Changzhou digital currency

2. The development of e-money and its application in e-commerce
Abstract: with the development of network technology, e-money as a network-based payment and settlement tool is developing at an unprecedented speed. Starting from the concept of e-money, this paper not only analyzes its development, but also focuses on its application in e-commerce according to the business process of e-commerce. Finally, the problems and solutions in the application process are put forward
key words: e-money, network finance, e-commerce
with the development of computer technology, there are more and more e-payment tools related to e-commerce. These payment instruments can be roughly divided into three categories: one is e-money, such as e-cash, e-wallet, etc; The other is electronic credit card, including smart card, debit card, telephone card, etc; There is another kind of electronic check, such as electronic check, electronic remittance (EFT), electronic transfer, etc. This paper will analyze and study the applicability of e-money in e-commerce, one of the tools of e-payment< First, the basic concepts and main forms of e-money
as the latest form of money, e-money has been used more and more widely since it came into being in the 1970s. Electronic currency is a kind of credit currency developed from online electronic credit, which uses commercial electronic machines and all kinds of transaction cards as media, computer technology and modern communication technology as means, and electronic pulse for capital transmission and storage. Compared with other forms of money such as paper money, e-money has the advantages of low preservation cost, low circulation cost, low standardization cost and low use cost. Especially suitable for small amount of online purchase. E-money technology has solved the technical problems in the storage, circulation and use of intangible money, and has great development potential. Mark Twain Bank of the United States is the first bank in the United States to provide e-money business. As early as April 1996, it obtained 10000 e-money customers
2 the main forms of e-money
there are two main forms of e-money: payment card in the form of smart card and currency file in the form of digital. The former is mainly used for offline payment, while the latter is used for online payment
e-cash is mainly used to replace banknotes and coins for daily small consumption. Mondex card not only has the characteristics of cash, but also has a better characteristic than cash, that is, it can safely use electronic channels (such as telephone, Internet, etc.) to realize the long-distance conversion of people to people, people to businesses, people to banks. China's e-commerce is in its infancy, online financial services are less developed, and the construction of e-money system is slow. Mondex is the closest electronic currency to cash at present
e-cash is a digital currency developed by digicash for online transactions. It is a currency circulating in the form of data. The cash value is converted into a series of encrypted serial numbers, which are used to represent the currency value of various amounts in reality. After the user opens an account in the bank which carries out e-cash business and stores money in the account, he can shop in the store which accepts e-cash< Second, the development of e-money
the emergence of e-money is the result of the development of economy and technology to a certain extent. The use of e-money, on the one hand, can replace the issue of cash to the greatest extent, making the issue of money costs lower; Second, the issuers will change from the central bank to other issuers
at present, there are mainly two kinds of e-money: bank card and online e-money. Now, bank card has been widely used in people's life. For customers, the use of bank card shopping payment, cash withdrawal, deposit, transfer, convenient, safe and efficient, and can obtain the convenience of consultation and financing. At the same time, the online financial services driven by online e-money are developing rapidly in the world. According to statistics, online financial business accounted for 10% ～ 20% of the traditional financial business in 2004. Among them, online financial business in the United States developed the fastest, and European countries are also developing vigorously; In Asia, Singapore and other advanced regions are developing e-money. Singapore's Monetary Commission officials said that the country will strive to switch to electronic currency in 2008. The currency will include an "electronic digital pulse". The transmitter is installed on mobile phones, PDAs and even watches, and then transmits pulse signals for payment activities. At that time, all commercial and service institutions will accept electronic currency according to law. The European Central Bank also pointed out that the application scope of e-money will be more and more extensive, and the promotion of e-money will become one of the components of the future monetary policy of the European Central Bank
2. The development of e-money in China
generally speaking, the development of e-money in China is relatively late compared with that in developed countries, and it is still in its infancy. Online financial services are less developed, and the construction of e-money system is slow. Due to the national conditions and the concept of credit, there was no market foundation in the early development of China's commodity economy. Until the middle and late 1990s, with the deepening of the reform of the financial system, banks were pushed to the market, and the sense of survival and competition of commodity economy forced China's banking sector to think about the development strategy of e-money
in China, the focus of development is still on the credit card business. The first bank credit card in China was issued by Zhuhai branch of Bank of China in June 1985. Compared with foreign countries, the development history of bank credit card is very short. In recent years, China's bank card business has developed rapidly. By the end of June 2001, 55 financial institutions had opened bank card business, with a total number of 330 million cards issued; The balance of deposits in bank card accounts was 374.2 billion yuan, with the total transaction volume of 4853.2 billion yuan in the first half of 2003 alone, an increase of 224% over the same period of last year; There are 129000 bank outlets and about 100000 merchants accepting bank cards nationwide; A total of 49000 ATMs and 334000 sales terminals were installed in financial institutions
3. The development trend of e-money< At present, the development of e-money is very fast. According to experts' prediction, 12% ～ 15% of transactions in the United States will be concted by electronic means in the past ten years, and the development trend will continue to accelerate. In 2000, about 10% of people used e-money for business transactions. In our country, there are also instry analysis, e-commerce will flourish. It can be seen that e-money will develop in the direction of more convenient, safer and more standardized, and payment methods will tend to be simplified and unified, so e-money will have a broader development prospect< Third, the application of e-money in e-commerce
in the face of the coming digital era, with the rapid development of electronic finance and Internet, network, as a new trade field, is graally becoming a major development trend of business. E-money system is the basis of e-commerce activities. Only by correctly understanding the advantages of e-money and establishing and perfecting e-money system can we really carry out e-commerce activities
1 simple description of e-commerce process
e-commerce is a kind of business mode adopting the most advanced information technology. The whole process of e-commerce is not a of the business activities in the stage of instrial economy. E-commerce is a business service that integrates the three basic services of "communication service", "data management service" and "security service". In the process of e-commerce, consumers and businesses (that is, buyers and sellers) input their various supply and demand wishes into the e-commerce network according to a certain format, and the e-commerce network will search for relevant information and provide consumers with a variety of trading options according to the requirements of consumers. Once confirmed by consumers, e-commerce will help complete the contract signing, classification, delivery, payment and other business. At the same time, in order to ensure the security of the transaction process, the certification authority authenticates the buyers and sellers in the Internet transactions and confirms their true identities. E-commerce essentially forms a virtual market exchange place
2. E-money and e-commerce
there is a close relationship between e-money and e-commerce. In e-commerce, online banking, online electronic payment, data encryption and electronic signature play an important and indispensable role. Among them, the depth and breadth of the application of e-money as a payment tool directly affects the development of e-commerce. Through the process of e-commerce, we can see that e-commerce includes not only commodity flow, information flow and logistics, but also capital flow. In the process of payment, it is inevitable to carry out money payment or capital flow through the network. Using electronic money can safely and flexibly store money in its own hard disk in the form of anonymity and use it in the process of payment. It connects consumers and businesses (buyers and sellers) with banks. Consumers can open an account in the relevant banks. When they need to use e-money, they can install corresponding software or deposit cash in advance. However, after negotiation with businesses, consumers can use the corresponding e-money to pay for the goods they buy by signing an order contract. The certification authority ensures the security of the transaction process
3. Problems and solutions in application
the application and development of e-money make it possible for cash and cash transactions on the Internet, and promote the innovation of enterprise marketing structure, marketing methods and settlement methods; The convenient, fast and easy way of shopping will also greatly stimulate consumption and expand demand, bringing unlimited business opportunities to retailers; At the same time, e to the implementation of open network operation, the market competition is greatly intensified, prompting enterprises to provide high-quality and low-cost goods and high-quality and efficient services for the market
in e-commerce, the use of e-money for payment has many advantages compared with traditional currency payment. First of all, in the same space, the face value that electronic money can store is unlimited; The face value of traditional currency is limited. Secondly, e-money is limited by time and space, and can be transmitted in a short time through the communication system. Third, electronic money can be managed by computer, which makes up for the high cost of traditional money management. Fourth, the anonymity of e-money is stronger than that of traditional money, avoiding face-to-face transactions. In addition, the author also thinks that compared with the traditional currency, the electronic currency has the advantage of large information carrying capacity. Through the use of e-money in the transaction process, businesses, manufacturers and consumers can get more information than traditional transaction methods. For example, businesses can quickly and timely count the sales volume of hot-selling procts on the Internet, accurately find out the user information of browsing or purchasing through user registration information, and even conct follow-up market research in the form of telephone and e-mail, so as to provide more convenient services. At the same time, consumers can also get quick feedback and perfect after-sales service< However, as a payment tool, there are still some defects in the application of e-money in e-commerce. There are many views on this issue. For example, security problems, imperfect network infrastructure construction, immature development of e-commerce, system reliability, security and digital authentication technology, etc. these problems will have a great impact on the development of e-money. It is necessary to make e-money fast and healthy

3. Announcement of the people's Bank of China [2015] No. 33
the people's Bank of China is scheled to issue a China Aerospace ordinary commemorative currency and a China Aerospace Commemorative Banknote on November 26, 2015
I. The design of China Aerospace ordinary commemorative coin and China Aerospace Commemorative Banknote
(I) the design of China Aerospace ordinary commemorative coin
the main design on the front of the coin is the national emblem, with the name of the people's Republic of China printed on the top and the year number 2015 printed on the bottom
the main design on the back of the ordinary commemorative coin of China Aerospace is the design of shenzhou-9 near orbit docking spacecraft. Above the outer ring, from the right, there are dongfanghong-1 satellite, Shenzhou-5, Chang'e-1, lunar rover, folk totem representing ancient Chinese flying dream, and below the left are abstract earth and long 2F carrier rocket, On the lower right is the pentagram and star pattern evolved from the dove of peace
see Annex 1 for the front and back patterns of China Aerospace ordinary commemorative coin
(2) the design of China Aerospace Commemorative Banknote
the main color of China Aerospace Commemorative Banknote is blue
the main design on the front is the rendezvous and docking of shenzhou-9 spacecraft and Tiangong-1. On the top left is the design of the national emblem and the name of the people's Bank of China, and on the bottom is the design of dongfanghong-1 satellite. At the bottom left of the ticket are the denomination number "100" and the Chinese character "one hundred yuan". On the right side of the main scene pattern is the Chang'e-1 satellite pattern, and above it are the denomination number "100" and "China Aerospace Memorial"
from top to bottom, the main landscape patterns on the back are Chang'e-1 satellite pattern, China Space Station "Tiangong" in 2020, jetliner, fengru-2 biplane propeller aircraft and bird haidongqing pattern. The upper left corner of the ticket is the local pattern of the kite, and the upper right corner is the denomination number "100". Below the bill is the president's seal and year number "2015", the Chinese phonetic alphabet of the people's Bank of China and the words and denominations of "people's Bank of China" in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur and Zhuang characters, the denomination number "100", and the Chinese phonetic alphabet "Yuan"
the front and back patterns of China Aerospace Commemorative Banknote are shown in Annex 2, and the anti-counterfeiting features are shown in Annex 3< The denomination, specification, material and issue quantity of China Aerospace commemorative coin and China Aerospace commemorative note
the denomination of China Aerospace commemorative coin is 10 yuan, the diameter is 27 mm, the material is two-color copper alloy, and the issue quantity is 100 million
the face value of China Aerospace Commemorative Banknote is 100 yuan, the face length is 155 mm, the face width is 77 mm, and the number of issued banknotes is 300 million
Third, the functions of China Aerospace ordinary commemorative currency and China Aerospace Commemorative Banknote are the same as the current circulation of RMB, and they are equivalent to the circulation of RMB of the same denomination.

4. What kind of society do you know? Can the local government check it? Do you think you don't know what they are doing in such a big city? You also said that you can't get in without an invitation. Then you come in through him. Do you two not know each other? It's ridiculous,

5. My brother-in-law worked in the vehicle management office for 20 years, and now his annual income is 42000. My uncle worked in Lijia traffic management office for 30 years and will retire next year. Now his annual income is 39000

6. In 2010, the average wage data of Urban Non private and private employees are as follows:

1. The average wage of Urban Non private employees is 43634 yuan, an increase of 13.2% over the previous year; Among them, the average wage of on-the-job workers was 44214 yuan, an increase of 12.7%< Second, the average wage of enterprise employees in urban non-private units was 35243 yuan, an increase of 14.5% over the previous year, of which the average wage of on-the-job employees was 35772 yuan, an increase of 13.9%< The average wage data of urban employees in Changzhou in 2009 are as follows:

1. The average monetary wage of urban employees is 38529 yuan, an increase of 13.5% over the previous year; Among them, the average wage of on-the-job workers was 39220 yuan, an increase of 12.6%< Second, the average wage of employees in urban enterprises was 30769 yuan, an increase of 11.1% over the previous year, including 31415 yuan, an increase of 10.6%< The average wage data of urban employees in Changzhou in 2008 are as follows:

1. The average monetary wage of urban employees is 33958 yuan, an increase of 14.8% over the previous year; Among them, the average wage of on-the-job workers was 34834 yuan, an increase of 14.5%< Second, the average monetary wage of employees in urban enterprises was 27691 yuan, an increase of 14.5% over the previous year, of which the average wage of on-the-job employees was 28416 yuan, an increase of 13.5%< Third, the average wage of employees in urban private units was 25107 yuan, an increase of 14.9% over the previous year< The average wage data of urban employees in Changzhou in 2007 are as follows:

1. The average monetary wage of urban employees is 29568 yuan, an increase of 15.3% over the previous year; Among them, the average wage of on-the-job workers was 30413 yuan, an increase of 14.5%< Second, the average wage of employees in urban enterprises was 24187 yuan, an increase of 13.3% over the previous year, of which the average wage of on-the-job employees was 25033 yuan, an increase of 12.5%< The average wage data of urban employees in Changzhou in 2006 are as follows:

1. The average wage of urban employees is 25650 yuan, an increase of 16.7% over the previous year; Among them, the average wage of on-the-job workers was 26553 yuan, an increase of 15.5%< Second, the average wage of employees in urban enterprises was 21342 yuan, an increase of 13.5% over the previous year, of which the average wage of on-the-job employees was 22254 yuan, an increase of 12.0%< The average wage of urban employees in Changzhou in 2005 is as follows:

1. The average wage of urban employees is 21976 yuan, an increase of 15.3% over the previous year; Among them, the average wage of on-the-job workers was 22990 yuan, an increase of 15.0%< Second, the average monetary wage of employees in urban enterprises was 18796 yuan, an increase of 15.9% over the previous year, of which the average wage of on-the-job employees was 19864 yuan, an increase of 15.8%< The average wage of urban employees in Changzhou in 2004 is as follows:

1. The average wage of urban employees is 19068 yuan, an increase of 15.9% over the previous year; Among them, the average wage of on-the-job workers was 19985 yuan, an increase of 15.8%< Second, the average monetary wage of employees in urban enterprises was 16218 yuan, an increase of 12.8% over the previous year, of which the average wage of on-the-job employees was 17160 yuan, an increase of 12.5%<

the average wage of urban employees in Changzhou in 2004: 17259

7. Most of the parks in Changzhou are now free of charge. The fun ones are Hongmei Park and Qingfeng park. I often take my children to play. Besides Dinosaur Park, tourism procts include Yancheng, Tianmu Lake, Nanshan bamboo sea and so on. I think Tianmu Lake is worth seeing. Changzhou Dragon Park is famous. Those who haven't been there will definitely feel that it's worth visiting, However, some of the 6-year-old children are definitely not allowed to play, and some of them are more adventurous. For example, if there is a long penlum (I don't remember the specific name), children must be more than 1.5 meters to play. In general, the dinosaur park is a playground, and of course, there are dinosaur fossils and dinosaur knowledge introction.