exchange will drop and the value of local currency will rise accordingly; When the demand for foreign exchange increases and the supply remains unchanged, the price of foreign exchange will rise, and the value of local currency will fall accordingly< When the dominant interest rate of one country rises or falls relative to that of another country, the currency with low interest rate will be sold and the currency with high interest rate will be bought in pursuit of higher capital return. As the demand for a relatively high interest rate currency increases, it will appreciate against other currencies
let's take a look at an example to explain how interest rates affect the exchange rate: suppose there are two countries a and B, both of which do not exercise exchange control, and funds can flow freely between the two countries. As part of country a's monetary policy, interest rates have been raised by 1%. At the same time, the interest rate level of country B remains unchanged. There is a large amount of short-term hot money in the market, which always flows between countries in order to find the most favorable interest rate. When other conditions remain unchanged and the leading interest rate of country a rises, a huge amount of short-term hot money will flow into country a to pursue higher interest rates. When the hot money flows out from country B, a large amount of country B's currency will be sold to exchange for country a's currency. In this way, the demand for the currency of country a rises, and the result is that the currency of country a is stronger than that of country B
the above example is about the situation between the two countries. In fact, in today's international market, it is also applicable to the global scope. Over the years, the free flow of funds and the elimination of foreign exchange control are the general trend. This trend provides great convenience for the free flow of international short-term hot money (sometimes called "hot money"). It should be pointed out that investors will transfer funds to regions or countries with high interest rates only when they believe that changes in the exchange rate will not offset the return of high interest rates< The foreign exchange market does not always follow a logical pattern of change. Factors that are difficult to understand, such as personal feelings, judgments, and analysis and understanding of various global political and economic events, all have an impact on the exchange rate. Operators in the market must correctly understand all kinds of reports or data published, such as foreign exchange revenue and expenditure data, inflation indicators, economic growth rate, etc
but in fact, before the above reports or data are made public to the market, there will be a kind of expectation or judgment on the substance reflected by the reports or data in the market. This expectation or judgment will be reflected in the price before reporting or data disclosure. Once there is a real report or data that is quite different from people's expectation or judgment, it will lead to a large fluctuation of the exchange rate. It is not enough for a foreign exchange trader to correctly understand various economic indicators and data. He must understand what kind of expectations and judgments the market will make on unpublished indicators and data< 6. Speculative behavior the speculative behavior of the main market operators is also an important factor affecting the exchange rate. In the foreign exchange market, the proportion of transactions directly related to international trade is relatively low. Most of the transactions are essentially speculative activities, which will lead to the flow of different currencies, thus affecting the exchange rate. When people analyze the factors that affect the exchange rate changes, they come to the conclusion that the exchange rate of a certain currency will rise and rush to buy, so the rise of the currency becomes a reality. On the contrary, when people expect a certain currency to fall, they will sell off in a race, which makes the exchange rate fall
for example, in the period after World War II, e to the political stability, good economic operation and low inflation rate of the United States, the economic growth reached an average annual rate of 5% in the early 1960s. At that time, all countries in the world were willing to use the US dollar as a means of payment to store wealth, so that the US dollar exchange rate continued to rise. However, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, e to the Vietnam War, Watergate incident, serious inflation, heavier tax burden, trade deficit and the decline of economic growth rate, the value of the US dollar fell sharply< The impact of gold has several aspects:
first, the trend of the US dollar
although the US dollar is not as stable as gold, its liquidity is much better than that of gold. As a result, the US dollar is considered the first type of money, and gold is the second. When the international political situation is tense and uncertain, people will buy gold because they expect the price of gold to rise. But the currency most people keep in their hands is actually the dollar. Although gold itself is not legal tender, it always has its value and will not depreciate into scrap iron. If the trend of the US dollar is strong and there is a great opportunity to invest in the appreciation of the US dollar, people will naturally pursue the US dollar. On the contrary, the weaker the dollar is in the foreign exchange market, the stronger the gold price will be< Second, ring the period of war and political turbulence, economic development will be greatly restricted. Any local currency may depreciate e to inflation. At this time, the importance of gold will play out incisively and vividly. Due to the recognized characteristics of gold, as an internationally recognized trading medium, at this time, people will put the target to gold. But there are also other factors. For example, ring the period of 89-92, there were many political turmoil and sporadic wars in the world, but the price of gold did not rise. The reason is that everyone held dollars and gave up gold. Therefore, investors can not mechanically apply war factors to predict the price of gold, but also consider the dollar and other factors< Third, the world financial crisis
when the financial system of the United States and other Western powers is unstable, the world's capital will be invested in gold, the demand for gold will increase, and the price of gold will rise. At this time, gold played the role of a cash haven. Only when the financial system is stable, investors' confidence in gold will be greatly reced, and the gold price will fall e to the selling of gold< We know that the purchasing power of a country's currency is determined by the price index. When the price of a country is stable, the purchasing power of its currency is more stable. On the contrary, the higher the currency rate, the weaker the purchasing power of the currency, and the less attractive the currency is. If the price indices in the United States and major regions of the world remain stable,
foreign exchange: it is a creditor's right that can be used in the event of balance of payments deficit held by the monetary Administration (central bank, monetary administration, foreign exchange stabilization fund and the Ministry of Finance) in the form of bank deposits, treasury bonds of the Ministry of finance, long-term and short-term government securities, etc. Including foreign currency, foreign currency deposits, foreign currency securities (government bonds, treasury bonds, corporate bonds, stocks, etc.), foreign currency payment certificates (bills, bank deposit certificates, postal savings certificates, etc.)
Gold: it is the elemental form of the chemical element gold (chemical element symbol AU). It is a soft, golden yellow and corrosion-resistant precious metal. Gold is one of the rarest, most precious and most valued metals. In the world, gold is usually in ounces. In ancient China, gold was in two ounces, which is a very important metal. It is not only a special currency for reserve and investment, but also an important material for jewelry instry, electronic instry, modern communication, aerospace instry and other sectors. The chemical symbol of gold is Au, and the financial English code is XAU or gold. The name of Au comes from a story of Aurora, the goddess of dawn in Roman mythology, which means the shining dawn
the currency of each country is foreign currency for another country. Foreign trade transactions between two countries will lead to currency circulation. It will involve the exchange of currency. If a country's economy is strong, the relative currency will increase in value, on the contrary, it will depreciate. The fluctuation of currency has a lot to do with national policy and economy. Gold is the general equivalent, which is the same in every country<
the technical differences between foreign exchange speculation and gold speculation are not very big. Now we mainly talk about the following basic effects:
all foreign exchange transactions involve the exchange of one currency into another currency. At any time, the actual exchange rate will be mainly determined by the supply and demand of the corresponding currency. Remember that the demand for one currency means the supply of another. Similarly, when you provide one currency, it means the demand for another. The following factors affect the supply and demand of money, thus affecting the exchange rate
first, monetary policy
when the central bank believes that the intervention in the foreign exchange market is effective and the intervention result will be consistent with the government's monetary policy, the participation of the central bank in the foreign exchange market will affect the exchange rate. The participation of the central bank is usually through buying or selling the local currency to stabilize the local currency at a level considered to be real and ideal. Other market participants' judgment of the impact of the government's monetary policy on the exchange rate and their expectations of future policies will also have an impact on the exchange rate< If the global situation becomes tense, it will lead to the instability of the foreign exchange market, the abnormal inflow or outflow of some currencies will occur, and the final possible result is the substantial fluctuation of the exchange rate. Generally speaking, the more stable the political situation is, the more stable the currency is
the influence of political factors on the exchange rate can be illustrated by some examples. At the end of 1987, e to the continuous depreciation of the US dollar, in order to maintain the basic stability of the US dollar exchange rate, the finance ministers of the seven western countries and the presidents of the central banks issued a joint statement on December 23, 1987, and began to implement large-scale joint intervention in the foreign exchange market on January 4, 1988. They sold a large number of yen and Deutsche mark to buy US dollars, thus making the US dollar exchange rate rebound, The US dollar exchange rate remained basically stable. Second, if you pay attention to the euro, you must have noticed that ring the Kosovo war, for three consecutive months, the exchange rate of the euro against the US dollar has fallen by 10%. One of the reasons is that the Kosovo war situation has exerted downward pressure on the euro< Third, the balance of payments of a country will lead to the fluctuation of its local currency exchange rate. Balance of payments is a summary of all the external economic and financial relations of a country's residents. A country's balance of payments reflects its international economic status, and also affects its macro and micro economic operation. In the final analysis, the influence of the balance of payments is the influence of the supply and demand of foreign exchange on the exchange rate
foreign exchange income is generated by an economic transaction (such as export) or capital transaction (such as foreign investment in China). Because foreign exchange can not circulate freely in the domestic market, it is necessary to convert foreign currency into domestic currency in order to put it into domestic circulation. This forms the foreign exchange supply in the foreign exchange market. Foreign exchange expenditure is caused by a certain economic transaction (such as import) or capital transaction (investment abroad). Because it is necessary to convert domestic currency into foreign currency to meet their respective economic needs, there is a need for foreign exchange in the foreign exchange market
when these transactions are integrated and recorded in the balance of payments statistics, a country's foreign exchange balance is formed. If the foreign exchange income is greater than the expenditure, the supply of foreign exchange will increase; If the foreign exchange expenditure is greater than the income, the demand for foreign exchange will increase. With the increase of foreign exchange supply and the constant demand, the price of foreign exchange will drop and the value of local currency will rise accordingly; When the demand for foreign exchange increases and the supply remains unchanged, the price of foreign exchange will rise, and the value of local currency will fall accordingly< When the dominant interest rate of one country rises or falls relative to that of another country, the currency with low interest rate will be sold and the currency with high interest rate will be bought in pursuit of higher capital return. As the demand for a relatively high interest rate currency increases, it will appreciate against other currencies
let's take a look at an example to explain how interest rates affect the exchange rate: suppose there are two countries a and B, both of which do not exercise exchange control, and funds can flow freely between the two countries. As part of country a's monetary policy, interest rates have been raised by 1%. At the same time, the interest rate level of country B remains unchanged. There is a large amount of short-term hot money in the market, which always flows between countries in order to find the most favorable interest rate. When other conditions remain unchanged and the leading interest rate of country a rises, a huge amount of short-term hot money will flow into country a to pursue higher interest rates. When the hot money flows out from country B, a large amount of country B's currency will be sold to exchange for country a's currency. In this way, the demand for the currency of country a rises, and the result is that the currency of country a is stronger than that of country B
the above example is about the situation between the two countries. In fact, in today's international market, it is also applicable to the global scope. Over the years, the free flow of funds and the elimination of foreign exchange control are the general trend. This trend provides great convenience for the free flow of international short-term hot money (sometimes called "hot money"). It should be pointed out that investors will transfer funds to regions or countries with high interest rates only when they believe that changes in the exchange rate will not offset the return of high interest rates< The foreign exchange market does not always follow a logical pattern of change. Factors that are difficult to understand, such as personal feelings, judgments, and analysis and understanding of various global political and economic events, all have an impact on the exchange rate. Operators in the market must correctly understand all kinds of reports or data published, such as foreign exchange revenue and expenditure data, inflation indicators, economic growth rate, etc
but in fact, before the above reports or data are made public to the market, there will be a kind of expectation or judgment on the substance reflected by the reports or data in the market. This expectation or judgment will be reflected in the price before reporting or data disclosure. Once there is a real report or data that is quite different from people's expectation or judgment, it will lead to a large fluctuation of the exchange rate. It is not enough for a foreign exchange trader to correctly understand various economic indicators and data. He must understand what kind of expectations and judgments the market will make on unpublished indicators and data< 6. Speculative behavior the speculative behavior of the main market operators is also an important factor affecting the exchange rate. In the foreign exchange market, the proportion of transactions directly related to international trade is relatively low. Most of the transactions are essentially speculative activities, which will lead to the flow of different currencies, thus affecting the exchange rate. When people analyze the factors that affect the exchange rate changes, they come to the conclusion that the exchange rate of a certain currency will rise and rush to buy, so the rise of the currency becomes a reality. On the contrary, when people expect a certain currency to fall, they will sell off in a race, which makes the exchange rate fall
for example, in the period after World War II, e to the political stability, good economic operation and low inflation rate of the United States, the economic growth reached an average annual rate of 5% in the early 1960s. At that time, all countries in the world were willing to use the US dollar as a means of payment to store wealth, so that the US dollar exchange rate continued to rise. However, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, e to the Vietnam War, Watergate incident, serious inflation, heavier tax burden, trade deficit and the decline of economic growth rate, the value of the US dollar fell sharply< The impact of gold has several aspects:
first, the trend of the US dollar
although the US dollar is not as stable as gold, its liquidity is much better than that of gold. As a result, the US dollar is considered the first type of money, and gold is the second. When the international political situation is tense and uncertain, people will buy gold because they expect the price of gold to rise. But the currency most people keep in their hands is actually the dollar. Although gold itself is not legal tender, it always has its value and will not depreciate into scrap iron. If the trend of the US dollar is strong and there is a great opportunity to invest in the appreciation of the US dollar, people will naturally pursue the US dollar. On the contrary, the weaker the dollar is in the foreign exchange market, the stronger the gold price will be< Second, ring the period of war and political turbulence, economic development will be greatly restricted. Any local currency may depreciate e to inflation. At this time, the importance of gold will play out incisively and vividly. Due to the recognized characteristics of gold, as an internationally recognized trading medium, at this time, people will put the target to gold. But there are also other factors. For example, ring the period of 89-92, there were many political turmoil and sporadic wars in the world, but the price of gold did not rise. The reason is that everyone held dollars and gave up gold. Therefore, investors can not mechanically apply war factors to predict the price of gold, but also consider the dollar and other factors< Third, the world financial crisis
when the financial system of the United States and other Western powers is unstable, the world's capital will be invested in gold, the demand for gold will increase, and the price of gold will rise. At this time, gold played the role of a cash haven. Only when the financial system is stable, investors' confidence in gold will be greatly reced, and the gold price will fall e to the selling of gold< We know that the purchasing power of a country's currency is determined by the price index. When the price of a country is stable, the purchasing power of its currency is more stable. On the contrary, the higher the currency rate, the weaker the purchasing power of the currency, and the less attractive the currency is. If the price indices in the United States and major regions of the world remain stable,
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