Shanghai Chongming digital currency exchange
Publish: 2021-04-07 13:16:56
1. When a company is established, it needs to choose an address as the place of incorporation. Then, is the address of the place of incorporation optional? What are the considerations for choosing a registered company address? Next, we will take you to have a look
1. The house with the registered address of the company can be leased or owned, but it must have the property right certificate, which includes: house property certificate, commercial house sales contract, village committee certificate, land use certificate, demolition and resettlement agreement, etc. Whether you rent or own the house, in the instrial and commercial registration, the instrial and commercial department must require the proof of the property right of the house. So if you rent an office, you must have the landlord provide proof of ownership
2. If the registered address of the company belongs to the house of an enterprise or institution, the original lease contract and the of the business license of the enterprise or institution shall be provided with the official seal. Therefore, when choosing the company's registered address, the leased house is personal as far as possible, so the registration proceres are relatively simple
3. The property right of a company's registered address can be residential, commercial, commercial, office, office building, etc., so it's ok if the company's address is registered in its own home. If the property right is residential or commercial, After the name of the enterprise is approved, the registration form of residence (business place) with the official seal of the local neighborhood committee or the owners' committee or the property company shall be provided
4. The new policy stipulates that multiple companies can be registered at the same address
5. If the registered address of the company changes after the establishment of the company, especially the tax change proceres in the case of cross regional change, it is very troublesome, so we should try our best to determine the stability of the registered address of the company.
1. The house with the registered address of the company can be leased or owned, but it must have the property right certificate, which includes: house property certificate, commercial house sales contract, village committee certificate, land use certificate, demolition and resettlement agreement, etc. Whether you rent or own the house, in the instrial and commercial registration, the instrial and commercial department must require the proof of the property right of the house. So if you rent an office, you must have the landlord provide proof of ownership
2. If the registered address of the company belongs to the house of an enterprise or institution, the original lease contract and the of the business license of the enterprise or institution shall be provided with the official seal. Therefore, when choosing the company's registered address, the leased house is personal as far as possible, so the registration proceres are relatively simple
3. The property right of a company's registered address can be residential, commercial, commercial, office, office building, etc., so it's ok if the company's address is registered in its own home. If the property right is residential or commercial, After the name of the enterprise is approved, the registration form of residence (business place) with the official seal of the local neighborhood committee or the owners' committee or the property company shall be provided
4. The new policy stipulates that multiple companies can be registered at the same address
5. If the registered address of the company changes after the establishment of the company, especially the tax change proceres in the case of cross regional change, it is very troublesome, so we should try our best to determine the stability of the registered address of the company.
2. Introction: coin an is a digital asset trading platform based on blockchain. The platform supports BTC, ETH, LTC and other digital currencies, aiming to provide users with more secure and convenient digital currency exchange services, aggregate global high-quality digital currencies, and build a world-class blockchain asset trading platform. Users can choose to operate on the web and other channels
legal representative: Chen Guangying
time of establishment: January 16, 2017
registered capital: RMB 10 million
Business Registration No.: 310230001153606
enterprise type: limited liability company (invested or controlled by natural person)
address: room 250, building F, 68 Dongheyan, Chengqiao Town, Chongming County, Shanghai (Shanghai Chengqiao Economic Development Zone)
legal representative: Chen Guangying
time of establishment: January 16, 2017
registered capital: RMB 10 million
Business Registration No.: 310230001153606
enterprise type: limited liability company (invested or controlled by natural person)
address: room 250, building F, 68 Dongheyan, Chengqiao Town, Chongming County, Shanghai (Shanghai Chengqiao Economic Development Zone)
3. On November 3, 1935, the Nanjing National Government promulgated the order and regulations for the implementation of the new monetary policy in November 24 of the Republic of China, and began to implement the reform of legal currency throughout the country. The main contents of the reform are as follows: 1. Centralizing the right to issue banknotes. It was announced that "from November 4 this year, banknotes issued by the central government, the people's Republic of China and the three banks of communications will be used as legal currency.". It is stipulated that other banks no longer have the right to issue, and their banknotes in circulation are graally withdrawn and stopped using. 2、 It is stipulated that the legal currency is "unlimited legal compensation currency". In China, "all taxes paid on grain and all public and private funds are limited to legal currency, and no cash is used. All banks, public and private institutions or indivials holding silver and raw silver should immediately exchange for legal currency.". 3、 Abolish the silver standard. All the silver was returned to the state to be used as the reserve for legal currency. "If there is any reason to hide, and the intention is to steal, it should be punished according to the emergency criminal law against the Republic of China.". 4、 It is stipulated that legal currency shall not be cashed, but foreign exchange can be traded in designated financial institutions without restriction, and the exchange rate between legal currency and pound sterling shall be fixed< The first is the influence of the international financial situation. At the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, an unprecedented economic crisis broke out in the capitalist world. During the crisis, the main western capitalist countries such as Britain, Germany, Japan and Canada abandoned the gold standard in an attempt to pass on the crisis to the silver consuming countries. In March 1933, the United States also abandoned the gold standard, devalued the US dollar, unilaterally violated the "silver agreement" adopted by eight major silver procing and using countries in the world in July 1932, bought silver at a high price in the international market, and attempted to transfer the American economic crisis to the Chinese people by "raising the price of silver, that is, increasing the purchasing power of 40000 people". All kinds of factors make the price of silver rise in the international market. Before 1935, silver and silver dollar were common commodities in the international market, but currency in China. The rising price of silver in the international market has led to a large outflow of silver from China. In the five months from June to October of 1934, the amount of silver (including silver yuan) exported by Shanghai reached 222.9 million yuan. This is three times the output of 1933. Some foreign banks in China even hire warships to rush the export of silver for huge profits. From March 1934 to December 1934, the silver stock of Shanghai's banks (including Chinese and foreign banks) decreased from 589.4 million yuan to 335 million yuan. From 1934 to 1935, China's outflow of silver was about 180 million yuan
the massive outflow of silver has caused serious consequences for China: first, people's fear in China; Second, China's foreign trade has seriously exceeded its quota; Third, the money supply is tight, the market turnover is poor, and banks, banks and business firms close down one after another; Fourth, there was a shortage of currency and prices fell. Take Shanghai as an example, prices in 1935 fell by 23.9% compared with 1932, and even factories were unable to maintain and forced to close down. In short, the international and domestic economic situation led to a large outflow of Chinese silver and triggered the silver storm in 1935. As for the silver storm, the Nanjing national government also took a series of effective measures to remedy it, such as imposing heavy taxes on the export of silver since October 1934 in an attempt to stop or rece the outflow of silver; We should speed up the pace of currency reform so as to cut off the serious impact of silver price fluctuation on China's financial market
of course, since the early 1930s, based on the world economic panic, the trend of "all important countries changing their monetary policies and forbidding the circulation of coins" has also played an exemplary and promoting role in the implementation of the reform of legal currency by the Nanjing National Government< Second, we should guard against Japan's strategic need to expand its aggression against China. The September 18th Incident in 1931 shocked the whole country. After the incident, although the Nanjing National Government blindly relied on the League of nations, it fancied that the Northeast issue could be solved by compromise through international mediation. However, in the face of Japan's defiance of the norms of international law and its aggressiveness, after all, Japan is not willing to annex the whole of China. In the face of this situation, Qian Changzhao (then Vice Minister of ecation of the national government) proposed to Chiang Kai Shek to organize a national defense Design Committee. Qian's original intention is positive. He believes that Japan will invade China on a large scale sooner or later. In order to prepare for the war as soon as possible and prepare for a rainy day, he proposed to organize specialized agencies and employ a group of scientific and technological experts and professors to engage in the investigation and research of national defense construction and the formulation of relevant plans
Qian Changzhao's suggestion is in line with Chiang Kai Shek's mind. Because the establishment of this organization brought Jiang initiative. 1. Help to strengthen Chiang Kai Shek's power in the national government. Through this organization, we can win over a group of well-known personages and celebrities from all walks of life and professions for our own use, enhance his position in the national government, and change the situation that his strength is mainly in the army but not in the political and economic aspects. 2. Better relations with Britain, the United States and other countries through this organization. Most of the scholars and celebrities to be contacted by the national defense design Commission have studied in the West. They have been trained by the West and won the trust of Britain, the United States and other countries. Chiang Kai Shek tried to use them to win greater economic and political support from the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries. 3. If this organization can be set up, it will objectively help the Nanjing government to prepare for Japan's expansion of aggression< After more than half a year's preparation, the national defense design Commission was formally established in November 1932. Among the first 39 members of the national defense design Commission, there were representatives of bankers and financiers such as Xu Xinliu and Wu Dingchang, and later Zhang Jia á O and other famous bankers. In the national defense Design Committee, these bankers and financiers actively participated in the design of currency reform, or in various activities, or in the planning. After the death of Xu Xinliu, the manager of Zhejiang Instrial Bank, when someone cleaned up his belongings, he found that he had drafted an opinion on the reform of China's currency system. There are many similarities between this currency reform proposal and the legal currency reform plan announced and implemented by Nanjing National Government. The national defense design Commission has studied China's currency system reform with certain manpower, material and financial resources, and incorporated the issue of China's currency system reform into the "national defense design". It has more or less had the strategic intention of preventing Japan from expanding its aggression
thirdly, the success of "Abolishing the two currencies and changing them into yuan" paved the way for the reform of legal currency in technology. On July 7, 1932, Song Ziwen convened a meeting of representatives of the banking and money instry in Shanghai. At the meeting, three principles were determined: 1) abolishing the two kinds of silver and adopting the two kinds of silver; ② After adopting the silver dollar system, the old cast silver dollar can still be used; ③ The price of silver dollar was determined and new silver coins were made. In fact, the determination of these principles is the first step of "Abolishing the two systems and changing them into yuan". Then, on March 1, April 5, and April 6, 1933, the Nanjing national government successively issued the order of abolishing the two yuan reform, the notice of abolishing the two yuan reform, and the instruction, stipulating that the two yuan reform should be formally implemented in the whole country from April 6 of that year“ The most important measure of "Abolishing the two funds and changing them into yuan" is to stipulate that from April 6 of that year, all receipts and payments, transactions and contractual instruments of public and private funds shall be made in silver yuan, and silver yuan shall not be used“ The implementation of "Abolishing the two currencies and changing them into yuan" has realized the uniform shape, weight and quality of silver yuan across the country, greatly simplified the types of currency and improved the disorder of China's currency market. As a result, on the one hand, it is concive to the activity of commodity circulation and economic life, and meets the development needs of economic life; On the other hand, as a key step of simplifying currency and rectifying currency circulation market, the policy of "Abolishing the two currencies and changing the yuan" has cleared up the obstacles of currency disorder for abolishing coins and further implementing the reform of legal currency in China
fourthly, major western countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States supported the reform of the national government of Nanjing, and sent economic experts such as Gamal, young and Liz Roth to China to participate in the design of the reform. In particular, Liz Roth from the British side played an important role in the reform of legal currency: 1. Liz Roth's visit to China eliminated China's doubts about the relationship between Japan and Britain. In the previous negotiations on China's currency reform, the United Kingdom and the United States both inquired and tried to learn the details of China's currency reform plan, but they were all rejected by China. At that time, Britain was discussing this issue with Japan, and China's relations with Britain and Japan had not yet reached the bottom. It was worried that Britain would "inform Japan of China's plan". Liz Roth came to China in person, and Britain and China held talks separately. This matter was seen by the Nanjing National Government as the appearance of Britain's support for China's monetary reform. 2. After Liz Roth came to China, he approved and supported the plan of American expert Yang Ge (financial adviser of Nanjing national government at that time). When Liz Ross arrived in China via Canada and Japan in September 1935, young talked to him in Nanjing about the "overall situation" in China and the "plan that should be carried out" in the reform of the currency system. On October 2, Song Ziwen, Kong Xiangxi and others announced the official reform plan based on Yang Ge's plan to Liz Roth. Liz Roth not only "generally agreed" with the plan, but also "helped to provide advice."
on November 4, 1935, the day after the announcement of the implementation of the currency reform, the British ambassador to China, under the authorization of British law, announced the "King's rules" and quoted Chinese decrees, which explicitly prohibited British nationals in China from continuing to pay debts or other monetary business with silver; It is stipulated that British Overseas Chinese should accept legal money instead of silver and silver dollars. These measures show the British side's confidence in China's "legal currency" and "give strong support to China's reform initiatives". After negotiations with the national government, the United States continued to buy more Chinese silver at the price of US $0.45 per ounce to show its support for China“ As the balance of payments turned into a surplus, China received a large amount of foreign exchange, which, together with the proceeds from the sale of silver, made China's currency reserve reach a huge amount equivalent to 379 million US dollars in mid-1937. "
there are complex factors for Britain, the United States and other countries to support China's reform of legal currency: they want to intervene in China's reform of currency system out of their own interests to strengthen their influence on China's monetary system, and they also have various considerations based on the international political and economic situation at that time. In any case, the support of the United Kingdom and the United States for the reform of the national government's legal currency is concive to the implementation of legal currency throughout the country
to sum up, the implementation of the reform of legal currency in Nanjing national government is by no means an indivial driven and accidental financial event. The completion of the reform of legal currency is not only the call of China's economic development, but also the result of the development of internal contradictions in China's monetary system; It was also caused by the international political and economic situation at that time
the historical positive effect of the reform of legal currency
the reform of legal currency is unprecedented. Its positive and negative historical effects are enormous. Therefore, the evaluation of the reform of legal currency has become a very complex issue in modern Chinese history
it must be admitted that after the reform of legal currency, the government replaced silver currency with dishonoured paper currency, which provided convenient conditions for the government to issue paper currency indiscriminately and implement inflation. From the outbreak of the Anti Japanese War to the implementation of the golden yuan certificate on August 21, 1948, the amount of legal money issued by the national government was as high as 664 trillion yuan, an increase of 474000 times compared with the eve of the Anti Japanese war. After that, the issuance of gold coupons failed faster and more miserably than the legal currency,
the massive outflow of silver has caused serious consequences for China: first, people's fear in China; Second, China's foreign trade has seriously exceeded its quota; Third, the money supply is tight, the market turnover is poor, and banks, banks and business firms close down one after another; Fourth, there was a shortage of currency and prices fell. Take Shanghai as an example, prices in 1935 fell by 23.9% compared with 1932, and even factories were unable to maintain and forced to close down. In short, the international and domestic economic situation led to a large outflow of Chinese silver and triggered the silver storm in 1935. As for the silver storm, the Nanjing national government also took a series of effective measures to remedy it, such as imposing heavy taxes on the export of silver since October 1934 in an attempt to stop or rece the outflow of silver; We should speed up the pace of currency reform so as to cut off the serious impact of silver price fluctuation on China's financial market
of course, since the early 1930s, based on the world economic panic, the trend of "all important countries changing their monetary policies and forbidding the circulation of coins" has also played an exemplary and promoting role in the implementation of the reform of legal currency by the Nanjing National Government< Second, we should guard against Japan's strategic need to expand its aggression against China. The September 18th Incident in 1931 shocked the whole country. After the incident, although the Nanjing National Government blindly relied on the League of nations, it fancied that the Northeast issue could be solved by compromise through international mediation. However, in the face of Japan's defiance of the norms of international law and its aggressiveness, after all, Japan is not willing to annex the whole of China. In the face of this situation, Qian Changzhao (then Vice Minister of ecation of the national government) proposed to Chiang Kai Shek to organize a national defense Design Committee. Qian's original intention is positive. He believes that Japan will invade China on a large scale sooner or later. In order to prepare for the war as soon as possible and prepare for a rainy day, he proposed to organize specialized agencies and employ a group of scientific and technological experts and professors to engage in the investigation and research of national defense construction and the formulation of relevant plans
Qian Changzhao's suggestion is in line with Chiang Kai Shek's mind. Because the establishment of this organization brought Jiang initiative. 1. Help to strengthen Chiang Kai Shek's power in the national government. Through this organization, we can win over a group of well-known personages and celebrities from all walks of life and professions for our own use, enhance his position in the national government, and change the situation that his strength is mainly in the army but not in the political and economic aspects. 2. Better relations with Britain, the United States and other countries through this organization. Most of the scholars and celebrities to be contacted by the national defense design Commission have studied in the West. They have been trained by the West and won the trust of Britain, the United States and other countries. Chiang Kai Shek tried to use them to win greater economic and political support from the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries. 3. If this organization can be set up, it will objectively help the Nanjing government to prepare for Japan's expansion of aggression< After more than half a year's preparation, the national defense design Commission was formally established in November 1932. Among the first 39 members of the national defense design Commission, there were representatives of bankers and financiers such as Xu Xinliu and Wu Dingchang, and later Zhang Jia á O and other famous bankers. In the national defense Design Committee, these bankers and financiers actively participated in the design of currency reform, or in various activities, or in the planning. After the death of Xu Xinliu, the manager of Zhejiang Instrial Bank, when someone cleaned up his belongings, he found that he had drafted an opinion on the reform of China's currency system. There are many similarities between this currency reform proposal and the legal currency reform plan announced and implemented by Nanjing National Government. The national defense design Commission has studied China's currency system reform with certain manpower, material and financial resources, and incorporated the issue of China's currency system reform into the "national defense design". It has more or less had the strategic intention of preventing Japan from expanding its aggression
thirdly, the success of "Abolishing the two currencies and changing them into yuan" paved the way for the reform of legal currency in technology. On July 7, 1932, Song Ziwen convened a meeting of representatives of the banking and money instry in Shanghai. At the meeting, three principles were determined: 1) abolishing the two kinds of silver and adopting the two kinds of silver; ② After adopting the silver dollar system, the old cast silver dollar can still be used; ③ The price of silver dollar was determined and new silver coins were made. In fact, the determination of these principles is the first step of "Abolishing the two systems and changing them into yuan". Then, on March 1, April 5, and April 6, 1933, the Nanjing national government successively issued the order of abolishing the two yuan reform, the notice of abolishing the two yuan reform, and the instruction, stipulating that the two yuan reform should be formally implemented in the whole country from April 6 of that year“ The most important measure of "Abolishing the two funds and changing them into yuan" is to stipulate that from April 6 of that year, all receipts and payments, transactions and contractual instruments of public and private funds shall be made in silver yuan, and silver yuan shall not be used“ The implementation of "Abolishing the two currencies and changing them into yuan" has realized the uniform shape, weight and quality of silver yuan across the country, greatly simplified the types of currency and improved the disorder of China's currency market. As a result, on the one hand, it is concive to the activity of commodity circulation and economic life, and meets the development needs of economic life; On the other hand, as a key step of simplifying currency and rectifying currency circulation market, the policy of "Abolishing the two currencies and changing the yuan" has cleared up the obstacles of currency disorder for abolishing coins and further implementing the reform of legal currency in China
fourthly, major western countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States supported the reform of the national government of Nanjing, and sent economic experts such as Gamal, young and Liz Roth to China to participate in the design of the reform. In particular, Liz Roth from the British side played an important role in the reform of legal currency: 1. Liz Roth's visit to China eliminated China's doubts about the relationship between Japan and Britain. In the previous negotiations on China's currency reform, the United Kingdom and the United States both inquired and tried to learn the details of China's currency reform plan, but they were all rejected by China. At that time, Britain was discussing this issue with Japan, and China's relations with Britain and Japan had not yet reached the bottom. It was worried that Britain would "inform Japan of China's plan". Liz Roth came to China in person, and Britain and China held talks separately. This matter was seen by the Nanjing National Government as the appearance of Britain's support for China's monetary reform. 2. After Liz Roth came to China, he approved and supported the plan of American expert Yang Ge (financial adviser of Nanjing national government at that time). When Liz Ross arrived in China via Canada and Japan in September 1935, young talked to him in Nanjing about the "overall situation" in China and the "plan that should be carried out" in the reform of the currency system. On October 2, Song Ziwen, Kong Xiangxi and others announced the official reform plan based on Yang Ge's plan to Liz Roth. Liz Roth not only "generally agreed" with the plan, but also "helped to provide advice."
on November 4, 1935, the day after the announcement of the implementation of the currency reform, the British ambassador to China, under the authorization of British law, announced the "King's rules" and quoted Chinese decrees, which explicitly prohibited British nationals in China from continuing to pay debts or other monetary business with silver; It is stipulated that British Overseas Chinese should accept legal money instead of silver and silver dollars. These measures show the British side's confidence in China's "legal currency" and "give strong support to China's reform initiatives". After negotiations with the national government, the United States continued to buy more Chinese silver at the price of US $0.45 per ounce to show its support for China“ As the balance of payments turned into a surplus, China received a large amount of foreign exchange, which, together with the proceeds from the sale of silver, made China's currency reserve reach a huge amount equivalent to 379 million US dollars in mid-1937. "
there are complex factors for Britain, the United States and other countries to support China's reform of legal currency: they want to intervene in China's reform of currency system out of their own interests to strengthen their influence on China's monetary system, and they also have various considerations based on the international political and economic situation at that time. In any case, the support of the United Kingdom and the United States for the reform of the national government's legal currency is concive to the implementation of legal currency throughout the country
to sum up, the implementation of the reform of legal currency in Nanjing national government is by no means an indivial driven and accidental financial event. The completion of the reform of legal currency is not only the call of China's economic development, but also the result of the development of internal contradictions in China's monetary system; It was also caused by the international political and economic situation at that time
the historical positive effect of the reform of legal currency
the reform of legal currency is unprecedented. Its positive and negative historical effects are enormous. Therefore, the evaluation of the reform of legal currency has become a very complex issue in modern Chinese history
it must be admitted that after the reform of legal currency, the government replaced silver currency with dishonoured paper currency, which provided convenient conditions for the government to issue paper currency indiscriminately and implement inflation. From the outbreak of the Anti Japanese War to the implementation of the golden yuan certificate on August 21, 1948, the amount of legal money issued by the national government was as high as 664 trillion yuan, an increase of 474000 times compared with the eve of the Anti Japanese war. After that, the issuance of gold coupons failed faster and more miserably than the legal currency,
4. Geographical environment
Chongming County is composed of Chongming, Changxing and Hengsha islands, with a total land area of 1411 square kilometers
among them, Chongming Island is located in the mid point of China's coastline along the Western Pacific Ocean, at the estuary of the Yangtze River, the largest river in China. It is the largest estuary alluvial island in the world, and the third largest island in China after Taiwan Island and Hainan Island. It is known as the "gateway of the Yangtze River and Yingzhou in the East China Sea". The island is surrounded by rivers on three sides, sea on one side, rolling Yangtze River on the west, vast east China Sea on the East, Pudong New Area, Baoshan District and Taicang City of Jiangsu Province on the south, Haimen City and Qidong City of Jiangsu Province on the north. The island covers an area of 1267 square kilometers, 80 kilometers long from east to west and 13 to 18 kilometers wide from north to south. The island is flat without hills, slightly higher in the northwest and middle, and slightly lower in the southwest and East. More than 90% of the land elevation (with Wusong elevation 0 m as reference) is between 3.21 m and 4.20 M. The geographical location of the island is 121 east longitude ° 09ཚ "to 121 ° 54 ′ 00 ″, 31 n ° 27 ′ 00 "to 31 ″ ° Located in the north subtropical zone, the climate is mild and humid, with an annual average temperature of 15.2 ℃, abundant sunshine, abundant rain and four distinct seasons. The island has clean water and soil, fresh air and excellent ecological environment. The average life span of residents is 76.7 years
Changxing Island is located in the Jiangnan waterway of Wusongkou, adjacent to Hengsha Island in the East and Chongming Island in the north. The island is banded, 26.8 km long from east to west and 2-4 km wide from north to south. It covers an area of 88 square kilometers, including 8.5 square kilometers of beach and 26.2 square kilometers of arable land (excluding avant-garde farms). In the south, there is a deep water coastline of nearly 20 kilometers, with the general water depth of - 12 meters to - 16 meters and the deepest depth of - 22 meters. It can dock 300000 DWT ships<
Hengsha Island is an island at the easternmost end of the Yangtze River Estuary, facing the river on three sides and the sea on one side. Backed by Changxing, it echoes Chongming Island in the north and Pudong across the river in the south. The island is conch shaped, about 12 kilometers long from north to South and 8 kilometers wide from east to west. The average altitude is 2.8 meters. The total area is 56 square kilometers, including 26.8 square kilometers of arable land. At present, there are more than 200000 mu of beach resources over 0 meters and 670000 mu of beach resources over - 5 meters. The surrounding coastline is more than 30 kilometers, of which the south end has about 2 kilometers of deep water coastline, with a water depth of about - 12 meters<
system evolution
Chongming Island has a history of more than 1300 years. In 618 ad (the first year of Wude in Tang Dynasty), Dongsha and Xisha Islands began to appear on the surface of the Yangtze River Estuary. Later, many sandbanks changed from east to west, from south to north, and then to Chongming Island at the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of 696 ad (long live Tongtian first year of Tang Dynasty), people began to live on the island. In 705 A.D. (the first year of the dragon of the Tang Dynasty), a town was set up in Xisha, named Chongming ("Chongming" means high, "Ming" means sea and sky, "Chongming" means flat and wide plain land above the water). In 1222 ad (the 15th year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty), the Tianci salt farm was set up, which was under the jurisdiction of Tongzhou. In 1277 ad (from the Yuan Dynasty to the fourteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty), it was promoted to Chongming Prefecture, which was subordinate to Yangzhou road. In 1396 A.D. (the second year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty), the county was under Yangzhou Road, Suzhou government and Taicang state. During the period of the Republic of China, they successively belonged to Nantong and Songjiang of Jiangsu Province. After liberation, it was subordinate to Nantong District of Jiangsu Province. Since December 1, 1958, it has been subordinate to Shanghai. At present, it is the only county among the 19 districts and counties in Shanghai<
Changxing Island was formed in Xianfeng Period, and Hengsha Island has a history of about 120 years since it was reclaimed and moved in 1886. Since May 18, 2005, with the approval of the State Council, the administrative divisions of Changxing and Hengsha townships in Baoshan District of Shanghai city have been incorporated into Chongming County< The Chongming people have a glorious revolutionary tradition. During the Anti Japanese war in the Ming Dynasty, Chongming "sand soldiers" were famous for their bravery. In the autumn of 1921, there was a peasant uprising in Xisha, Chongming. Mao Zedong wrote an article on this feat in the weekly guide, the organ newspaper of the CPC Central Committee at that time. In September 1926, Lu Tieqiang and Yu Fucai, the special commissioners of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, returned to chongzhong and established the early rural grass-roots party organizations in China. In the long years of revolutionary struggle, many Chongming people gave their precious lives to the revolutionary cause of the Chinese people< At present, Chongming County has 13 towns and 3 townships. Chengqiao Town, where the county government is located, is the political, economic and cultural center of the county. After the merger of the three islands, the total population increased, but the natural growth rate was still negative. By the end of 2005, the registered residence population in the county was 701 thousand, an increase of 69 thousand over the previous year, and 83 thousand migrant workers, with a birth rate of 5.9 per thousand, with a mortality rate of 8.8 per thousand and a natural growth rate of -2.9 per thousand. The main ethnic group is Han nationality, and there are Mongolian, Hui, Manchu, Zhuang, Bai, Yi, Korean, Uygur, Buyi, Hani, Tujia, Tibetan and other ethnic minorities< The overall goal of the plan is to adhere to the scientific outlook on development, according to the requirements of building a socialist harmonious society, around the overall goal of building a modern ecological island area, vigorously implement the main strategy of revitalizing the county through science and ecation, and accelerate the linkage development of the three islands, We should strive to make the three islands of Chongming one of the best areas for harmonious coexistence between man and nature and coordinated development of economy and society to meet the long-term needs of Shanghai's construction of a modern international metropolis
Chongming Three Islands: Chongming is an important strategic space for Shanghai's sustainable development. Adhere to the linkage of the functions, instry, population and infrastructure of the three islands, build a comprehensive ecological island, marine equipment island and ecological leisure Island respectively, rely on scientific and technological innovation, promote circular economy and develop ecological instry, and strive to build Chongming into a modern ecological island area with harmonious and beautiful environment, intensive utilization of resources and coordinated development of economy and society
the functional orientation of the three Chongming islands mainly reflects the following six aspects: Forest Garden Island, ecological human settlement Island, leisure Island, green food Island, marine equipment Island, science and technology research and innovation island< In 2005, the county's economy maintained a steady growth. The added value of the whole year was 9.57 billion yuan, an increase of 12.2% over the previous year, achieving double-digit growth for three consecutive years. Among them, the added value of the primary instry was 1.61 billion yuan, an increase of 1.9% over the previous year, accounting for 16.8% of the county's added value, a decrease of 2.2 percentage points over the previous year; The added value of the secondary instry was 4.39 billion yuan, an increase of 17.0% over the previous year, accounting for 45.9% of the added value of the whole county, an increase of 2.1 percentage points over the previous year; The added value of the tertiary instry was 3.57 billion yuan, an increase of 11.7% over the previous year, accounting for 37.3% of the county's added value, which was the same as that of the previous year
since the beginning of this year, the central government has implemented a steady fiscal and monetary policy, the source of tax revenue has increased steadily, and the fiscal revenue has been guaranteed. The fiscal revenue of the whole year was 2.64 billion yuan, an increase of 31.1% over the previous year. Among them, the county-level revenue was 1.82 billion yuan, an increase of 53.2% over the previous year. The construction of new town development pattern is progressing smoothly, and the infrastructure investment has reached a record high. The fixed asset investment in the whole year reached 2.77 billion yuan, an increase of 35.1% over the previous year. Among them, the capital construction investment was 1.14 billion yuan, an increase of 75.6% over the previous year; The investment in renovation was 190 million yuan, an increase of 9.3% over the previous year; The real estate investment was 780 million yuan, an increase of 9.8% over the previous year; The rural collective investment was 660 million yuan, an increase of 27.2% over the previous year< In 2005, focusing on the goal of ecological island construction, the county further optimized the agricultural instrial structure, stabilized grain proction, vigorously developed green and pollution-free organic agriculture, further promoted the standardization and instrialization of agricultural leading procts, and continuously improved the land yield and agricultural economic benefits. The planting area of high-quality rice varieties such as Hanyouxiangqing, Jiahua No.1 and Jinfeng accounted for 95% of the total rice area in the county. New development has been made in forestry proction. 2400 hectares of ecological forest and 84 hectares of economic forest have been added in the county. In the aspect of animal husbandry, we should pay close attention to the prevention and control of major animal diseases, achieve mass prevention and mass control, and actively promote the characteristic breeding instry. The number of major agricultural and sideline procts such as pigs, poultry and eggs on the market has increased to a certain extent over the previous year. Fishery proction should further optimize aquaculture varieties and actively develop characteristic aquaculture
in 2005, the county's total agricultural output value reached 4.38 billion yuan, an increase of 2.1% over the previous year, including 2.17 billion yuan of planting instry, an increase of 6.4%; 9 million yuan, down 11.2%; Animal husbandry reached 550 million yuan, an increase of 1.1%; 1.48 billion yuan, down 1.6%; Agricultural service instry reached 90 million yuan, down 12.1%. The annual grain planting area is 50678 hectares, and the total grain output is 3031 tons
instry
instrial enterprises overcame the adverse effects of inconvenient transportation, shortage of raw materials and energy, further strengthened the adjustment of instrial structure, increased the share of key procts and advantageous instries in the instry of the whole county, well connected instrial proction and marketing, and the total proction reached the highest level in history. The total instrial output value was 11.68 billion yuan, an increase of 15.7% over the previous year. The output value of instrial sales reached 11.49 billion yuan, an increase of 14.8% over the previous year. The economic benefits of instrial enterprises continue to improve. In 2005, the instrial added value of the whole county reached 3.06 billion yuan, an increase of 18.3% over the previous year; The total profit of the whole year was 540 million yuan, an increase of 4.4% over the previous year
Instrial Enterprises above Designated Size have obvious advantages, and the total instrial output value of the whole year is 9.89 billion yuan, accounting for 84.7% of the total instrial output value of the whole county. The output value of pharmaceutical and marine equipment manufacturing instries increased by more than 50%“ The annual output value of daily stainless steel and commercial equipment manufacturing instry reached 1.21 billion yuan, an increase of 1.7% over the previous year< The construction instry has maintained rapid development. The total output value of the construction instry was 8.31 billion yuan, an increase of 32.9% over the previous year; The added value of the construction instry was 1.33 billion yuan, an increase of 20.2% over the previous year. The construction area of houses listed in the county's fixed assets investment plan was 773000 square meters, an increase of 8.6% over the previous year; The completed area was 426000 square meters, a decrease of 4.3% over the previous year
financial instry
the financial market system has been graally improved, the level of financial services has been continuously improved, and the total amount of bank deposits and loans has continued to increase. At the end of 2005, the balance of various deposits in financial institutions was 22.1 billion yuan, an increase of 3.45 billion yuan over the beginning of the year; The loan balance was 12.2 billion yuan, an increase of 210 million yuan over the beginning of the year, including 3.57 billion yuan for housing loans, a decrease of 150 million yuan over the beginning of the year
domestic and foreign trade
the layout of commercial network has been strengthened, and the scale of market sales has been expanded. In 2005, the total retail sales of consumer goods reached 2.01 billion yuan, an increase of 10.8% over the previous year. Among them, the retail sales of food procts reached 580 million yuan, an increase of 11.4%; The retail sales of clothing procts reached 240 million yuan, an increase of 9.8%; The retail sales of goods used were 900 million yuan, an increase of 10.6%; The retail sales of burned goods reached 70 million yuan, an increase of 11.6%; The market trade turnover was 220 million yuan, an increase of 10.6% over the previous year
foreign trade enterprises actively adjust the proct structure, vigorously cultivate new growth points, and significantly enhance their export capacity. In 2005, 2.57 billion yuan was allocated for export, an increase of 20.8% over the previous year. Of this total, 2.54 billion yuan was allocated for the export of instrial procts, an increase of 21.4%; The allocation for agricultural and sideline procts export was 30 million yuan, down 11.4%
Investment Promotion
the investment promotion measures are powerful and effective, and the development of the two parks has entered a substantive stage. In 2005, 1514 enterprises of various types were introced into the county, 108 less than that of the previous year; The total registered capital was 4.13 billion yuan, and the accumulated taxes were 1.9 billion yuan, an increase of 43.9% over the previous year. Chongming Instrial Park and Fusheng Development Zone introced registered enterprises
Chongming County is composed of Chongming, Changxing and Hengsha islands, with a total land area of 1411 square kilometers
among them, Chongming Island is located in the mid point of China's coastline along the Western Pacific Ocean, at the estuary of the Yangtze River, the largest river in China. It is the largest estuary alluvial island in the world, and the third largest island in China after Taiwan Island and Hainan Island. It is known as the "gateway of the Yangtze River and Yingzhou in the East China Sea". The island is surrounded by rivers on three sides, sea on one side, rolling Yangtze River on the west, vast east China Sea on the East, Pudong New Area, Baoshan District and Taicang City of Jiangsu Province on the south, Haimen City and Qidong City of Jiangsu Province on the north. The island covers an area of 1267 square kilometers, 80 kilometers long from east to west and 13 to 18 kilometers wide from north to south. The island is flat without hills, slightly higher in the northwest and middle, and slightly lower in the southwest and East. More than 90% of the land elevation (with Wusong elevation 0 m as reference) is between 3.21 m and 4.20 M. The geographical location of the island is 121 east longitude ° 09ཚ "to 121 ° 54 ′ 00 ″, 31 n ° 27 ′ 00 "to 31 ″ ° Located in the north subtropical zone, the climate is mild and humid, with an annual average temperature of 15.2 ℃, abundant sunshine, abundant rain and four distinct seasons. The island has clean water and soil, fresh air and excellent ecological environment. The average life span of residents is 76.7 years
Changxing Island is located in the Jiangnan waterway of Wusongkou, adjacent to Hengsha Island in the East and Chongming Island in the north. The island is banded, 26.8 km long from east to west and 2-4 km wide from north to south. It covers an area of 88 square kilometers, including 8.5 square kilometers of beach and 26.2 square kilometers of arable land (excluding avant-garde farms). In the south, there is a deep water coastline of nearly 20 kilometers, with the general water depth of - 12 meters to - 16 meters and the deepest depth of - 22 meters. It can dock 300000 DWT ships<
Hengsha Island is an island at the easternmost end of the Yangtze River Estuary, facing the river on three sides and the sea on one side. Backed by Changxing, it echoes Chongming Island in the north and Pudong across the river in the south. The island is conch shaped, about 12 kilometers long from north to South and 8 kilometers wide from east to west. The average altitude is 2.8 meters. The total area is 56 square kilometers, including 26.8 square kilometers of arable land. At present, there are more than 200000 mu of beach resources over 0 meters and 670000 mu of beach resources over - 5 meters. The surrounding coastline is more than 30 kilometers, of which the south end has about 2 kilometers of deep water coastline, with a water depth of about - 12 meters<
system evolution
Chongming Island has a history of more than 1300 years. In 618 ad (the first year of Wude in Tang Dynasty), Dongsha and Xisha Islands began to appear on the surface of the Yangtze River Estuary. Later, many sandbanks changed from east to west, from south to north, and then to Chongming Island at the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of 696 ad (long live Tongtian first year of Tang Dynasty), people began to live on the island. In 705 A.D. (the first year of the dragon of the Tang Dynasty), a town was set up in Xisha, named Chongming ("Chongming" means high, "Ming" means sea and sky, "Chongming" means flat and wide plain land above the water). In 1222 ad (the 15th year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty), the Tianci salt farm was set up, which was under the jurisdiction of Tongzhou. In 1277 ad (from the Yuan Dynasty to the fourteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty), it was promoted to Chongming Prefecture, which was subordinate to Yangzhou road. In 1396 A.D. (the second year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty), the county was under Yangzhou Road, Suzhou government and Taicang state. During the period of the Republic of China, they successively belonged to Nantong and Songjiang of Jiangsu Province. After liberation, it was subordinate to Nantong District of Jiangsu Province. Since December 1, 1958, it has been subordinate to Shanghai. At present, it is the only county among the 19 districts and counties in Shanghai<
Changxing Island was formed in Xianfeng Period, and Hengsha Island has a history of about 120 years since it was reclaimed and moved in 1886. Since May 18, 2005, with the approval of the State Council, the administrative divisions of Changxing and Hengsha townships in Baoshan District of Shanghai city have been incorporated into Chongming County< The Chongming people have a glorious revolutionary tradition. During the Anti Japanese war in the Ming Dynasty, Chongming "sand soldiers" were famous for their bravery. In the autumn of 1921, there was a peasant uprising in Xisha, Chongming. Mao Zedong wrote an article on this feat in the weekly guide, the organ newspaper of the CPC Central Committee at that time. In September 1926, Lu Tieqiang and Yu Fucai, the special commissioners of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, returned to chongzhong and established the early rural grass-roots party organizations in China. In the long years of revolutionary struggle, many Chongming people gave their precious lives to the revolutionary cause of the Chinese people< At present, Chongming County has 13 towns and 3 townships. Chengqiao Town, where the county government is located, is the political, economic and cultural center of the county. After the merger of the three islands, the total population increased, but the natural growth rate was still negative. By the end of 2005, the registered residence population in the county was 701 thousand, an increase of 69 thousand over the previous year, and 83 thousand migrant workers, with a birth rate of 5.9 per thousand, with a mortality rate of 8.8 per thousand and a natural growth rate of -2.9 per thousand. The main ethnic group is Han nationality, and there are Mongolian, Hui, Manchu, Zhuang, Bai, Yi, Korean, Uygur, Buyi, Hani, Tujia, Tibetan and other ethnic minorities< The overall goal of the plan is to adhere to the scientific outlook on development, according to the requirements of building a socialist harmonious society, around the overall goal of building a modern ecological island area, vigorously implement the main strategy of revitalizing the county through science and ecation, and accelerate the linkage development of the three islands, We should strive to make the three islands of Chongming one of the best areas for harmonious coexistence between man and nature and coordinated development of economy and society to meet the long-term needs of Shanghai's construction of a modern international metropolis
Chongming Three Islands: Chongming is an important strategic space for Shanghai's sustainable development. Adhere to the linkage of the functions, instry, population and infrastructure of the three islands, build a comprehensive ecological island, marine equipment island and ecological leisure Island respectively, rely on scientific and technological innovation, promote circular economy and develop ecological instry, and strive to build Chongming into a modern ecological island area with harmonious and beautiful environment, intensive utilization of resources and coordinated development of economy and society
the functional orientation of the three Chongming islands mainly reflects the following six aspects: Forest Garden Island, ecological human settlement Island, leisure Island, green food Island, marine equipment Island, science and technology research and innovation island< In 2005, the county's economy maintained a steady growth. The added value of the whole year was 9.57 billion yuan, an increase of 12.2% over the previous year, achieving double-digit growth for three consecutive years. Among them, the added value of the primary instry was 1.61 billion yuan, an increase of 1.9% over the previous year, accounting for 16.8% of the county's added value, a decrease of 2.2 percentage points over the previous year; The added value of the secondary instry was 4.39 billion yuan, an increase of 17.0% over the previous year, accounting for 45.9% of the added value of the whole county, an increase of 2.1 percentage points over the previous year; The added value of the tertiary instry was 3.57 billion yuan, an increase of 11.7% over the previous year, accounting for 37.3% of the county's added value, which was the same as that of the previous year
since the beginning of this year, the central government has implemented a steady fiscal and monetary policy, the source of tax revenue has increased steadily, and the fiscal revenue has been guaranteed. The fiscal revenue of the whole year was 2.64 billion yuan, an increase of 31.1% over the previous year. Among them, the county-level revenue was 1.82 billion yuan, an increase of 53.2% over the previous year. The construction of new town development pattern is progressing smoothly, and the infrastructure investment has reached a record high. The fixed asset investment in the whole year reached 2.77 billion yuan, an increase of 35.1% over the previous year. Among them, the capital construction investment was 1.14 billion yuan, an increase of 75.6% over the previous year; The investment in renovation was 190 million yuan, an increase of 9.3% over the previous year; The real estate investment was 780 million yuan, an increase of 9.8% over the previous year; The rural collective investment was 660 million yuan, an increase of 27.2% over the previous year< In 2005, focusing on the goal of ecological island construction, the county further optimized the agricultural instrial structure, stabilized grain proction, vigorously developed green and pollution-free organic agriculture, further promoted the standardization and instrialization of agricultural leading procts, and continuously improved the land yield and agricultural economic benefits. The planting area of high-quality rice varieties such as Hanyouxiangqing, Jiahua No.1 and Jinfeng accounted for 95% of the total rice area in the county. New development has been made in forestry proction. 2400 hectares of ecological forest and 84 hectares of economic forest have been added in the county. In the aspect of animal husbandry, we should pay close attention to the prevention and control of major animal diseases, achieve mass prevention and mass control, and actively promote the characteristic breeding instry. The number of major agricultural and sideline procts such as pigs, poultry and eggs on the market has increased to a certain extent over the previous year. Fishery proction should further optimize aquaculture varieties and actively develop characteristic aquaculture
in 2005, the county's total agricultural output value reached 4.38 billion yuan, an increase of 2.1% over the previous year, including 2.17 billion yuan of planting instry, an increase of 6.4%; 9 million yuan, down 11.2%; Animal husbandry reached 550 million yuan, an increase of 1.1%; 1.48 billion yuan, down 1.6%; Agricultural service instry reached 90 million yuan, down 12.1%. The annual grain planting area is 50678 hectares, and the total grain output is 3031 tons
instry
instrial enterprises overcame the adverse effects of inconvenient transportation, shortage of raw materials and energy, further strengthened the adjustment of instrial structure, increased the share of key procts and advantageous instries in the instry of the whole county, well connected instrial proction and marketing, and the total proction reached the highest level in history. The total instrial output value was 11.68 billion yuan, an increase of 15.7% over the previous year. The output value of instrial sales reached 11.49 billion yuan, an increase of 14.8% over the previous year. The economic benefits of instrial enterprises continue to improve. In 2005, the instrial added value of the whole county reached 3.06 billion yuan, an increase of 18.3% over the previous year; The total profit of the whole year was 540 million yuan, an increase of 4.4% over the previous year
Instrial Enterprises above Designated Size have obvious advantages, and the total instrial output value of the whole year is 9.89 billion yuan, accounting for 84.7% of the total instrial output value of the whole county. The output value of pharmaceutical and marine equipment manufacturing instries increased by more than 50%“ The annual output value of daily stainless steel and commercial equipment manufacturing instry reached 1.21 billion yuan, an increase of 1.7% over the previous year< The construction instry has maintained rapid development. The total output value of the construction instry was 8.31 billion yuan, an increase of 32.9% over the previous year; The added value of the construction instry was 1.33 billion yuan, an increase of 20.2% over the previous year. The construction area of houses listed in the county's fixed assets investment plan was 773000 square meters, an increase of 8.6% over the previous year; The completed area was 426000 square meters, a decrease of 4.3% over the previous year
financial instry
the financial market system has been graally improved, the level of financial services has been continuously improved, and the total amount of bank deposits and loans has continued to increase. At the end of 2005, the balance of various deposits in financial institutions was 22.1 billion yuan, an increase of 3.45 billion yuan over the beginning of the year; The loan balance was 12.2 billion yuan, an increase of 210 million yuan over the beginning of the year, including 3.57 billion yuan for housing loans, a decrease of 150 million yuan over the beginning of the year
domestic and foreign trade
the layout of commercial network has been strengthened, and the scale of market sales has been expanded. In 2005, the total retail sales of consumer goods reached 2.01 billion yuan, an increase of 10.8% over the previous year. Among them, the retail sales of food procts reached 580 million yuan, an increase of 11.4%; The retail sales of clothing procts reached 240 million yuan, an increase of 9.8%; The retail sales of goods used were 900 million yuan, an increase of 10.6%; The retail sales of burned goods reached 70 million yuan, an increase of 11.6%; The market trade turnover was 220 million yuan, an increase of 10.6% over the previous year
foreign trade enterprises actively adjust the proct structure, vigorously cultivate new growth points, and significantly enhance their export capacity. In 2005, 2.57 billion yuan was allocated for export, an increase of 20.8% over the previous year. Of this total, 2.54 billion yuan was allocated for the export of instrial procts, an increase of 21.4%; The allocation for agricultural and sideline procts export was 30 million yuan, down 11.4%
Investment Promotion
the investment promotion measures are powerful and effective, and the development of the two parks has entered a substantive stage. In 2005, 1514 enterprises of various types were introced into the county, 108 less than that of the previous year; The total registered capital was 4.13 billion yuan, and the accumulated taxes were 1.9 billion yuan, an increase of 43.9% over the previous year. Chongming Instrial Park and Fusheng Development Zone introced registered enterprises
5. Unit 1 biology and biosphere
Chapter 1 understanding biology
section 1 biological characteristics
I. biological characteristics:
1. Biological life needs nutrition; 2. Biological energy for respiration; 3. Waste excretion; 4. Stress; 5. Cell composition (except virus); 6. Growth and development; 7. Reproction; 8. Genetic variation Observation method P2
section 2 investigation of living things around us
1. General methods of investigation
steps: clear investigation purpose, determine investigation objects, formulate reasonable investigation scheme, investigation records, sort out investigation results, and write investigation report
2. Classification of living things
according to morphological structure: animals, plants, plants Other organisms
according to the living environment: terrestrial organisms, aquatic organisms
according to the use: crops, poultry, livestock, pets
Chapter 2: the biosphere is the home of all organisms
section 1: biosphere
1. The scope of the biosphere: the bottom of the atmosphere: flying birds, insects Bacteria, etc.
all of the hydrosphere: the water layer within 150 meters from the sea level
the surface of the lithosphere: the "foothold" of all terrestrial organisms
2. The biosphere provides the basic conditions for the survival of organisms: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and certain living space
section 2 the impact of environment on organisms
1 The influence of abiotic factors on biology: light, water, temperature, etc.
2. The experiment of the influence of light on the life of the rat woman (understanding and mastering the questions in the senior high school entrance examination)
3. The process of exploration: 1. Finding problems, asking questions, 2. Making hypotheses, 3. Making plans, 4. Implementing plans, 5. Drawing conclusions, 6. Expression and communication
4. Control experiment p15
5 The influence of biological factors on organisms:
according to the relationship between the same species or different species, biological factors can be divided into two kinds: 1. Intraspecific relationship: intraspecific mutual aid (ant moving food), intraspecific struggle (two leopards competing for antelope and habitat)
2. Interspecific relationship: parasitism (Ascaris), competition (lion and leopard competing for food), and the relationship between the two species: parasitism (Ascaris lumbricoides) Huzhu (rhinoceros and rhinoceros bird)
section 3 adaptation and impact of organisms on the environment
I. examples of adaptation of organisms to the environment P19
II. Impact of organisms on the environment: transpiration of plants regulates air humidity, dead leaves and branches of plants regulate soil fertility, animal manure improves soil, earthworm scarifies soil
section 4 ecosystem
I Composition of ecosystem:
1. Biological part: procer, consumer, decomposer
2. Abiotic part: sunlight, water, air, temperature
2. Food chain and food web:
1. Food chain starts from procer
2. Material and energy flow along food chain and food web
3. The higher the nutritional level, the less the number of organisms; The higher the nutritional level, the more toxic substances accumulated, such as the Shuiwu disease in Japan< In general, the number and proportion of organisms in the ecosystem are relatively stable. But this kind of automatic adjustment ability has a certain limit, exceeding it will be destroyed< Section 5 biosphere is the largest ecosystem
1. The types of ecosystem P29
forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, farmland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, urban ecosystem, etc.
2 Biosphere is a unified whole, P30
pay attention to the example of DDT (the topic of usual exercise paper)
unit 2 biology and cells
Chapter 1 observe the structure of cells
section 1 exercise using microscope
1. The structure of microscope
base: stabilize the body of microscope
column: support the part above the column
mirror arm: the part holding the mirror
stage: the place where slide specimens are placed. There is a light through hole in the center and a tablet holder on both sides for fixing the observed object
sunshade: it has round holes of different sizes, called aperture. Each aperture can be aligned with the through hole. Light is used to adjust the intensity of light:
reflector: it can be rotated to reflect the light through the through-hole. Its two sides are different:
lens barrel: the upper end is equipped with an eyepiece, the lower end is equipped with a converter, the converter is equipped with an objective, and the rear is equipped with a quasi focus screw
quasi focus helix: coarse quasi focus helix (also known as coarse adjustment): the lifting range of the lens barrel is large when it is rotated; Fine quasi focus screw (also known as fine tuning)
the relationship between the rotation direction and the up and down direction: rotate the quasi focus screw clockwise, and the lens barrel drops; On the contrary, it will increase
3. The use of microscope p37-38 should be mastered
1. The observed image is opposite to the actual image
2. Magnification = objective multiple x eyepiece multiple
3. The biological specimen observed under the microscope should be thin and transparent, and the light can pass through, so that it can be observed clearly. Therefore, it must be processed into slide specimens< In Section 2, observe the difference of plant cells between slicing, smearing and loading, p42
2, experiment process p43-44
3, basic structure of plant cells
1, cell wall: support and protection
2, cell membrane: control of material in and out
3, cytoplasm: liquid, flowable
4 Cell nucleus: storage and transmission of genetic information
5. Chloroplast: the place for photosynthesis
6. Vacuole: cell fluid
7. Mitochondria: the place for respiration
3. Observation of animal cells
1. Observation of oral epithelial cells experiment P47
2. Structure of animal cells
1. Cell membrane: control of substances in and out
2 Nucleus: store and transmit genetic information
3. Cytoplasm: liquid, can flow
Chapter 2 cell life
section 1 cell life needs material and energy
1. Material is composed of molecules, which are constantly moving. Take the experiment of white sugar melting as an example
molecules are not the smallest particles of matter, they are made up of atoms. Atom is the smallest unit of matter, while cell is the structural and functional unit of organism< Second, cell substances
organic substances (generally containing carbon, can be burned): sugars, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, these are macromolecules
inorganic substances (generally not containing carbon): water, inorganic substances, oxygen, etc., these are small molecules
Third, cell membranes control the import and export of substances, have selectivity for substances, useful substances enter, waste discharge< (4) energy converter in cells:
chloroplast: photosynthesis is the process in which carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide are hydrated into sugar and oxygen is proced
mitochondrion is the "power plant" and "engine" in cells for respiration< The second section is the genetic information database. First, genetic information exists in the nucleus. Second, DNA is the carrier of genetic information in the nucleus. The structure of DNA is like a spiral ladder Different biological indivials, the shape and number of chromosomes are completely different
2. In the same biological indivials, the shape and number of chromosomes remain certain
3. Chromosomes are easy to be dyed dark by alkaline dyes
4. The number of chromosomes should be kept constant, otherwise there will be serious genetic diseases
4 The control center of cells is the nucleus
the third cell proces new cells through division
1. The growth of organisms from small to large is e to: cell growth and cell division
2. Cell division
1. Chromosome replication
2. The nucleus is divided into two equal nuclei
3. The cytoplasm is divided into two parts
4 Plant cells: new cell membrane and cell wall are formed between protocells
animal cells: two new cells are formed when the cell membrane is graally invaginated
contents after midterm examination (key review)
Chapter 3 how cells form organisms
section 1 structure level of animal body
1. Concept of cell division and cell differentiation
3 All kinds of cells formed by cell differentiation gather together to perform their functions. The cell group formed by the aggregation of cells with similar morphology and structure and same function is called tissue
four, several kinds of tissues are arranged together in a certain order, connected with each other, forming a structure with a certain shape, which can complete a variety of functions to meet the needs of a certain aspect of life activities of plants, such a structure is called organ< The basic tissues of animal and human can be divided into four types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue
six or four kinds of tissues are formed in a certain order, and one of them is the main organ< 7. Multiple organs in animal or human body that can perform one or several physiological functions together constitute a system in a certain order< (8) the basic structural levels of animals and human beings: cells → tissues → organs → systems → animal bodies and human bodies; (9) the names of the eight systems; (2) the structural levels of plants; (1) the six organs of flowering plants; (2) the vegetative organs: Roots, stems and leaves; (3) the reproctive organs: flowers, fruits and seeds; (2) the vegetative organs: flowers, fruits and seeds Plant tissues
meristem, protective tissue, vegetative tissue, concting tissue, etc.
section 3 organisms with only one cell
1. Unicellular organisms: yeast, paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Euglena, amoeba
2. Paramecium
structure: cilia, surface membrane, collecting tube, contractile vesicle, crissum, mouth groove, food vesicle, cytoplasm, etc Nucleus (macronucleus, micronucleus)
function: Notes
3. The relationship between unicellular organisms and human beings
1. Beneficial aspects: Notes
2. Harmful aspects: Notes
green plants in unit 3 biosphere
section 1 algae, mosses and ferns
1. The aerial part of fern is not stem, but compound leaf; The underground part is the underground stem and root< Second, ferns have differentiation of root, stem, leaf and other organs, and also have transport tissue and mechanical tissue, so the plants are relatively tall< Third, spore is a kind of germ cell, and sporangia can not be seen at any time, but in summer. When spores germinate, they can form protoplasts< 4. The economic significance of pteridophytes lies in: (1) some of them are edible; ② Some of them are available; ③ Some are for viewing; ④ Some can be used as good green manure and feed; ⑤ After a long time, the remains of ancient pteridophytes became coal< There are two types of bryophytes: one is the differentiation of stems and leaves, but the stems are very small and the leaves are small and thin, such as Cucurbitaceae and wallwort; The other has no differentiation of stem and leaf, and the plant body is just a flat leaf body, such as Digitaria< The roots of bryophytes are pseudoroots and cannot absorb water and inorganic salts, while the stems and leaves of bryophytes have no concting tissues and cannot transport water. So bryophytes can not be separated from the environment of boiling water< Br7. Bryophytes grow intensively, and there are many differences between them
Chapter 1 understanding biology
section 1 biological characteristics
I. biological characteristics:
1. Biological life needs nutrition; 2. Biological energy for respiration; 3. Waste excretion; 4. Stress; 5. Cell composition (except virus); 6. Growth and development; 7. Reproction; 8. Genetic variation Observation method P2
section 2 investigation of living things around us
1. General methods of investigation
steps: clear investigation purpose, determine investigation objects, formulate reasonable investigation scheme, investigation records, sort out investigation results, and write investigation report
2. Classification of living things
according to morphological structure: animals, plants, plants Other organisms
according to the living environment: terrestrial organisms, aquatic organisms
according to the use: crops, poultry, livestock, pets
Chapter 2: the biosphere is the home of all organisms
section 1: biosphere
1. The scope of the biosphere: the bottom of the atmosphere: flying birds, insects Bacteria, etc.
all of the hydrosphere: the water layer within 150 meters from the sea level
the surface of the lithosphere: the "foothold" of all terrestrial organisms
2. The biosphere provides the basic conditions for the survival of organisms: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and certain living space
section 2 the impact of environment on organisms
1 The influence of abiotic factors on biology: light, water, temperature, etc.
2. The experiment of the influence of light on the life of the rat woman (understanding and mastering the questions in the senior high school entrance examination)
3. The process of exploration: 1. Finding problems, asking questions, 2. Making hypotheses, 3. Making plans, 4. Implementing plans, 5. Drawing conclusions, 6. Expression and communication
4. Control experiment p15
5 The influence of biological factors on organisms:
according to the relationship between the same species or different species, biological factors can be divided into two kinds: 1. Intraspecific relationship: intraspecific mutual aid (ant moving food), intraspecific struggle (two leopards competing for antelope and habitat)
2. Interspecific relationship: parasitism (Ascaris), competition (lion and leopard competing for food), and the relationship between the two species: parasitism (Ascaris lumbricoides) Huzhu (rhinoceros and rhinoceros bird)
section 3 adaptation and impact of organisms on the environment
I. examples of adaptation of organisms to the environment P19
II. Impact of organisms on the environment: transpiration of plants regulates air humidity, dead leaves and branches of plants regulate soil fertility, animal manure improves soil, earthworm scarifies soil
section 4 ecosystem
I Composition of ecosystem:
1. Biological part: procer, consumer, decomposer
2. Abiotic part: sunlight, water, air, temperature
2. Food chain and food web:
1. Food chain starts from procer
2. Material and energy flow along food chain and food web
3. The higher the nutritional level, the less the number of organisms; The higher the nutritional level, the more toxic substances accumulated, such as the Shuiwu disease in Japan< In general, the number and proportion of organisms in the ecosystem are relatively stable. But this kind of automatic adjustment ability has a certain limit, exceeding it will be destroyed< Section 5 biosphere is the largest ecosystem
1. The types of ecosystem P29
forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, farmland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, urban ecosystem, etc.
2 Biosphere is a unified whole, P30
pay attention to the example of DDT (the topic of usual exercise paper)
unit 2 biology and cells
Chapter 1 observe the structure of cells
section 1 exercise using microscope
1. The structure of microscope
base: stabilize the body of microscope
column: support the part above the column
mirror arm: the part holding the mirror
stage: the place where slide specimens are placed. There is a light through hole in the center and a tablet holder on both sides for fixing the observed object
sunshade: it has round holes of different sizes, called aperture. Each aperture can be aligned with the through hole. Light is used to adjust the intensity of light:
reflector: it can be rotated to reflect the light through the through-hole. Its two sides are different:
lens barrel: the upper end is equipped with an eyepiece, the lower end is equipped with a converter, the converter is equipped with an objective, and the rear is equipped with a quasi focus screw
quasi focus helix: coarse quasi focus helix (also known as coarse adjustment): the lifting range of the lens barrel is large when it is rotated; Fine quasi focus screw (also known as fine tuning)
the relationship between the rotation direction and the up and down direction: rotate the quasi focus screw clockwise, and the lens barrel drops; On the contrary, it will increase
3. The use of microscope p37-38 should be mastered
1. The observed image is opposite to the actual image
2. Magnification = objective multiple x eyepiece multiple
3. The biological specimen observed under the microscope should be thin and transparent, and the light can pass through, so that it can be observed clearly. Therefore, it must be processed into slide specimens< In Section 2, observe the difference of plant cells between slicing, smearing and loading, p42
2, experiment process p43-44
3, basic structure of plant cells
1, cell wall: support and protection
2, cell membrane: control of material in and out
3, cytoplasm: liquid, flowable
4 Cell nucleus: storage and transmission of genetic information
5. Chloroplast: the place for photosynthesis
6. Vacuole: cell fluid
7. Mitochondria: the place for respiration
3. Observation of animal cells
1. Observation of oral epithelial cells experiment P47
2. Structure of animal cells
1. Cell membrane: control of substances in and out
2 Nucleus: store and transmit genetic information
3. Cytoplasm: liquid, can flow
Chapter 2 cell life
section 1 cell life needs material and energy
1. Material is composed of molecules, which are constantly moving. Take the experiment of white sugar melting as an example
molecules are not the smallest particles of matter, they are made up of atoms. Atom is the smallest unit of matter, while cell is the structural and functional unit of organism< Second, cell substances
organic substances (generally containing carbon, can be burned): sugars, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, these are macromolecules
inorganic substances (generally not containing carbon): water, inorganic substances, oxygen, etc., these are small molecules
Third, cell membranes control the import and export of substances, have selectivity for substances, useful substances enter, waste discharge< (4) energy converter in cells:
chloroplast: photosynthesis is the process in which carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide are hydrated into sugar and oxygen is proced
mitochondrion is the "power plant" and "engine" in cells for respiration< The second section is the genetic information database. First, genetic information exists in the nucleus. Second, DNA is the carrier of genetic information in the nucleus. The structure of DNA is like a spiral ladder Different biological indivials, the shape and number of chromosomes are completely different
2. In the same biological indivials, the shape and number of chromosomes remain certain
3. Chromosomes are easy to be dyed dark by alkaline dyes
4. The number of chromosomes should be kept constant, otherwise there will be serious genetic diseases
4 The control center of cells is the nucleus
the third cell proces new cells through division
1. The growth of organisms from small to large is e to: cell growth and cell division
2. Cell division
1. Chromosome replication
2. The nucleus is divided into two equal nuclei
3. The cytoplasm is divided into two parts
4 Plant cells: new cell membrane and cell wall are formed between protocells
animal cells: two new cells are formed when the cell membrane is graally invaginated
contents after midterm examination (key review)
Chapter 3 how cells form organisms
section 1 structure level of animal body
1. Concept of cell division and cell differentiation
3 All kinds of cells formed by cell differentiation gather together to perform their functions. The cell group formed by the aggregation of cells with similar morphology and structure and same function is called tissue
four, several kinds of tissues are arranged together in a certain order, connected with each other, forming a structure with a certain shape, which can complete a variety of functions to meet the needs of a certain aspect of life activities of plants, such a structure is called organ< The basic tissues of animal and human can be divided into four types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue
six or four kinds of tissues are formed in a certain order, and one of them is the main organ< 7. Multiple organs in animal or human body that can perform one or several physiological functions together constitute a system in a certain order< (8) the basic structural levels of animals and human beings: cells → tissues → organs → systems → animal bodies and human bodies; (9) the names of the eight systems; (2) the structural levels of plants; (1) the six organs of flowering plants; (2) the vegetative organs: Roots, stems and leaves; (3) the reproctive organs: flowers, fruits and seeds; (2) the vegetative organs: flowers, fruits and seeds Plant tissues
meristem, protective tissue, vegetative tissue, concting tissue, etc.
section 3 organisms with only one cell
1. Unicellular organisms: yeast, paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Euglena, amoeba
2. Paramecium
structure: cilia, surface membrane, collecting tube, contractile vesicle, crissum, mouth groove, food vesicle, cytoplasm, etc Nucleus (macronucleus, micronucleus)
function: Notes
3. The relationship between unicellular organisms and human beings
1. Beneficial aspects: Notes
2. Harmful aspects: Notes
green plants in unit 3 biosphere
section 1 algae, mosses and ferns
1. The aerial part of fern is not stem, but compound leaf; The underground part is the underground stem and root< Second, ferns have differentiation of root, stem, leaf and other organs, and also have transport tissue and mechanical tissue, so the plants are relatively tall< Third, spore is a kind of germ cell, and sporangia can not be seen at any time, but in summer. When spores germinate, they can form protoplasts< 4. The economic significance of pteridophytes lies in: (1) some of them are edible; ② Some of them are available; ③ Some are for viewing; ④ Some can be used as good green manure and feed; ⑤ After a long time, the remains of ancient pteridophytes became coal< There are two types of bryophytes: one is the differentiation of stems and leaves, but the stems are very small and the leaves are small and thin, such as Cucurbitaceae and wallwort; The other has no differentiation of stem and leaf, and the plant body is just a flat leaf body, such as Digitaria< The roots of bryophytes are pseudoroots and cannot absorb water and inorganic salts, while the stems and leaves of bryophytes have no concting tissues and cannot transport water. So bryophytes can not be separated from the environment of boiling water< Br7. Bryophytes grow intensively, and there are many differences between them
6. Unknown_Error
7. 1. Sorting out the knowledge points:
1. Where is my home
1. The elements that constitute the community: relatively fixed area, a certain number of population, and residents with common regional identity, some common views, related interests and relatively close contacts. P6
② three elements of map: P7-8
A. direction: there are three common orientation methods on map
"general orientation method" is commonly used on maps, that is, up north down south, left West and right east
"beacon orientation method" is a method adopted under specific conditions. There are many drawing methods, but the north direction must be marked
"warp and weft net orientation method" is the most accurate orientation method. The arc connecting the north and south poles on the globe is called longitude, and the line parallel to the equator is called latitude. On the globe, the longitude indicates the north-south direction and the latitude indicates the east-west direction
B. scale: the ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the spot, also known as "scale". The scale of a map is usually expressed in three forms
line type. For example, 0 10 20 km
literal. For example, "one centimeter on the map represents a distance of 50 kilometers in the field."
Digital. For example, 1:10000
the larger the scale is, the smaller the field area is and the more detailed the geographical objects are; The smaller the scale, the larger the scope of the map, and the coarser the geographical things. Pay attention to the conversion of units, 1 km = 100000 cm
C. legend and annotation: the symbols used to represent geographical things on maps are called legends; The words and numbers used to explain geographical things on a map are called annotations
③ the main functions of the community: political, economic, cultural and management functions< (2) various communities p10-13
① the main types of communities are functional community, natural community and administrative community< (2) community differences: the differences between communities are mainly reflected in two aspects:
first, the scale is different; Second, it has different characteristics, including the differences between urban and rural areas and within the city
3. The connection between communities: the connection between different regions is not only reflected in procts, but also in economy, culture, information and other aspects< (3) get information from the map p14-17
① common map:
Administrative Region Map: according to the size of the mapping area, it can be divided into world administrative region map, Continental administrative region map, national administrative region map and regional administrative region map, etc
topographic map: the common topographic maps are contour map and layered color map
tourism map: provide people with information about tourism projects, the number and characteristics of tourist attractions, transportation routes, tourism service facilities, etc< (2) steps of map reading:
first of all, look at the scale and legend to understand the details of the map content and get familiar with various symbols representing geographical things
then, the general characteristics of the whole region are briefly understood
finally, read in detail by element and region< (1) please observe carefully, and then complete the following table< (2) connect the following communities with their corresponding types by lines
rural
living community functional community
Street
urban natural community
University District
farm
High Tech Park
county administrative community Please choose the most suitable map according to the actual situation<
Xiaoguang of Hangzhou is going to Xi'an for the summer vacation.
Xiaohong wants to find the location of Monaco.
Xiaojing introces the main scenic spot of Huangshan to the students. China's transportation and tourism map
unit 2 Review
1. The ocean accounts for 71% of the world, while the land only accounts for 29%. P20
2. The vast land in the earth is the continent, and the largest land in the world is Eurasia. The smaller land is the island. The largest island in the world is Greenland. Surrounded by water on three sides and connected with the mainland on one side is the peninsula. The largest peninsula in the world is the Arabian Peninsula. The largest archipelago in the world is the Malay Archipelago
3. Please know the size order of the seven continents in the world and their position on the map. The largest continent in the world is Asia, and the smallest continent is Oceania. Asia, Europe, Africa and Oceania are all in the eastern hemisphere, North and South America in the Western Hemisphere, and Antarctica in the eastern and western hemispheres. Asia, Europe and North America are in the northern hemisphere, while Oceania, South America and Antarctica are in the southern hemisphere. Africa is just half of the northern and southern hemispheres. P21
4. Please know the area and location of the four oceans in the world. The position of seven continents and four oceans should be drawn on the paper. Make clear the location between the ocean and the continent. For example, the ocean surrounded by Europe, North America and Asia is the Arctic Ocean. The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean and the smallest is the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean and Antarctica are the broadest in longitude
5. Please know the names of some Straits in the world and their locations. The Strait of gibraltarian, Malacca, Bering, English, Magellan, Drake, Taiwan, Qiongzhou and black sea
6. Please master the boundaries between continents and between oceans in the world. The boundary between Asia and Europe, between Asia and Africa, and between North and South America. The boundary between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, between the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, and between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean The highest mountain in the world is the Himalayas, and the highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest, which is located between China and Nepal. The largest plateau in the world is the Brazilian plateau (South America), and the highest plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau (Asia). The largest plain in the world is the Amazon plain (South America), the longest mountain system in the world is the Cordillera mountain system, and the longest mountain range in the world is the Andes. The longest river in the world is the Nile (Africa)
8, the world climate P25
latitude climate type climate characteristics
roughly in the north and south latitude 30 ο The climate of tropical rain forest is high temperature and rainy all the year round
the climate of tropical grassland is high temperature all the year round, and there are obvious dry and wet seasons in one year
the climate of tropical monsoon is high temperature all the year round, and there are obvious dry and rainy seasons in one year
the climate of tropical desert is high temperature all the year round, dry and rainy, and even no rain for several years
it is generally in the south Subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate between 30-40 degrees north latitude, high temperature and rainy in summer, low temperature and less rain in winter
Mediterranean climate, dry and hot in summer, mild and rainy in winter
temperate monsoon climate between 40-60 degrees north latitude, cold and dry in winter, warm and rainy in summer
temperate continental climate, dry and less rain, hot in summer, cold in winter, The annual variation of temperature is large
the temperate marine climate is humid all the year round, with more rain in winter, not cold in winter and not hot in summer, and the annual variation of temperature is small
the sub frigid continental climate near the north and south polar circle has a long and cold winter, and the warm season is short, and the precipitation is concentrated in the warm season
the polar climate near the polar circle is very cold all the year round, which is winter
mainly distributed in the plateau and the south polar circle 9. Understand the distribution of climate types in Asia, especially in the Arabian Peninsula, China, Africa and Europe. P25-26
10. The natural environment is mainly composed of topography and climate, which constitute the regional differences of world natural landscape
11. The two main elements of climate are temperature and precipitation. Plants and animals have a certain indication of the local climate, especially plants Master the animals in the main climate types in the world)
12. P29
13. China is located in the northern hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere. Most of them are located in the middle latitude zone, and a small part in the low latitude zone; Most of them are located in the north temperate zone and a small part in the tropics. Located in the east of Asia, it spans 62 degrees longitude from east to west and 50 degrees latitude from north to south. It is close to the Pacific Ocean and back to Eurasia. The geographical location is characterized by both land and sea. The advantage of this location is: see book p41
14. The three major races in the world are white race, yellow race and black race. The most populous race in the world is the white race. The original inhabitants of North and South America (south of the United States is called Latin America) were Indians. They belonged to the yellow race. The characteristics of the distribution of human race in the world are as follows: there are both large-scale concentration and small-scale dispersion P30
15. There are nearly 200 countries in the world. The national flag and Anthem are symbols of a country. The largest country in the world is Russia, and the smallest is the Vatican (all in Europe). The most populous country in the world is China, and the least populous country in the world is the Vatican
16. The land, water, sea and air borders within the national boundaries are generally called territory. Please know the order of the six largest countries in the world. P32
17. The world can be divided into developed countries and developing countries, among which the whole Africa, Latin America and the vast majority of Asian countries belong to developing countries. Developed countries are mainly distributed in Europe, North America, Oceania and Japan in Asia. P33
18. Countries in the world should communicate with each other to solve world problems. The measures taken can be answered from the aspects of international law, economy (establishing a new international political and economic order) and the five principles of peaceful coexistence P33-34
19. The eastern and western hemispheres are divided by 160 degrees east longitude and 20 degrees west longitude. The northern and southern hemispheres are divided by the equator. The longitude indicates the north-south direction, and the latitude indicates the east-west direction. The code of east longitude is e, the code of west longitude is w, the code of north latitude is n, and the code of south latitude is s. Warp and weft are perpendicular to each other. The shape of warp is semicircle, while the shape of weft is circle or dot. The method of judging the East-West longitude in the longitude and latitude network is from left to right. The west longitude is decreasing, and the east longitude is increasing. The judgment of North-South latitude is from the bottom to the top. The south latitude is decreasing while the north latitude is increasing
20. It takes 4 minutes for the earth to turn 10, that is, it takes 1 hour to turn 150. In China, the longitude between the East and the west is 62 degrees, so the time difference between the East and the west is more than 4 hours. The 0 degree meridian, also known as the prime meridian, passes through the Greenwich Observatory. In the world, the area between 7.5 degrees west longitude and 7.5 degrees east longitude is called zero time zone (central time zone). It can be divided into 11 and a half time zones eastward and 11 and a half time zones westward. The total number of time zones is exactly 24, and the time difference between two adjacent time zones is one hour. London is the zero time zone in the UK, and Beijing is the East eight (four time zones in China). Tokyo is the East nine district
21. Please master the division of high, middle and low latitudes and the division of five zones on the earth. From this to practice to grasp the position of a point on the earth Given the latitude and longitude of a point, judge what hemisphere, what latitude zone, what temperature zone it is located in) p36
1. Where is my home
1. The elements that constitute the community: relatively fixed area, a certain number of population, and residents with common regional identity, some common views, related interests and relatively close contacts. P6
② three elements of map: P7-8
A. direction: there are three common orientation methods on map
"general orientation method" is commonly used on maps, that is, up north down south, left West and right east
"beacon orientation method" is a method adopted under specific conditions. There are many drawing methods, but the north direction must be marked
"warp and weft net orientation method" is the most accurate orientation method. The arc connecting the north and south poles on the globe is called longitude, and the line parallel to the equator is called latitude. On the globe, the longitude indicates the north-south direction and the latitude indicates the east-west direction
B. scale: the ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the spot, also known as "scale". The scale of a map is usually expressed in three forms
line type. For example, 0 10 20 km
literal. For example, "one centimeter on the map represents a distance of 50 kilometers in the field."
Digital. For example, 1:10000
the larger the scale is, the smaller the field area is and the more detailed the geographical objects are; The smaller the scale, the larger the scope of the map, and the coarser the geographical things. Pay attention to the conversion of units, 1 km = 100000 cm
C. legend and annotation: the symbols used to represent geographical things on maps are called legends; The words and numbers used to explain geographical things on a map are called annotations
③ the main functions of the community: political, economic, cultural and management functions< (2) various communities p10-13
① the main types of communities are functional community, natural community and administrative community< (2) community differences: the differences between communities are mainly reflected in two aspects:
first, the scale is different; Second, it has different characteristics, including the differences between urban and rural areas and within the city
3. The connection between communities: the connection between different regions is not only reflected in procts, but also in economy, culture, information and other aspects< (3) get information from the map p14-17
① common map:
Administrative Region Map: according to the size of the mapping area, it can be divided into world administrative region map, Continental administrative region map, national administrative region map and regional administrative region map, etc
topographic map: the common topographic maps are contour map and layered color map
tourism map: provide people with information about tourism projects, the number and characteristics of tourist attractions, transportation routes, tourism service facilities, etc< (2) steps of map reading:
first of all, look at the scale and legend to understand the details of the map content and get familiar with various symbols representing geographical things
then, the general characteristics of the whole region are briefly understood
finally, read in detail by element and region< (1) please observe carefully, and then complete the following table< (2) connect the following communities with their corresponding types by lines
rural
living community functional community
Street
urban natural community
University District
farm
High Tech Park
county administrative community Please choose the most suitable map according to the actual situation<
Xiaoguang of Hangzhou is going to Xi'an for the summer vacation.
Xiaohong wants to find the location of Monaco.
Xiaojing introces the main scenic spot of Huangshan to the students. China's transportation and tourism map
unit 2 Review
1. The ocean accounts for 71% of the world, while the land only accounts for 29%. P20
2. The vast land in the earth is the continent, and the largest land in the world is Eurasia. The smaller land is the island. The largest island in the world is Greenland. Surrounded by water on three sides and connected with the mainland on one side is the peninsula. The largest peninsula in the world is the Arabian Peninsula. The largest archipelago in the world is the Malay Archipelago
3. Please know the size order of the seven continents in the world and their position on the map. The largest continent in the world is Asia, and the smallest continent is Oceania. Asia, Europe, Africa and Oceania are all in the eastern hemisphere, North and South America in the Western Hemisphere, and Antarctica in the eastern and western hemispheres. Asia, Europe and North America are in the northern hemisphere, while Oceania, South America and Antarctica are in the southern hemisphere. Africa is just half of the northern and southern hemispheres. P21
4. Please know the area and location of the four oceans in the world. The position of seven continents and four oceans should be drawn on the paper. Make clear the location between the ocean and the continent. For example, the ocean surrounded by Europe, North America and Asia is the Arctic Ocean. The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean and the smallest is the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean and Antarctica are the broadest in longitude
5. Please know the names of some Straits in the world and their locations. The Strait of gibraltarian, Malacca, Bering, English, Magellan, Drake, Taiwan, Qiongzhou and black sea
6. Please master the boundaries between continents and between oceans in the world. The boundary between Asia and Europe, between Asia and Africa, and between North and South America. The boundary between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, between the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, and between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean The highest mountain in the world is the Himalayas, and the highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest, which is located between China and Nepal. The largest plateau in the world is the Brazilian plateau (South America), and the highest plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau (Asia). The largest plain in the world is the Amazon plain (South America), the longest mountain system in the world is the Cordillera mountain system, and the longest mountain range in the world is the Andes. The longest river in the world is the Nile (Africa)
8, the world climate P25
latitude climate type climate characteristics
roughly in the north and south latitude 30 ο The climate of tropical rain forest is high temperature and rainy all the year round
the climate of tropical grassland is high temperature all the year round, and there are obvious dry and wet seasons in one year
the climate of tropical monsoon is high temperature all the year round, and there are obvious dry and rainy seasons in one year
the climate of tropical desert is high temperature all the year round, dry and rainy, and even no rain for several years
it is generally in the south Subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate between 30-40 degrees north latitude, high temperature and rainy in summer, low temperature and less rain in winter
Mediterranean climate, dry and hot in summer, mild and rainy in winter
temperate monsoon climate between 40-60 degrees north latitude, cold and dry in winter, warm and rainy in summer
temperate continental climate, dry and less rain, hot in summer, cold in winter, The annual variation of temperature is large
the temperate marine climate is humid all the year round, with more rain in winter, not cold in winter and not hot in summer, and the annual variation of temperature is small
the sub frigid continental climate near the north and south polar circle has a long and cold winter, and the warm season is short, and the precipitation is concentrated in the warm season
the polar climate near the polar circle is very cold all the year round, which is winter
mainly distributed in the plateau and the south polar circle 9. Understand the distribution of climate types in Asia, especially in the Arabian Peninsula, China, Africa and Europe. P25-26
10. The natural environment is mainly composed of topography and climate, which constitute the regional differences of world natural landscape
11. The two main elements of climate are temperature and precipitation. Plants and animals have a certain indication of the local climate, especially plants Master the animals in the main climate types in the world)
12. P29
13. China is located in the northern hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere. Most of them are located in the middle latitude zone, and a small part in the low latitude zone; Most of them are located in the north temperate zone and a small part in the tropics. Located in the east of Asia, it spans 62 degrees longitude from east to west and 50 degrees latitude from north to south. It is close to the Pacific Ocean and back to Eurasia. The geographical location is characterized by both land and sea. The advantage of this location is: see book p41
14. The three major races in the world are white race, yellow race and black race. The most populous race in the world is the white race. The original inhabitants of North and South America (south of the United States is called Latin America) were Indians. They belonged to the yellow race. The characteristics of the distribution of human race in the world are as follows: there are both large-scale concentration and small-scale dispersion P30
15. There are nearly 200 countries in the world. The national flag and Anthem are symbols of a country. The largest country in the world is Russia, and the smallest is the Vatican (all in Europe). The most populous country in the world is China, and the least populous country in the world is the Vatican
16. The land, water, sea and air borders within the national boundaries are generally called territory. Please know the order of the six largest countries in the world. P32
17. The world can be divided into developed countries and developing countries, among which the whole Africa, Latin America and the vast majority of Asian countries belong to developing countries. Developed countries are mainly distributed in Europe, North America, Oceania and Japan in Asia. P33
18. Countries in the world should communicate with each other to solve world problems. The measures taken can be answered from the aspects of international law, economy (establishing a new international political and economic order) and the five principles of peaceful coexistence P33-34
19. The eastern and western hemispheres are divided by 160 degrees east longitude and 20 degrees west longitude. The northern and southern hemispheres are divided by the equator. The longitude indicates the north-south direction, and the latitude indicates the east-west direction. The code of east longitude is e, the code of west longitude is w, the code of north latitude is n, and the code of south latitude is s. Warp and weft are perpendicular to each other. The shape of warp is semicircle, while the shape of weft is circle or dot. The method of judging the East-West longitude in the longitude and latitude network is from left to right. The west longitude is decreasing, and the east longitude is increasing. The judgment of North-South latitude is from the bottom to the top. The south latitude is decreasing while the north latitude is increasing
20. It takes 4 minutes for the earth to turn 10, that is, it takes 1 hour to turn 150. In China, the longitude between the East and the west is 62 degrees, so the time difference between the East and the west is more than 4 hours. The 0 degree meridian, also known as the prime meridian, passes through the Greenwich Observatory. In the world, the area between 7.5 degrees west longitude and 7.5 degrees east longitude is called zero time zone (central time zone). It can be divided into 11 and a half time zones eastward and 11 and a half time zones westward. The total number of time zones is exactly 24, and the time difference between two adjacent time zones is one hour. London is the zero time zone in the UK, and Beijing is the East eight (four time zones in China). Tokyo is the East nine district
21. Please master the division of high, middle and low latitudes and the division of five zones on the earth. From this to practice to grasp the position of a point on the earth Given the latitude and longitude of a point, judge what hemisphere, what latitude zone, what temperature zone it is located in) p36
8. On November 3, 1935, the Nanjing National Government promulgated the order and regulations for the implementation of the new monetary policy in November 24 of the Republic of China, and began to implement the reform of legal currency throughout the country. The main contents of the reform are as follows: 1. Centralizing the right to issue banknotes. It was announced that "from November 4 this year, banknotes issued by the central government, the people's Republic of China and the three banks of communications will be used as legal currency.". It is stipulated that other banks no longer have the right to issue, and their banknotes in circulation are graally withdrawn and stopped using. 2、 It is stipulated that the legal currency is "unlimited legal compensation currency". In China, "all taxes paid on grain and all public and private funds are limited to legal currency, and no cash is used. All banks, public and private institutions or indivials holding silver and raw silver should immediately exchange for legal currency.". 3、 Abolish the silver standard. All the silver was returned to the state to be used as the reserve for legal currency. "If there is any reason to hide, and the intention is to steal, it should be punished according to the emergency criminal law against the Republic of China.". 4、 It is stipulated that legal currency shall not be cashed, but foreign exchange can be traded in designated financial institutions without restriction, and the exchange rate between legal currency and pound sterling shall be fixed. First, the influence of the international financial situation. At the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, an unprecedented economic crisis broke out in the capitalist world. During the crisis, the main western capitalist countries such as Britain, Germany, Japan and Canada abandoned the gold standard in an attempt to pass on the crisis to the silver consuming countries. In March 1933, the United States also abandoned the gold standard, devalued the US dollar, unilaterally violated the "silver agreement" adopted by eight major silver procing and using countries in the world in July 1932, bought silver at a high price in the international market, and attempted to transfer the American economic crisis to the Chinese people by "raising the price of silver, that is, increasing the purchasing power of 40000 people". All kinds of factors make the price of silver rise in the international market. Before 1935, silver and silver dollar were common commodities in the international market, but currency in China. The rising price of silver in the international market has led to a large outflow of silver from China. In the five months from June to October of 1934, the amount of silver (including silver yuan) exported by Shanghai reached 222.9 million yuan. This is three times the output of 1933. Some foreign banks in China even hire warships to rush the export of silver for huge profits. From March 1934 to December 1934, the silver stock of Shanghai's banks (including Chinese and foreign banks) decreased from 589.4 million yuan to 335 million yuan. From 1934 to 1935, China's outflow of silver was about 180 million yuan. The massive outflow of silver has caused serious consequences for China: first, the domestic people are panicked; Second, China's foreign trade has seriously exceeded its quota; Third, the money supply is tight, the market turnover is poor, and banks, banks and business firms close down one after another; Fourth, there was a shortage of currency and prices fell. Take Shanghai as an example, prices in 1935 fell by 23.9% compared with 1932, and even factories were unable to maintain and forced to close down. In short, the international and domestic economic situation led to a large outflow of Chinese silver and triggered the silver storm in 1935. As for the silver storm, the Nanjing national government also took a series of effective measures to remedy it, such as imposing heavy taxes on the export of silver since October 1934 in an attempt to stop or rece the outflow of silver; We should speed up the pace of currency reform so as to cut off the serious impact of silver price fluctuation on China's financial market. Of course, since the early 1930s, based on the world economic panic, the trend of "all important countries changing their monetary policies and forbidding the circulation of coins" has also played an exemplary and promoting role in the implementation of the legal currency reform by the Nanjing National Government. Second, to guard against Japan's strategic need to expand its aggression against China. The September 18th Incident in 1931 shocked the whole country. After the incident, although the Nanjing National Government blindly relied on the League of nations, it fancied that the Northeast issue could be solved by compromise through international mediation. However, in the face of Japan's defiance of the norms of international law and its aggressiveness, after all, Japan is not willing to annex the whole of China. In the face of this situation, Qian Changzhao (then Vice Minister of ecation of the national government) proposed to Chiang Kai Shek to organize a national defense Design Committee. Qian's original intention is positive. He believes that Japan will invade China on a large scale sooner or later. In order to prepare for the war as soon as possible and prepare for a rainy day, he proposed to organize specialized agencies and employ a group of scientific and technological experts and professors to engage in the investigation and research of national defense construction and the formulation of relevant plans. Qian Changzhao's proposal is in line with Chiang Kai Shek's mind. Because the establishment of this organization brought Jiang initiative. 1. Help to strengthen Chiang Kai Shek's power in the national government. Through this organization, we can win over a group of well-known personages and celebrities from all walks of life and professions for our own use, enhance his position in the national government, and change the situation that his strength is mainly in the army but not in the political and economic aspects. 2. Better relations with Britain, the United States and other countries through this organization. Most of the scholars and celebrities to be contacted by the national defense design Commission have studied in the West. They have been trained by the West and won the trust of Britain, the United States and other countries. Chiang Kai Shek tried to use them to win greater economic and political support from the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries. 3. If this organization can be set up, it will objectively help the Nanjing government to prepare for Japan's expansion of aggression. After more than half a year of preparation, the national defense design Commission was formally established in November 1932. Among the first 39 members of the national defense design Commission, there were representatives of bankers and financiers such as Xu Xinliu and Wu Dingchang, and later Zhang Jia á O and other famous bankers. In the national defense Design Committee, these bankers and financiers actively participated in the design of currency reform, or in various activities, or in the planning. After the death of Xu Xinliu, the manager of Zhejiang Instrial Bank, when someone cleaned up his belongings, he found that he had drafted an opinion on the reform of China's currency system. There are many similarities between this currency reform proposal and the legal currency reform plan announced and implemented by Nanjing National Government. The national defense design Commission has studied China's currency system reform with certain manpower, material and financial resources, and incorporated the issue of China's currency system reform into the "national defense design". It has more or less had the strategic intention of preventing Japan from expanding its aggression. Third, the success of "Abolishing the two currencies and changing them into yuan" paved the way for the reform of legal currency in technology. On July 7, 1932, Song Ziwen convened a meeting of representatives of the banking and money instry in Shanghai. At the meeting, three principles were determined: 1) abolishing the two kinds of silver and adopting the two kinds of silver; ② After adopting the silver dollar system, the old cast silver dollar can still be used; ③ The price of silver dollar was determined and new silver coins were made. In fact, the determination of these principles is the first step of "Abolishing the two systems and changing them into yuan". Then, on March 1, April 5, and April 6, 1933, the Nanjing national government successively issued the order of abolishing the two yuan reform, the notice of abolishing the two yuan reform, and the instruction, stipulating that the two yuan reform should be formally implemented in the whole country from April 6 of that year“ The most important measure of "Abolishing the two funds and changing them into yuan" is to stipulate that from April 6 of that year, all receipts and payments, transactions and contractual instruments of public and private funds shall be made in silver yuan, and silver yuan shall not be used“ The implementation of "Abolishing the two currencies and changing them into yuan" has realized the uniform shape, weight and quality of silver yuan across the country, greatly simplified the types of currency and improved the disorder of China's currency market. As a result, on the one hand, it is concive to the activity of commodity circulation and economic life, and meets the development needs of economic life; On the other hand, as a key step of simplifying currency and rectifying currency circulation market, the policy of "Abolishing the two currencies and changing the yuan" has cleared up the obstacles of currency disorder for abolishing coins and further implementing the reform of legal currency in China. Fourth, Britain, the United States and other major western countries took a supportive attitude towards the reform of the national government of Nanjing. They sent economic experts such as Gamal, young and Liz Roth to China to participate in the design of the reform. In particular, Liz Roth from the British side played an important role in the reform of legal currency: 1. Liz Roth's visit to China eliminated China's doubts about the relationship between Japan and Britain. In the previous negotiations on China's currency reform, the United Kingdom and the United States both inquired and tried to learn the details of China's currency reform plan, but they were all rejected by China. At that time, Britain was discussing this issue with Japan, and China's relations with Britain and Japan had not yet reached the bottom. It was worried that Britain would "inform Japan of China's plan". Liz Roth came to China in person, and Britain and China held talks separately. This matter was seen by the Nanjing National Government as the appearance of Britain's support for China's monetary reform. 2. After Liz Roth came to China, he approved and supported the plan of American expert Yang Ge (financial adviser of Nanjing national government at that time). When Liz Ross arrived in China via Canada and Japan in September 1935, young talked to him in Nanjing about the "overall situation" in China and the "plan that should be carried out" in the reform of the currency system. On October 2, Song Ziwen, Kong Xiangxi and others announced the official reform plan based on Yang Ge's plan to Liz Roth. Liz Roth not only "generally agreed" with the plan, but also "helped to provide advice." On November 4, 1935, the second day after the announcement of the implementation of the reform of legal currency, the British ambassador to China, under the authorization of British law, announced the "King's rules" and quoted Chinese decrees, which explicitly prohibited British nationals in China from continuing to pay debts or other monetary business with silver; It is stipulated that British Overseas Chinese should accept legal money instead of silver and silver dollars. These measures show the British side's confidence in China's "legal currency" and "give strong support to China's reform initiatives". After negotiations with the national government, the United States continued to buy more Chinese silver at the price of US $0.45 per ounce to show its support for China“ As the balance of payments turned into a surplus, China received a large amount of foreign exchange, which, together with the proceeds from the sale of silver, made China's currency reserve reach a huge amount equivalent to 379 million US dollars in mid-1937. " Britain, the United States and other countries support China's reform of legal currency because of their complicated factors: they want to intervene in China's reform of currency system out of their own interests to strengthen their influence on China's currency system, and they also have various considerations based on the international political and economic situation at that time. In any case, the support of the United Kingdom and the United States for the reform of the national government's legal currency is concive to the implementation of legal currency throughout the country. To sum up, the implementation of the reform of legal currency in Nanjing national government was not an indivial driven and accidental financial event. The completion of the reform of legal currency is not only the call of China's economic development, but also the result of the development of internal contradictions in China's monetary system; It was also caused by the international political and economic situation at that time. The historical positive effect of the reform of legal currency is unprecedented. Its positive and negative historical effects are enormous. Therefore, the evaluation of the reform of legal currency has become a very complex issue in modern Chinese history. It must be admitted that after the reform of legal currency, the government replaced silver currency with banknotes that were not cashed, which provided convenient conditions for the government to issue banknotes indiscriminately and implement inflation. From the outbreak of the Anti Japanese War to the implementation of the golden yuan certificate on August 21, 1948, the amount of legal money issued by the national government was as high as 664 trillion yuan, an increase of 474000 times compared with the eve of the Anti Japanese war. After that, the issuance of gold yuan certificates failed faster and more miserably than the legal currency, and expanded "650000 times" in the ten months from August 1948 to June 1949. More than ten years ago
9. In fact, as long as the key knowledge in the book is listed in the order of the size of the seven continents in the world, the size of the four oceans in the world, the three elements of the map, and the names and locations of some Straits in the world. The Strait of gibraltarian, Malacca, Bering, English, Magellan, Drake, Taiwan, Qiongzhou and black sea
the highest mountain range in the world is the Himalayas, and the highest peak in the world is Mount Everest, which lies between China and Nepal. The largest plateau in the world is the Brazilian plateau (South America), and the highest plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau (Asia). The largest plain in the world is the Amazon plain (South America), the longest mountain system in the world is the Cordillera mountain system, and the longest mountain range in the world is the Andes. The longest river in the world is the Nile (Africa). The three major races in the world are white race, yellow race and black race. The most populous race in the world is the white race. The original inhabitants of North and South America (south of the United States is called Latin America) were Indians. They belonged to the yellow race. The characteristics of the distribution of human race in the world are as follows: there are both large-scale concentration and small-scale dispersion P30
the abbreviations and administrative centers of various provinces, China covers an area of 9.64 million to... And the terrain... The Yangtze River... The Yellow River... The knowledge in these books is very important, In fact, it's more than that... I just said a part of it..... You can go to the Lishe book and recommend a book for yourself. Knowledge and ability training is just two words to read and review after reading the test paper The above information is also good... I wish you a good result in the exam
the highest mountain range in the world is the Himalayas, and the highest peak in the world is Mount Everest, which lies between China and Nepal. The largest plateau in the world is the Brazilian plateau (South America), and the highest plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau (Asia). The largest plain in the world is the Amazon plain (South America), the longest mountain system in the world is the Cordillera mountain system, and the longest mountain range in the world is the Andes. The longest river in the world is the Nile (Africa). The three major races in the world are white race, yellow race and black race. The most populous race in the world is the white race. The original inhabitants of North and South America (south of the United States is called Latin America) were Indians. They belonged to the yellow race. The characteristics of the distribution of human race in the world are as follows: there are both large-scale concentration and small-scale dispersion P30
the abbreviations and administrative centers of various provinces, China covers an area of 9.64 million to... And the terrain... The Yangtze River... The Yellow River... The knowledge in these books is very important, In fact, it's more than that... I just said a part of it..... You can go to the Lishe book and recommend a book for yourself. Knowledge and ability training is just two words to read and review after reading the test paper The above information is also good... I wish you a good result in the exam
10. Review outline of unit 5 and 6 of history and society in Grade 7
I. main contents
1. The relationship between man and society
indivial can not live independently without society / human growth cannot do without society
2. Social role: learn to distinguish several roles
(1) born role:
son (daughter), nation, family, family, etc Chinese citizens...
(2) social roles: students, passengers, customers...
(3) self chosen roles: Volunteers...
(4) expected roles: scientists, singers Teachers, etc.
3. Three principles of interpersonal communication
(1) communication and understanding
(2) respect and equality
(3) integrity
honesty and trustworthiness are the basic principles of life, while mutual respect and equal communication are important bridges for good communication between people< (1) definition of rules: Rules refer to the rules and regulations that all or participants abide by in order to achieve a certain goal
broad definition: the general term of all normative documents formulated by the state (including constitution, laws, administrative regulations, etc.)
narrow rules: normative documents issued by state administrative organs and local state organs
(2) the forms of expression of rules: 1) they exist in the form of words; ② It was handed down by convention
(3) the meaning of rules: to serve certain goals
(4) life is inseparable from rules: traffic signs, football rules, laws...
rules are made by people, and the emergence of any rules is closely related to people's life, which is to enable people to live in an orderly, safe, healthy and appropriate way
5. Law and constitution
constitution is the fundamental law of the country and the most important law of the country, which stipulates and guarantees the basic rights of all citizens
in China, important laws have to be deliberated and passed by the National People's Congress
6. Zebra crossing
People's life is inseparable from the rules. With the development of society, the rules are constantly improving and changing
7. Green lifestyle
green lifestyle includes: using fluorine-free refrigerator, air conditioning, using washing powder that does not pollute water source, calling for "saving cards and saving trees", taking good care of every green space, actively participating in tree planting activities, saving energy, using work and daily necessities made of renewable materials, changing eating habits that are not concive to environmental protection, living in harmony with friends of animals and plants Garbage sorting and recycling....
8. Investment and financial management, investment risk
family financial management methods: saving, buying Treasury bonds, insurance (buying Treasury bonds has low risk, high interest and good income)
venture capital can increase income, but it also has great risks
risk aversion: allocate the limited money reasonably and invest in two or more instries. The factors proced by one instry are just the factors that make the other instry effective (i.e. not putting eggs in one basket)
9. Credit: the foundation of business
10. Taxation and paying taxes according to law
tax revenue is the most important and stable revenue of the state (accounting for more than 90% of China's fiscal revenue)
paying taxes according to law is the responsibility and obligation of every citizen
11. Internet, Internet cafes, rules making
let students understand: today's middle school students online presents several main characteristics: first, middle school students generally have a strong awareness of the Internet; Second, most of the middle school students are motivated to seek psychological adjustment, desire satisfaction and spiritual stimulation; Third, 75.32% of the students choose to surf the Internet in the Internet bar; Fourth, the proportion of middle school students playing games, making friends and chatting and watching entertainment programs is significant, and few people really use computers for learning; Fifthly, making friends on the Internet has become a new trend in middle school students' interpersonal communication; Sixth, most students think that the Internet will have a certain negative impact on people, but most students do not pay enough attention to it, let alone take the initiative to control their own behavior
of course, there is a reasonable side to the existence of Internet cafes. Students should be "spared" rather than "blocked" on the Internet<
review outline of unit 8 of history and society Vol. 7 lesson 1 the choice to face forever
1 people in modern life have a common identity, that is, consumers. Consumers are our first identity in economic life
2 consumption is a process of enjoying goods and services to meet our daily needs
3 the relationship between proction and consumption is that proction determines consumption, and consumption affects proction. No proction, no consumption< In daily life, the most common consumption behavior is shopping in the market
6 commodity: it is not only a proct, but also a proct to be sold in the market. Labor procts for exchange We can buy goods and services in the market
8 types of market: rural market, urban market, specialized market and e-commerce
9 the role of the market: to meet people's needs, bring convenience to life, and promote economic prosperity and development
10 e-commerce: buying and selling goods through computer network
11 the emergence of e-commerce has broken the traditional face-to-face transactions, enabling people thousands of miles away to carry out trading activities
12 under the condition of market economy, the price changes with the change of market supply and demand Other factors affecting the price: season, such as vegetables, fruits, clothing and other seasonal commodities; Launch time, such as electronic procts, mobile phones, MP3, computers, wine, antiques, etc; Location, such as the price of local procts is different e to different places of origin and sales, and the price of similar goods is different in different regions with different purchasing power; Hot spots of life, such as popular things, commodities affected by emergencies; Brand, such as famous brand goods are more expensive)
13 the factors that influence people's shopping are as follows; The quality, price, origin, brand, after-sales service of the goods, the needs and preferences of the shoppers, the influence of advertising and the shopping environment, etc
14 how is shopping reasonable? First of all, we should live within our means and arrange expenditure according to our own income level, so as to adapt expenditure to income level. Secondly, don't forget to be thrifty at any time. It's better to buy after analysis and comparison when shopping. Thirdly, when shopping, we should start from our own actual needs, not blindly follow
15 people's consumption patterns change with the development of the times, the progress of society and the improvement of living standards. For example, from the past "new three years, old three years, sewing and mending for three years", "buy as much as you have money" to today's "timely renewal", "living beyond your means" and using loans to enjoy life ahead of time (consumption ahead of time)
16 the content of family consumption: first, to meet the most basic needs of life (material consumption, such as eating and dressing); Then, the pursuit of higher quality of life (spiritual consumption, such as training, tourism, etc.); Service consumption
17 The purpose of household consumption is to survive, enjoy and develop the consumption of materials (the proportion rises)
18 Engel coefficient = food expenditure / total living expenditure Engel's Law means that the lower the income of a family or indivial, the greater the proportion of food expenditure in the total expenditure. With the increase of family income, the proportion of food expenditure in the total income or expenditure of a family graally decreases. For a country, the poorer a country is, the greater the proportion of food consumption per national average expenditure is
20 green lifestyle: saving resources and recing pollution; Green consumption, environmental protection purchase; Reuse and reuse; Waste classification and recycling; Save species and protect nature Such as the choice of fluorine-free refrigerators, air conditioning and other electrical appliances, the choice of non polluting water washing powder; Choose recycled paper, double-sided paper, recycled paper, etc.)
21 the consumption of environmental protection has become the pursuit of people's high-quality life and the symbol of modern civilized life< What is investment: the way to make money from money< How to invest and operate successfully
1) dad's Secret: no one has new procts to ensure the leading position of the enterprise; People have their own advantages technological transformation is the source of enterprise vitality; High quality and low cost -- Proct Price -- an effective means of competition for enterprises; The market demand is the prerequisite for the survival of enterprises
2) risk aversion: "don't put all your eggs in one basket." The benefits and risks of different projects are complementary
3 the common characteristics of investment: it can bring wealth, but also has risks, and the investment methods and risks with greater benefits are correspondingly greater
4 enlightenment of seizing the opportunity: 1. Have market awareness, accurately position and grasp the opportunity. ② The hierarchy of market demand. ③ Let go of the burden, let go of the old and accept the new, study the market demand and be brave in innovation. ④ Follow the law of nature, suit measures to local conditions, scientific planting
5 the way to start a business is to seize the opportunity, and the key to seize the opportunity is to adapt to the time, the material, the matter and the place< Investment is never equal to speculation. Successful entrepreneurs always regard credit as the foundation of their business
7 a small number of people may gain temporary benefits through opportunism, immorality and dishonesty. But in the end, we will lose all our partners and all our future opportunities
8 keeping one's promise may make an enterprise lose part of its profits in the short term, but it will make the enterprise win the opportunity and possibility of long-term development. Successful enterprises rely on reputation (quality first, service first) to enter the world<
lesson 3: everyone is responsible for being the country's leader.
1. The main ways of family financial management: savings, bonds and insurance
2 saving is one of the most common items in the general family account book, which can be used by every family to manage their family
3 saving: one of the most common items in household account books; Objective [emergency, accident, old age prevention, purchase of large commodities, increase of income (with interest, belonging to investment),...]; There are risks (bank mismanagement, currency devaluation, financial crisis); Characteristics (less but more stable income; The risk is small; Flexible, ready to withdraw)
4 bonds, including corporate bonds, financial bonds, treasury bonds, etc
5 national debt: the bond issued by the government, also the most common bond
6 the advantages and risks of national debt It is the lowest risk bond, which is guaranteed by the credit and financial resources of the state, and the state bears the responsibility of repaying the principal and interest. The interest is higher than that of bank deposits in the same period, and the income is better; Some bonds can't be cashed in advance when you need them. It's a risk.)
7 Insurance: Why buy insurance? When encountering difficulties or losses, it can transfer risks, share losses equally, implement compensation, mortgage, and also can be used as investment income in daily life
8 list several kinds of insurance: property insurance, life insurance, medical insurance, automobile insurance, bonus insurance, etc.
9 what is family budget? In a planned way
I. main contents
1. The relationship between man and society
indivial can not live independently without society / human growth cannot do without society
2. Social role: learn to distinguish several roles
(1) born role:
son (daughter), nation, family, family, etc Chinese citizens...
(2) social roles: students, passengers, customers...
(3) self chosen roles: Volunteers...
(4) expected roles: scientists, singers Teachers, etc.
3. Three principles of interpersonal communication
(1) communication and understanding
(2) respect and equality
(3) integrity
honesty and trustworthiness are the basic principles of life, while mutual respect and equal communication are important bridges for good communication between people< (1) definition of rules: Rules refer to the rules and regulations that all or participants abide by in order to achieve a certain goal
broad definition: the general term of all normative documents formulated by the state (including constitution, laws, administrative regulations, etc.)
narrow rules: normative documents issued by state administrative organs and local state organs
(2) the forms of expression of rules: 1) they exist in the form of words; ② It was handed down by convention
(3) the meaning of rules: to serve certain goals
(4) life is inseparable from rules: traffic signs, football rules, laws...
rules are made by people, and the emergence of any rules is closely related to people's life, which is to enable people to live in an orderly, safe, healthy and appropriate way
5. Law and constitution
constitution is the fundamental law of the country and the most important law of the country, which stipulates and guarantees the basic rights of all citizens
in China, important laws have to be deliberated and passed by the National People's Congress
6. Zebra crossing
People's life is inseparable from the rules. With the development of society, the rules are constantly improving and changing
7. Green lifestyle
green lifestyle includes: using fluorine-free refrigerator, air conditioning, using washing powder that does not pollute water source, calling for "saving cards and saving trees", taking good care of every green space, actively participating in tree planting activities, saving energy, using work and daily necessities made of renewable materials, changing eating habits that are not concive to environmental protection, living in harmony with friends of animals and plants Garbage sorting and recycling....
8. Investment and financial management, investment risk
family financial management methods: saving, buying Treasury bonds, insurance (buying Treasury bonds has low risk, high interest and good income)
venture capital can increase income, but it also has great risks
risk aversion: allocate the limited money reasonably and invest in two or more instries. The factors proced by one instry are just the factors that make the other instry effective (i.e. not putting eggs in one basket)
9. Credit: the foundation of business
10. Taxation and paying taxes according to law
tax revenue is the most important and stable revenue of the state (accounting for more than 90% of China's fiscal revenue)
paying taxes according to law is the responsibility and obligation of every citizen
11. Internet, Internet cafes, rules making
let students understand: today's middle school students online presents several main characteristics: first, middle school students generally have a strong awareness of the Internet; Second, most of the middle school students are motivated to seek psychological adjustment, desire satisfaction and spiritual stimulation; Third, 75.32% of the students choose to surf the Internet in the Internet bar; Fourth, the proportion of middle school students playing games, making friends and chatting and watching entertainment programs is significant, and few people really use computers for learning; Fifthly, making friends on the Internet has become a new trend in middle school students' interpersonal communication; Sixth, most students think that the Internet will have a certain negative impact on people, but most students do not pay enough attention to it, let alone take the initiative to control their own behavior
of course, there is a reasonable side to the existence of Internet cafes. Students should be "spared" rather than "blocked" on the Internet<
review outline of unit 8 of history and society Vol. 7 lesson 1 the choice to face forever
1 people in modern life have a common identity, that is, consumers. Consumers are our first identity in economic life
2 consumption is a process of enjoying goods and services to meet our daily needs
3 the relationship between proction and consumption is that proction determines consumption, and consumption affects proction. No proction, no consumption< In daily life, the most common consumption behavior is shopping in the market
6 commodity: it is not only a proct, but also a proct to be sold in the market. Labor procts for exchange We can buy goods and services in the market
8 types of market: rural market, urban market, specialized market and e-commerce
9 the role of the market: to meet people's needs, bring convenience to life, and promote economic prosperity and development
10 e-commerce: buying and selling goods through computer network
11 the emergence of e-commerce has broken the traditional face-to-face transactions, enabling people thousands of miles away to carry out trading activities
12 under the condition of market economy, the price changes with the change of market supply and demand Other factors affecting the price: season, such as vegetables, fruits, clothing and other seasonal commodities; Launch time, such as electronic procts, mobile phones, MP3, computers, wine, antiques, etc; Location, such as the price of local procts is different e to different places of origin and sales, and the price of similar goods is different in different regions with different purchasing power; Hot spots of life, such as popular things, commodities affected by emergencies; Brand, such as famous brand goods are more expensive)
13 the factors that influence people's shopping are as follows; The quality, price, origin, brand, after-sales service of the goods, the needs and preferences of the shoppers, the influence of advertising and the shopping environment, etc
14 how is shopping reasonable? First of all, we should live within our means and arrange expenditure according to our own income level, so as to adapt expenditure to income level. Secondly, don't forget to be thrifty at any time. It's better to buy after analysis and comparison when shopping. Thirdly, when shopping, we should start from our own actual needs, not blindly follow
15 people's consumption patterns change with the development of the times, the progress of society and the improvement of living standards. For example, from the past "new three years, old three years, sewing and mending for three years", "buy as much as you have money" to today's "timely renewal", "living beyond your means" and using loans to enjoy life ahead of time (consumption ahead of time)
16 the content of family consumption: first, to meet the most basic needs of life (material consumption, such as eating and dressing); Then, the pursuit of higher quality of life (spiritual consumption, such as training, tourism, etc.); Service consumption
17 The purpose of household consumption is to survive, enjoy and develop the consumption of materials (the proportion rises)
18 Engel coefficient = food expenditure / total living expenditure Engel's Law means that the lower the income of a family or indivial, the greater the proportion of food expenditure in the total expenditure. With the increase of family income, the proportion of food expenditure in the total income or expenditure of a family graally decreases. For a country, the poorer a country is, the greater the proportion of food consumption per national average expenditure is
20 green lifestyle: saving resources and recing pollution; Green consumption, environmental protection purchase; Reuse and reuse; Waste classification and recycling; Save species and protect nature Such as the choice of fluorine-free refrigerators, air conditioning and other electrical appliances, the choice of non polluting water washing powder; Choose recycled paper, double-sided paper, recycled paper, etc.)
21 the consumption of environmental protection has become the pursuit of people's high-quality life and the symbol of modern civilized life< What is investment: the way to make money from money< How to invest and operate successfully
1) dad's Secret: no one has new procts to ensure the leading position of the enterprise; People have their own advantages technological transformation is the source of enterprise vitality; High quality and low cost -- Proct Price -- an effective means of competition for enterprises; The market demand is the prerequisite for the survival of enterprises
2) risk aversion: "don't put all your eggs in one basket." The benefits and risks of different projects are complementary
3 the common characteristics of investment: it can bring wealth, but also has risks, and the investment methods and risks with greater benefits are correspondingly greater
4 enlightenment of seizing the opportunity: 1. Have market awareness, accurately position and grasp the opportunity. ② The hierarchy of market demand. ③ Let go of the burden, let go of the old and accept the new, study the market demand and be brave in innovation. ④ Follow the law of nature, suit measures to local conditions, scientific planting
5 the way to start a business is to seize the opportunity, and the key to seize the opportunity is to adapt to the time, the material, the matter and the place< Investment is never equal to speculation. Successful entrepreneurs always regard credit as the foundation of their business
7 a small number of people may gain temporary benefits through opportunism, immorality and dishonesty. But in the end, we will lose all our partners and all our future opportunities
8 keeping one's promise may make an enterprise lose part of its profits in the short term, but it will make the enterprise win the opportunity and possibility of long-term development. Successful enterprises rely on reputation (quality first, service first) to enter the world<
lesson 3: everyone is responsible for being the country's leader.
1. The main ways of family financial management: savings, bonds and insurance
2 saving is one of the most common items in the general family account book, which can be used by every family to manage their family
3 saving: one of the most common items in household account books; Objective [emergency, accident, old age prevention, purchase of large commodities, increase of income (with interest, belonging to investment),...]; There are risks (bank mismanagement, currency devaluation, financial crisis); Characteristics (less but more stable income; The risk is small; Flexible, ready to withdraw)
4 bonds, including corporate bonds, financial bonds, treasury bonds, etc
5 national debt: the bond issued by the government, also the most common bond
6 the advantages and risks of national debt It is the lowest risk bond, which is guaranteed by the credit and financial resources of the state, and the state bears the responsibility of repaying the principal and interest. The interest is higher than that of bank deposits in the same period, and the income is better; Some bonds can't be cashed in advance when you need them. It's a risk.)
7 Insurance: Why buy insurance? When encountering difficulties or losses, it can transfer risks, share losses equally, implement compensation, mortgage, and also can be used as investment income in daily life
8 list several kinds of insurance: property insurance, life insurance, medical insurance, automobile insurance, bonus insurance, etc.
9 what is family budget? In a planned way
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