1913 digital currency

1.

This is the currency of the United States& quot; US" On behalf of the United States, & quot; D" "Dollar" stands for us dollar

extended information:

U.S. dollar; ISO 4217 currency code: USD; Symbol: USA $) is the legal tender of the United States of America. The US dollar banknotes in circulation at present are all kinds of banknotes issued since 1929

In 1792, the coinage act of the United States was passed. The current issue of dollars is controlled by the Federal Reserve. Since 1913, the United States has established the Federal Reserve System and issued Federal Reserve bonds. More than 99% of the banknotes in circulation are Federal Reserve notes

the issuing department of US dollars is Congress, and the specific issuing business is handled by the Federal Reserve Bank. After World War II, Continental European countries and the United States reached an agreement to use the U.S. dollar for international payments. Since then, the U.S. dollar has been widely used as a reserve currency in countries other than the United States and eventually become an international currency

"$" is a symbol of US dollar

There are many opinions about the origin of the dollar mark, two of which are more common. One view is that this symbol is formed by placing a narrow u on a wide s, so it represents the dollar symbol of the United States. Another view points out that it is the evolution of PS superposition. PS is the abbreviation of pesos, a kind of round coin in the United States from the 18th century to the 19th century. This kind of coin was used in the whole country before the establishment of the mint in 1974. Later, the U.S. government recognized the dollar as a unit of the new currency, that is, one dollar. In writing, the $should be placed in front of the number. For example, 1 dollar should be written as $1, 50 dollars should be written as $50

2.

$is the dollar currency symbol

its emergence was e to the passing of the mint act of 1792. It is also widely used as a reserve currency outside the United States. The current issue of dollars is controlled by the Federal Reserve. The most commonly used symbol for us dollar is "$", while the symbol for cent is "& amp; cent;” The ISO 4217 Standard Code for us dollar is USD

the issuing department of US dollars is Congress, and the specific issuing business is handled by the Federal Reserve Bank. US dollar is not only the base currency in foreign exchange, but also the main currency in international payment and foreign exchange transaction. It plays a very important role in the international foreign exchange market

extended data:

¤ International currency symbol, used when there is no suitable currency symbol&# 3647; Thai baht symbol

BS Venezuela Bolivar and boliviano symbol

br Belarusian ruble, Belarusian currency symbol

&8373; Ghana CEDI, Ghana's currency symbol

& #8353; Koran symbol (used in Costa Rica and El Salvador)

& #8363; Vietnamese Dong symbol

& #8364; The symbol of euro is used in euro area countries or some small non European countries, Montenegro and Kosovo< br />

ƒ Aruba florin, the currency symbol of Aruba. Previously, it was also used as the symbol of Dutch guilder

ft, Hungarian Forint

rs. Indian Rupee

& #8370; Guarani, Paraguay, the currency symbol of Paraguay; Lao kip, Lao currency symbol

Kr can represent Danish krona, Norwegian krona, Swedish Krona and Icelandic krona

& amp; pound; It can be divided into three parts: 1; Lira (possibly confused with pound)

LM Maltese lira, currency symbol of the Republic of Malta; Nigerian naira, the currency symbol of Nigeria; Philippines pesos, Philippines's currency symbol

P Botswana PRA, Botswana's currency symbol

Q Guatemala char, Guatemala's currency symbol

R, South African rand, South Africa's currency symbol

Sk Slovakia kronor, Slovakia's currency symbol

Rp, Indonesian shield, Indonesia's monetary symbol

৲ 2547; Rupee symbol (used in Bangladesh)

R $real, Brazil's currency symbol

s /, Peru's new SOL $Dollar Symbol (used in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, etc; The symbol is also used by various pesos and former escudos of Portugal and Cape Verde.)

"Kazakhstan tenge, the currency symbol of Kazakhstan; Tugrik, the currency symbol of Mongolia; Currency symbol of Korean won / Korean won

currency symbol of NT New Taiwan dollar

currency symbol of yen

Z & #; Zloty, Poland, the currency symbol of Poland

& #8372; Hryvnia, the currency symbol of Ukraine; Israeli new Shek symbol

& #6107; The currency symbol of Cambodia is

& ᦇ 65020; Iranian Riyal, Iranian currency symbol

руб Russian Ruble; Euro currency symbol

$U.S. dollar currency symbol (this symbol sometimes has two vertical lines)

reference materials:
$- Network

3. The most expensive banknote in the world

the most expensive banknote in the world is the US $1000 red banknote issued in 1890 with the serial number of a27170 *

the person on the front of the banknote is the famous American militarist George Chen ring the civil war; Major General George Gordon Meade 1815-1872. On the back is the face value number 1000. Because the three zeros in the number 1000 are like three big watermelons, this banknote is also commonly known as "big watermelons"

in December 2006, at the Dallas auction house, the note was sold at the price of 2255000 US dollars (equivalent to 18.7 million RMB), which set the highest auction record of American banknote and became the most expensive banknote in the world

it is reported that in 1913, the mint privately minted five statue of liberty nickels, but it is an illegal act, and $4.15 million is not the highest price in the world. It is reported that in 2002, a US $20 gold coin proced in 1933 was sold at a price of $7.59 million<

one or two pieces of Fengtian guimao Guangxu Yuanbao should be one of the great treasures in Chinese coins. It may be worth three pieces in the world. It is conservatively estimated that the current price should be more than 10 million RMB, and it is likely to be more than 30 million RMB. As for foreign treasures, we know little about them. Perhaps the most precious one is the earliest gold coin in the west, which is called forget, but there is an animal like a deer or an ox on it

4. A question you can't answer: money, regardless of age, material or national boundaries, each country has its own culture and its own currency. The most precious thing in mind is its own country's ancient currency culture. Since the Xia Dynasty, when China had surplus proctivity, it had currency, which is the most precious currency

5.

During the period of the Republic of China, there were three kinds of currency: paper money, copper yuan and silver yuan

During the period of the Beiyang government, in February 1914, in order to rectify the currency system and unify the silver coins, the Beiyang government promulgated 13 articles of the national currency regulations and decided to implement the silver standard system

according to the national currency regulations: & quot; The unit price is 6.48% of Kuping pure silver, which is named yuan& quot; One yuan silver coin, total weight 7.2 Fen, silver 89, copper 11& quot; There is no limit to the number of silver coins used;, That is to say, one yuan of silver is the standard currency of unlimited legal compensation

ring the period of Nanjing National Government, the Nanjing national government began to issue legal coins in 1935 and golden yuan coupons in 1948. During the period of the Republic of China, the currency system was complicated, and all provinces, warlords and separatist regimes issued their own currency

In the 1920s and 1930s, influenced by the fluctuation of international gold price and silver price, China's domestic silver continued to flow out, the silver standard currency system could not be sustained, and the domestic currency issuance was in disorder

In 1935, the national government carried out the reform of legal currency, which stipulated that the banknotes issued by the central bank, the Bank of China and the Bank of communications were legal currency (followed by the Peasant Bank of China), and the circulation of silver yuan was prohibited, and silver was collected as state-owned. During the Anti Japanese War and the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the legal currency depreciated sharply and collapsed completely

Second, because of the sharp depreciation of the legal currency, the national government carried out the monetary reform again on August 19, 1948. According to the regulations, gold dollar is the standard, and gold dollar coupons (each gold dollar contains 0.22217 grams of pure gold) are issued. However, the expansion rate of gold yuan coupon is faster than that of legal currency, which has increased by 1.7 million times in 10 months, and many places refuse to use it. The national government then used the silver standard currency system and issued silver dollar certificates

6.

Ha ha. Look at the pattern on the back. What a strong Chinese style. Do you think this kind of thing will appear on American currency

we don't talk about 1928. No, we don't talk about whether the United States issued millions of denominations. Let's talk about printing and plate making. I'll post a $20 picture of 1928 edition, and you can compare it yourself.

7. This is a question that cannot be answered accurately. If you want to ask, there are still people who can tell you the total circulation of silver dollars in that year. In 1935, after the national government carried out the policy of legal currency, no silver yuan was issued. However, silver has been in circulation. Until after 1951, the RMB completely replaced the silver dollar
silver dollar is different from paper money, which has no value in itself. The government uses sufficient reserves (gold, silver, foreign exchange) to issue currency in circulation. It's the value that the country gives it by reputation. Gold and silver coins are precious metals and have high value. Therefore, silver coins issued by different countries can be exchanged. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were about 1.1 billion foreign silver coins in circulation in China. Among them, Yingyang has more than 300 million
ring the 15 years from 1914 to 1928, the Beiyang government issued a large number of yuan Datou. According to the statistics of the Ministry of finance of the Republic of China, the circulation of one yuan coins was as high as 750 million. Second only to yuan Datou was Chuanyang in the 22nd and 23rd years of the Republic of China. Among them, 46 million were issued in 22 years, 98 million in 23 years, and 30 million in 1948. Before it was transported to China, the Kuomintang had retreated to Taiwan. These 30 million ships, which were not in circulation for 23 years, were transported to the Central Bank of Taipei and have been preserved to this day. In 1949, the total property transported by the Kuomintang to Taiwan was equivalent to 700 liang of gold, of which more than 30 million were silver dollars (of course, it was transported from the mainland, not from the United States)
there is no official record of the number of small heads in commemorative coins of Sun Yat Sen's founding. Judging from the current price of silver dollars, the number of small heads is more than 23 years old and more than 150 million
in 1934, the United States implemented the silver purchase act in favor of its own interests, but China's silver dollars flowed out. In more than a year, Shanghai alone has exported more than 200 million yuan of silver to Europe and the United States. This led to a serious shortage of silver in China. Because of this, the national government launched the policy of legal currency. From then on, silver dollar was no longer legal tender in name, and silver dollar was no longer issued. The government exchanged one yuan of French currency for one yuan of silver. Soon, the national government grasped a lot of silver. According to the information about the financial reform in 1935 provided in the 1990 edition of junior high school history textbook. In 1935, the government controlled 3.3 billion yuan of silver, which was received from the common people
at the end of 1948, RMB was born. With the domestic prices tending to be stable, silver yuan was officially put into circulation in 1951. The common people can hold gold and silver, but they can't circulate in the most expensive places. At present, in addition to a large number of silver dollars held by indivial collectors and businesses, it was a part of silver dollars received by the people's Bank of China, the Central Bank of China, in 1949, and the number will not exceed 5 million
as for the number of existing ones, it is impossible to make statistics, but one thing is that the total number will not exceed 100 million.

8. Many people think that there is a huge amount of silver in the world. In fact, there is not much left. From the following statistics on the amount of silver, we can roughly judge how much is left< According to the statistics of the bank weekly, Zhang Zhidong started casting silver yuan in Guangdong in the 15th year of Guangxu reign, and by the end of 1913, the total amount of silver yuan was about 220 million yuan. According to other data, when the new coins were cast in early 1915, the amount of old coins that should be recast was 206 028 152< Second, the amount of various silver coins in the period of Beiyang Government (1914-1928) was 1.1-1.3 billion yuan. In addition, the total amount of silver coins not destroyed in the late Qing Dynasty is estimated to be no more than 1.3 billion yuan, because the coinage of new coins, especially as national coins, requires the unification of the monetary system and the recovery of old coins. This is also the reason why the "national currency regulations" stipulates that 90% of the silver coins are actually cast, while 89% of the silver coins are actually cast. If the quality is high, the new coins will be collected or destroyed privately and cannot be circulated< (3) before the reform of legal currency in the period of the Kuomintang (1928-1935), the amount of various silver coins was 1.5-1.7 billion yuan.
after the victory of the northern expedition in 1927, the Kuomintang government stopped casting "Yuan tou coin" and changed it to Sun Yat Sen's founding commemorative coin, commonly known as "Xiao tou", which was coined by mints in Hangzhou, Nanjing, Tianjin, Zhejiang and Sichuan. The specific figures are unknown. According to the information of Tianjin mint, the largest Mint in China at that time, 90 million pieces were minted. Based on the minting capacity of each mint and Tianjin mint, the total number is less than 300 million
after 1933, the KMT government "abandoned the two coins and changed them into yuan", recycled the old coins and changed them into Chuanyang by Shanghai Central Mint. From 1933 to 1935, Chuanyang proced 147442329 pieces< It is estimated by the bank weekly that the total amount of silver coins in China is 1627225000 yuan, the estimated amount of foreign currency in circulation in China is 80000000 yuan, and the total amount of silver coins in circulation in China is 1707225000 yuan< (4) from the abolition of circulation to the founding of the people's Republic of China (1935-1949), the amount of all kinds of silver dollars in the world was 500-560 million yuan.
in 1934, the United States announced the silver act and implemented the policy of purchasing silver at a high price, resulting in a large outflow of Chinese silver dollars. According to the brief history of modern Chinese economy, Shanghai's silver deposits (accounting for 30% of the country's silver deposits) dropped from 547 million yuan to 276 million yuan, and the money supply was tight, The KMT government was forced to carry out currency reform, issue paper money, and abolish the circulation of silver dollars. After that, a large number of silver dollars were exported to the United States. Until 1938, when Japan blocked the export, the total export of silver was 144.5 million yuan. This figure is only normal official statistics, and does not include a large number of smuggling under Japanese control. At that time, the ratio of silver dollars to silver ingots in China's circulation field was about 8:1, The vast majority of silver dollars and ingots were destroyed by the United States ring this period and became the national reserve of the United States
in 1935, the Kuomintang Government recovered about 300 million silver yuan from the people. When the Kuomintang government reformed the currency system again in 1948, it was estimated that 550 million silver yuan remained in China, and about 20% of silver yuan was recovered by issuing "golden yuan coupons"
in 1949, before the Kuomintang government moved to Taiwan, it restored the silver standard system, and remanufactured and issued silver coins in exactly the same form as the original version of the 23rd edition of Chuanyang. About 43.6 million silver coins were cast in the United States, Shanghai and other places
in 1949, the Kuomintang moved to Taiwan and took away about 32 million silver dollars (55 million in other words), not including 500000 high-ranking officials and rich people who moved to Taiwan< 5. The amount of silver coins that can be seen now is less than 80 million.
after the founding of the people's Republic of China, the government completely banned the circulation of silver coins and recycled them in large quantities for a long time. Some people said that according to the statistics of the bank, the amount of silver coins that can be seen in the collection field is less than 100 million, which may be between 50 million and 80 million, It is not enough to affect the overall scarcity of silver, and there is a lack of statistics
after the founding of the people's Republic of China, the recovery of silver yuan was relatively thorough. In order to maintain the status of RMB, the people's government completely banned silver yuan as currency circulation, and artificially depressed the value of silver yuan through low price recovery for a long time, which made the people feel that silver yuan could not be used as money envoy and had little collection value. Almost all of them were recovered by the government, Some of the remaining silver was destroyed into a variety of silver jewelry, and there was little left among the people. As for the whereabouts of the silver dollars recovered by the government, there is no information for research. Some posts on the Internet say that about 470 million pieces have been recovered, most of which have been used as instrial raw materials. At present, there are about 50 million silver dollars still in the private sector, no more than 80 million at most. After a round of sweeping in 2010, the price of silver dollars has quadrupled. This fact is indisputable that there is little silver left in the private sector.

9. The purchasing power of silver yuan
the purchasing power of silver yuan is very high, including the legal currency in circulation at the beginning. Taking the well-off family as an example, the monthly salary of silver yuan is 15 yuan, and four meat and four vegetarian dishes for a table cost 2 yuan at that time. Mao Zedong's monthly salary in Peking University Library is 12 yuan, which is equivalent to about 35 yuan now. Of course, how to understand the well-off family mentioned above is very important, I personally think, The purchasing power could not be separated from the social and economic development stage at that time. For example, there were no electricity, closed-circuit television or encrypted television fees when there was no television. There were not many private cars at that time, so there was basically no gas fee in the family. At that time, there were no telephones, computers and mobile phones. Our communication fees, Internet fees and value-added business fees also did not exist. I feel that, At that time, people's living conditions were a bit similar to those in some small cities in remote areas of China. People's income was mainly used for food. So now, even in Beijing and Shanghai, it doesn't cost much to buy vegetables and cook every day. 1000 yuan is enough, so the ratio of 35 yuan to 1 yuan is reasonable
experience of related families
I remember my father saying that even on the eve of liberation, my grandfather could support a large family with six silver dollars a month. My understanding was that he could guarantee food and clothing. Considering the low quality of life at that time, coarse grains and necessary non-staple food could ensure the basic nutrition of the family. Therefore, I firmly believe that the ratio of 35 yuan to 1 yuan is reasonable
from the late 1920s to the early 1930s, the international silver price fluctuated greatly, which affected China's economy. In particular, the "Silver Purchase Act" introced by the United States in 1934 led to the rise of international silver prices, resulting in a shortage of money in China and a sharp rise in interest rates. In 1935, the national government carried out the monetary reform, abandoning the silver standard and issuing legal tender, namely legal tender, while taking back the silver dollar. The silver dollar no longer has the legal status. Until 1948, after the golden dollar crisis, the silver dollar was used again in July 1949. The Kuomintang government did not issue paper money equivalent to silver dollar for a short time. With the KMT's withdrawal from China, silver and silver stamps entered the Chinese mainland Chinese mainland in the past few months. But in Taiwan, theoretically, the currency of the Republic of China stipulated by law is still silver yuan; The new Taiwan dollar is a currency in circulation in Taiwan, which is only equivalent to the national currency. This situation lasted until the end of the 1990s, when Yinyuan officially withdrew from the stage. However, because the monetary unit stipulated in the laws and regulations of the Republic of China has not yet been fully converted into new Taiwan dollars, Article 2 of the regulations on conversion of monetary units stipulated in the current laws and regulations of the Republic of China into new Taiwan dollars stipulates that if the monetary unit of the amount stipulated in the current laws and regulations is yuan, silver dollar or yuan, it shall be converted into three times of new Taiwan dollars, that is, one silver dollar equals three new Taiwan dollars< br /> yejianbo