Peptide digital currency
Publish: 2021-04-16 03:02:53
1.
Every two amino acids are interconnected to form a peptide bond, and multiple amino acids are interconnected to form multiple peptide bonds. A chain structure with multiple peptide bonds formed by multiple amino acids is called peptide chain
two or more amino acids dehydrate and condense to form several peptide bonds to form a peptide, and multiple peptides fold at multiple levels to form a protein molecule. Proteins are sometimes called "polypeptides."
extended data
polypeptides are complex macromolecules, so each sequence is unique in physical and chemical properties. Some peptides are difficult to synthesize, while others are relatively easy to synthesize but difficult to purify
the most common problem is that many peptides are insoluble in aqueous solution, so in purification, these hydrophobic peptides must be soluble in non-aqueous solvents or special buffers, and these solvents or buffers may not be suitable for biological experiment system, so researchers can not use this peptide to achieve their own purposes
The peptide with less than 15 resies can be easily obtained. When the length of peptide chain increases to more than 20 resies, the amount of correct proct is a major consideration. In many experiments, better results can be obtained by recing the resial number below 20 It is difficult to synthesize peptides with less hydrophobic resies, especially in the region of 7-12 resies from the C-terminal. This is usually thought to be e to the formation of the β Fold the sheet so as to proce incomplete coupling. In these examples, it may be helpful to replace the peptide with one or more polar resies, or to add Gly or pro to open the peptide structure There are many Cys, met, Arg and try resies which are difficult to synthesize. Ser is usually used as a non oxidative substitution of Cys2. Accounting goal is the goal that people expect to achieve through accounting work
2. Accounting is the whole process of continuously, systematically and comprehensively recording and calculating proction and operation activities or budget execution process, and regularly preparing and providing financial and accounting reports with currency as the main unit of measurement
3. Accounting object refers to the economic activities that can be measured by money in the process of social reproction, or the capital movement in the process of social reproction
4. The function of accounting refers to the function of accounting
5. The reflection function of accounting refers to that accounting provides accounting data through accounting work, truly reflects the business activities and achievements of enterprises, and reflects the revenue and expenditure and savings of budget funds of administrative and public institutions
6. The supervision function of accounting refers to the supervision of the legitimacy and rationality of economic activities in the process of accounting
7. Accounting methods refer to the methods used to perform accounting functions, including accounting methods, accounting supervision methods and accounting analysis methods
8. Accounting confirmation refers to the process of confirming an economic business item according to certain standards, which should be recorded in the accounting book and included in the accounting report, including element item confirmation and time confirmation
9. Accounting measurement refers to that in the process of accounting, the amount of each property and material must be determined according to a certain standard
10. Accounting record refers to the process of recording various economic transactions in the account by certain methods after confirmation and measurement, including the preparation of bookkeeping voucher based on original voucher and the registration of account book based on bookkeeping voucher
11. Accounting report is also called financial accounting report. It refers to the written report that provides accounting data to information users in the form of form and text based on account book records
12. Accounting is an important part of economic management. It takes money as the main measure to conct continuous, systematic and comprehensive accounting of economic activities and provide economic information mainly based on financial information. It not only serves for investment and credit decision-making of external parties, but also serves for strengthening internal management and improving economic efficiency, It is a system to generate and provide financial information for management. Accounting elements are the basic classification of accounting content, that is, accounting content is decomposed into several elements, which are collectively referred to as accounting elements
14. Assets refer to the resources formed by past transactions and events and owned or controlled by the enterprise, which are expected to bring economic benefits to the enterprise
15. Current assets refer to the assets that can be realized or consumed within one year or in a business cycle longer than one year
16. Long term investment refers to stocks, bonds and other investments that are not ready to be realized at any time and have been held for more than one year
17. Fixed assets refer to assets with a holding period of more than one year, a unit value of more than the specified standard, and the original physical form remains unchanged ring use
18. Intangible assets refer to the assets that can be used for a long time, have no physical form, and can bring excess profits to the proction and operation of enterprises
19. Liabilities refer to the current obligations formed by past transactions and events, which will lead to the outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise
20. Current liabilities refer to the debts that should be paid within one year or in an operating cycle longer than one year
21. Long term liabilities refer to the debts that should be paid in more than one year or in more than one business cycle of more than one year
22. Owner's equity refers to the economic benefits enjoyed by the owner in the assets of an enterprise, and its amount is the balance of assets minus liabilities
23. Income refers to the total inflow of economic benefits formed in the daily activities of an enterprise, such as selling goods, providing labor services and transferring the right to use assets, including main business income and other business income
24. Expenses refer to the outflow of economic benefits from daily activities such as selling goods and providing services
25. Cost refers to all kinds of expenses incurred by enterprises in procing procts and providing services
26. Profit refers to the operating results of an enterprise in a certain accounting period. It is the amount of income of an enterprise after decting costs and expenses
27. Accounting equation refers to the equation reflecting the quantitative relationship of various accounting elements in accounting. Also known as accounting equation or 28. Account is a tool to record and collect economic and business data according to the specific content of accounting elements on the basis of accounting elements
29. Account - an account is an item for further classification of accounting elements and is also the name of an account
30. Double entry bookkeeping is a bookkeeping method in which the increase or decrease of accounting elements and items caused by each economic transaction are registered in two or more accounts with equal amount
31. Debit and credit bookkeeping is a bookkeeping method with "debit" and "credit" as bookkeeping symbols
32. Accounting entry is a record that determines the account, amount and bookkeeping position (i.e. debit or credit) according to the content of economic business
33. Simple accounting entry is an accounting entry involving only two accounts
34. Compound accounting entry is an accounting entry involving more than two accounts
35. Posting refers to recording in relevant accounts according to accounting entries in accounting
36. The purpose of an account refers to the purpose of setting and using an account, that is, what accounting indicators are provided through account records
37. Account structure refers to how to register economic business in an account, that is, what is registered by "debit" and "credit", whether there is a balance at the end of the period, where the balance is, and what it means
38. Inventory account - an inventory account is an account used to reflect and supervise the increase or decrease of various assets, materials and monetary funds and their actual balance
39. Settlement account is an account used to reflect and supervise the settlement of creditor's rights and debts between an enterprise and other units and indivials
40. Capital and capital appreciation account is an account used to reflect and supervise the increase and decrease of the owner's equity of an enterprise and its balance
41. Collective allocation account is an account used to collect and allocate certain expenses incurred in a certain stage of proction and operation, which should be shared by multiple cost calculation objects
42. Intertemporal amortization account is an account used to reflect and supervise the expenses that should be shared by several accounting periods, and to allocate and accrue these expenses in each accounting period
43. Cost calculation account is an account used to reflect and supervise all expenses that should be included in the cost at a certain stage in the proction and operation process of an enterprise, and to determine the actual cost of each cost calculation object
44. Income account is an account used to reflect and supervise all kinds of income and profits obtained by an enterprise in a certain accounting period
45. Expense account is an account used to reflect and supervise all kinds of expenses incurred by an enterprise in a certain accounting period that should be included in the current profit and loss
46. Financial results account is an account used to reflect and supervise the final results of all proction and operation activities of an enterprise in a certain accounting period, and to determine the amount of profit or loss of an enterprise
47. Adjustment account is used to adjust the book balance of the adjusted account so as to calculate the actual balance of the adjusted account. According to the different adjustment methods, adjustment accounts can be further divided into allowance account, additional account and allowance additional account
48. Accounting voucher is a written certificate that records the occurrence and completion of economic business events, clarifies economic responsibilities, and serves as the basis for bookkeeping
49. Original voucher is an accounting voucher obtained or filled in when economic business occurs, which is used to record and prove the occurrence or completion of economic business, clarify economic responsibility, and serve as the original basis for bookkeeping
50. Foreign original voucher refers to the voucher obtained from other companies when economic transactions occur with other companies
51. Self made original voucher refers to the voucher filled in by the internal handling department or personnel of the unit when economic and business matters occur or complete
52. Bookkeeping voucher is the voucher that classifies economic and business items according to their nature, determines accounting entries, and registers accounting books
53. Collection voucher is used to record cash and bank deposit income
54. Payment voucher is used to record cash and bank deposit payment business
55. Transfer voucher is used to record transfer business unrelated to cash and bank deposits
56. An accounting book is an accounting book which is composed of a fixed format and interrelated account pages. It is used to record the economic and business affairs of an enterprise or unit in an orderly and classified way
57. Chronological account book, also known as journal, is an account book that registers economic transactions day by day according to the time sequence of economic transactions
58. General journal is the journal used to register all the economic business of each company
59. Special journal is used to register the occurrence of a certain type of economic business
60. Classified account book is an account book for classified registration of all economic businesses
61. General ledger, or general ledger for short, is a classified account book that opens an account based on general ledger account, which is used to register all economic businesses, carry out general ledger accounting, and provide general accounting data
62. Sub Ledger is an account book which is opened according to the sub ledger accounts, used to register a certain type of economic business, carry out Sub Ledger accounting, and provide detailed accounting data
63. Reference account book is an account book for supplementary registration of some economic businesses that are not recorded or not fully recorded in the journal book and classified account book
64. Bookkeeping account book (bookkeeping account book for short) is an account book that binds a fixed number of account pages with sequential page numbers into a volume before it is put into use
65. Loose leaf account book is an account book in which a certain number of account pages are placed in a binder, and some account pages can be added or reced at any time according to the change of bookkeeping contents
66. Card account book is an account book that stores a certain number of card account pages in a special card box and can be added at any time as needed.
2. Accounting is the whole process of continuously, systematically and comprehensively recording and calculating proction and operation activities or budget execution process, and regularly preparing and providing financial and accounting reports with currency as the main unit of measurement
3. Accounting object refers to the economic activities that can be measured by money in the process of social reproction, or the capital movement in the process of social reproction
4. The function of accounting refers to the function of accounting
5. The reflection function of accounting refers to that accounting provides accounting data through accounting work, truly reflects the business activities and achievements of enterprises, and reflects the revenue and expenditure and savings of budget funds of administrative and public institutions
6. The supervision function of accounting refers to the supervision of the legitimacy and rationality of economic activities in the process of accounting
7. Accounting methods refer to the methods used to perform accounting functions, including accounting methods, accounting supervision methods and accounting analysis methods
8. Accounting confirmation refers to the process of confirming an economic business item according to certain standards, which should be recorded in the accounting book and included in the accounting report, including element item confirmation and time confirmation
9. Accounting measurement refers to that in the process of accounting, the amount of each property and material must be determined according to a certain standard
10. Accounting record refers to the process of recording various economic transactions in the account by certain methods after confirmation and measurement, including the preparation of bookkeeping voucher based on original voucher and the registration of account book based on bookkeeping voucher
11. Accounting report is also called financial accounting report. It refers to the written report that provides accounting data to information users in the form of form and text based on account book records
12. Accounting is an important part of economic management. It takes money as the main measure to conct continuous, systematic and comprehensive accounting of economic activities and provide economic information mainly based on financial information. It not only serves for investment and credit decision-making of external parties, but also serves for strengthening internal management and improving economic efficiency, It is a system to generate and provide financial information for management. Accounting elements are the basic classification of accounting content, that is, accounting content is decomposed into several elements, which are collectively referred to as accounting elements
14. Assets refer to the resources formed by past transactions and events and owned or controlled by the enterprise, which are expected to bring economic benefits to the enterprise
15. Current assets refer to the assets that can be realized or consumed within one year or in a business cycle longer than one year
16. Long term investment refers to stocks, bonds and other investments that are not ready to be realized at any time and have been held for more than one year
17. Fixed assets refer to assets with a holding period of more than one year, a unit value of more than the specified standard, and the original physical form remains unchanged ring use
18. Intangible assets refer to the assets that can be used for a long time, have no physical form, and can bring excess profits to the proction and operation of enterprises
19. Liabilities refer to the current obligations formed by past transactions and events, which will lead to the outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise
20. Current liabilities refer to the debts that should be paid within one year or in an operating cycle longer than one year
21. Long term liabilities refer to the debts that should be paid in more than one year or in more than one business cycle of more than one year
22. Owner's equity refers to the economic benefits enjoyed by the owner in the assets of an enterprise, and its amount is the balance of assets minus liabilities
23. Income refers to the total inflow of economic benefits formed in the daily activities of an enterprise, such as selling goods, providing labor services and transferring the right to use assets, including main business income and other business income
24. Expenses refer to the outflow of economic benefits from daily activities such as selling goods and providing services
25. Cost refers to all kinds of expenses incurred by enterprises in procing procts and providing services
26. Profit refers to the operating results of an enterprise in a certain accounting period. It is the amount of income of an enterprise after decting costs and expenses
27. Accounting equation refers to the equation reflecting the quantitative relationship of various accounting elements in accounting. Also known as accounting equation or 28. Account is a tool to record and collect economic and business data according to the specific content of accounting elements on the basis of accounting elements
29. Account - an account is an item for further classification of accounting elements and is also the name of an account
30. Double entry bookkeeping is a bookkeeping method in which the increase or decrease of accounting elements and items caused by each economic transaction are registered in two or more accounts with equal amount
31. Debit and credit bookkeeping is a bookkeeping method with "debit" and "credit" as bookkeeping symbols
32. Accounting entry is a record that determines the account, amount and bookkeeping position (i.e. debit or credit) according to the content of economic business
33. Simple accounting entry is an accounting entry involving only two accounts
34. Compound accounting entry is an accounting entry involving more than two accounts
35. Posting refers to recording in relevant accounts according to accounting entries in accounting
36. The purpose of an account refers to the purpose of setting and using an account, that is, what accounting indicators are provided through account records
37. Account structure refers to how to register economic business in an account, that is, what is registered by "debit" and "credit", whether there is a balance at the end of the period, where the balance is, and what it means
38. Inventory account - an inventory account is an account used to reflect and supervise the increase or decrease of various assets, materials and monetary funds and their actual balance
39. Settlement account is an account used to reflect and supervise the settlement of creditor's rights and debts between an enterprise and other units and indivials
40. Capital and capital appreciation account is an account used to reflect and supervise the increase and decrease of the owner's equity of an enterprise and its balance
41. Collective allocation account is an account used to collect and allocate certain expenses incurred in a certain stage of proction and operation, which should be shared by multiple cost calculation objects
42. Intertemporal amortization account is an account used to reflect and supervise the expenses that should be shared by several accounting periods, and to allocate and accrue these expenses in each accounting period
43. Cost calculation account is an account used to reflect and supervise all expenses that should be included in the cost at a certain stage in the proction and operation process of an enterprise, and to determine the actual cost of each cost calculation object
44. Income account is an account used to reflect and supervise all kinds of income and profits obtained by an enterprise in a certain accounting period
45. Expense account is an account used to reflect and supervise all kinds of expenses incurred by an enterprise in a certain accounting period that should be included in the current profit and loss
46. Financial results account is an account used to reflect and supervise the final results of all proction and operation activities of an enterprise in a certain accounting period, and to determine the amount of profit or loss of an enterprise
47. Adjustment account is used to adjust the book balance of the adjusted account so as to calculate the actual balance of the adjusted account. According to the different adjustment methods, adjustment accounts can be further divided into allowance account, additional account and allowance additional account
48. Accounting voucher is a written certificate that records the occurrence and completion of economic business events, clarifies economic responsibilities, and serves as the basis for bookkeeping
49. Original voucher is an accounting voucher obtained or filled in when economic business occurs, which is used to record and prove the occurrence or completion of economic business, clarify economic responsibility, and serve as the original basis for bookkeeping
50. Foreign original voucher refers to the voucher obtained from other companies when economic transactions occur with other companies
51. Self made original voucher refers to the voucher filled in by the internal handling department or personnel of the unit when economic and business matters occur or complete
52. Bookkeeping voucher is the voucher that classifies economic and business items according to their nature, determines accounting entries, and registers accounting books
53. Collection voucher is used to record cash and bank deposit income
54. Payment voucher is used to record cash and bank deposit payment business
55. Transfer voucher is used to record transfer business unrelated to cash and bank deposits
56. An accounting book is an accounting book which is composed of a fixed format and interrelated account pages. It is used to record the economic and business affairs of an enterprise or unit in an orderly and classified way
57. Chronological account book, also known as journal, is an account book that registers economic transactions day by day according to the time sequence of economic transactions
58. General journal is the journal used to register all the economic business of each company
59. Special journal is used to register the occurrence of a certain type of economic business
60. Classified account book is an account book for classified registration of all economic businesses
61. General ledger, or general ledger for short, is a classified account book that opens an account based on general ledger account, which is used to register all economic businesses, carry out general ledger accounting, and provide general accounting data
62. Sub Ledger is an account book which is opened according to the sub ledger accounts, used to register a certain type of economic business, carry out Sub Ledger accounting, and provide detailed accounting data
63. Reference account book is an account book for supplementary registration of some economic businesses that are not recorded or not fully recorded in the journal book and classified account book
64. Bookkeeping account book (bookkeeping account book for short) is an account book that binds a fixed number of account pages with sequential page numbers into a volume before it is put into use
65. Loose leaf account book is an account book in which a certain number of account pages are placed in a binder, and some account pages can be added or reced at any time according to the change of bookkeeping contents
66. Card account book is an account book that stores a certain number of card account pages in a special card box and can be added at any time as needed.
3. It is the basic unit of structure and function of biological cells and enters into cells
1
2. The structural levels of life system are biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, indivial, system, organ, tissue and cell. In the
prokaryotic cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and cytoplasm (eukaryotic)
4 eukaryotic cell is divided into: is the nuclear scientists into the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
depends on the boundary membrane in the prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell nucleus, cell
eukaryotic cell is prokaryotic cell, the wall is small (1-10 microns), To form a larger (10 - 100 micron)
class core curriculum structure and composition of nuclear membrane, nuclear material and nucleolus, nuclear membrane concentration, nuclear material and nucleolus composition, mainly concentrated in & gt
prokaryotes (bacteria, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria) and eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi), Chapter 2: chemical compositions and compounds of battery moles of organisms
in terms of components, chemical elements of organisms, cell molecules
are roughly the same, but the contents are different. In vivo chemical composition, different content of metadata based on the organism, can be divided into a large number of elements and trace elements. In the chonpsk and trace elements such as iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and specific a-ethylfoam
II
in the organism, a large number of chemical elements in the composition play an important role. The elements of calcium and magnesium in the chonpsk cells constitute the basic element. Carbon is the most basic element. Although the content of trace elements in the body is rare, it is indispensable to maintain normal life activities. The unity and difference between biosphere reserve and abiotic
the properties of biological
chemical elements, especially those found in biosphere. The fact that the chemical elements in the body of an organism are different from the specific contents, that is, the composition of inorganic properties and the non biological fact of homogeneity, is different from the nature of man and biosphere. The cell
IV p17
inorganic compounds
: glucose, deoxyribose and glycogen
: the role of lecithin, sex hormones and cholesterol
: insulin antibody, hemoglobin
organic compounds<
2: the amino acids of the protein, about 20 amino acid basic units, the general structure of the organism, the benefits of such a protein structure. The peptide bonds between amino acid molecules are bonded to each other in a way. The compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of amino acids is called dipeptide. The compound formed by the condensation of multiple amino acids is called polypeptide. It is usually a chain structure, called peptide chain. A protein molecule can contain one or several peptide chains and form a complex (specific) spatial structure by twisting and folding. The reason for the diversity of protein molecular structure is: hundreds of thousands of different species of amino acids, proteins, when the amino acid sequence is changed, the combination of folded polypeptide chains distorts the number space polypeptide chain in different ways. Structural change. Due to the diversity of structural diversity, the protein not only has the function, but also has the characteristics, and its main functions are as follows: (1) the structural protein, such as muscle, carrier protein, hemoglobin, (2) information transmission, (such as insulin), (3) (4) the enzyme, such as pepsin, such as glycoprotein, such as antibody, the immune function recognized by the antibody, (5); It's a protein. In a word, all life activities cannot be separated from protein, and protein is the main undertaker of life activities
Part III: nucleic acid is the carrier of genetic information of organisms, which plays an extremely important role in all organisms, genetic variation and protein synthesis. Nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are divided into two major groups, the basic units of nucleotides, which consist of components of nitrogenous bases, pentose and phosphate members. The nucleic acids of the five basic compositions have two kinds of pentasaccharides and nucleotide 8
DNA carrier, DNA in nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast in cytoplasm
RNA exists in the cytoplasm. Biological cell, its genetic material, DNA, cellular structure of virus, and partial genetic material DNA, such as phage; The structure of some genetic material is RNA, such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which ranks fourth / & gt& gt; Sugar molecular procts? C. H, O are the three elements of carbohydrate and lipid in cells. Carbohydrate is the main energy source of cells
monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides can be divided into several categories. Monosaccharide is no longer hydrolyzed sugar, and the common ones are glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose. It is characterized in that the glucose is an important cell energy substance, ribose and deoxyribose are not generally used as energy materials, nucleic acid composition, disaccharide, sugar and maltose are plant, sugar, lactose, glycogen, primitive animal sugar, polysaccharide, sugar and starch, And cellulose is a plant, an important storage material in cells of sugar, glycogen, starch. Chemical elements
lipid Cho 3, P (phospholipid). Lipids include fats, phospholipids and sterols. Fat is the energy storage material of organism. In addition, fat insulation, buffering, decompression effect, phospholipids constitute an important part of cell membrane, including membrane materials, steroids, including cholesterol, sex hormones, vitamin D, etc. these substances play an important role in the regulation of biological recognition in maintaining normal life activities.
biomacromolecule, such as polysaccharide, protein, nucleic acid, which is the basic unit of the composition, a single sugar (glucose), amino acid and nucleotide, these basic units are called monomers, whether these biomacromolecule polymers are known as basic skeletons, Many connected carbon atoms of the monomer composition in the monomer composition of each monomer are connected to the polymer of the carbon chain
inorganic V: cells
water is the most abundant compound in living cells. Different types of organisms, and water content is different, and different tissues, organs, and water content is different
in the presence of two forms of water, the combination of water and free water, as well as water combined with other materials, is an important part of the cell structure of mixed cells, preferably from about 4.5%; In the presence of free water, it is a good solvent for the transportation of nutrients and wastes in the form of free water in cells??, It can also be directly involved in biochemical reactions. In short, all kinds of biological activities cannot be separated from water
inorganic ions exist in cells and play an important role in many aspects: they are an important part of some salt compounds in complex cells, magnesium in methemoglobin as the main component is an important part of chlorophyll molecule, and the amount of inorganic ions is the cell and organism that maintain life, If the calcium content in the blood is too low, it plays an important role in convulsion, inorganic salt balance of cells, and it is also important to maintain pH
sugar and Fehling reagent were precipitated in brick red
fat Sudan IV staining was orange yellow in the role of intracellular proteins, organic matter, recing sugars (glucose and fructose), and determined the shrinkage of biuret reagent in the role of purple reaction. The components of recing sugar, Fehling reagent, solution a and solution B are evenly mixed, and the same amount of water before and after heating is used for balance; For the detection of protein that should be detected in tissue sample solution, add 4 drops of biuret solution A1 ml in the first reagent without heating. Green
DNA is methyl green and RNA is red, so it can show the distribution of DNA and RNA in the cells with two dyes. In this experiment, the effect of hydrochloric acid is to change the permeability of the membrane and accelerate the dye into the cells. In the experiment, this is a manufacturer. In the process of hydrolysis, washing and staining, it is observed that all organisms except some biological viruses are composed of cells. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function of organism. Chemical composition of virus: DNA and protein or RNA and protein
components of eukaryotic cell structure and function, pectin, cellulase and pectinase that can be removed. Cell wall support and protection
(2) the chemical analysis of membrane lipids (phospholipids) molecules and proteins, lipids, and about 50% of the main components, in addition, a small amount of sugar. Phospholipid is the most abundant lipid component of cell membrane. The function of cell membrane is separated, which is called the control substance between cell nuclear membrane and cell
(information exchange)
cytoplasmic membrane, extracellular, cytoplasmic and external environment. In the cytoplasm of a living cell in this state, a continuous air stream consists of the cytoplasmic matrix and the cytoplasm of the cell
1. The cytoplasmic matrix contains water, salt, lipids, sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, and various chemical reactions of various enzymes in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria, mitochondrial cells
(1) widely exist in the cytoplasmic matrix, which is the main place of aerobic respiration, known as "power plant"< br />> The mitochondria are composed of bilayer membrane. Outer membrane it separates from the surrounding cytoplasmic matrix, some parts of the endometrium are folded inward to form a ridge, this structure allows to increase the area of many types of aerobic respiratory membrane, related enzymes in mitochondria, and contains a small amount of mitochondrial DNA< (2) chloroplast
plant chloroplast, chloroplast specific organelle, chloroplast photosynthesis cystic structure can be seen under the electron microscope?? Double contains several to dozens of grana stacked into a matrix, which is full of green plant organelles, so-called nutrient energy conversion plant station. The saclike structure, called thylakoid, contains chlorophyll
(3) the ribosomal region in the network structure is composed of a single layer, which greatly enhances the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of endoplasmic reticulum? Protein synthesis and processing network and intracellular lipid synthesis plant (4) smaller particles of the body, an additional part is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome part is a kind of intracellular protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, the proction of protein is called "machine"
(5) Golgi
Golgi protein itself can not be synthesized, But it can also be the processing of protein sorting and packaging when the processed plant cells divide into Golgi bodies and form cell walls& gt; 6) The vacuoles of mature cells in the intracellular environment of plants play an important role in adjusting the vacuoles, allowing the cells to maintain a certain shape in order to maintain the expansion state
animal cells and plant cells
(7) the centrosome is low, and each centrosome is composed of two centromeres perpendicular to each other and the surrounding materials
1
2. The structural levels of life system are biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, indivial, system, organ, tissue and cell. In the
prokaryotic cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and cytoplasm (eukaryotic)
4 eukaryotic cell is divided into: is the nuclear scientists into the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
depends on the boundary membrane in the prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell nucleus, cell
eukaryotic cell is prokaryotic cell, the wall is small (1-10 microns), To form a larger (10 - 100 micron)
class core curriculum structure and composition of nuclear membrane, nuclear material and nucleolus, nuclear membrane concentration, nuclear material and nucleolus composition, mainly concentrated in & gt
prokaryotes (bacteria, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria) and eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi), Chapter 2: chemical compositions and compounds of battery moles of organisms
in terms of components, chemical elements of organisms, cell molecules
are roughly the same, but the contents are different. In vivo chemical composition, different content of metadata based on the organism, can be divided into a large number of elements and trace elements. In the chonpsk and trace elements such as iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and specific a-ethylfoam
II
in the organism, a large number of chemical elements in the composition play an important role. The elements of calcium and magnesium in the chonpsk cells constitute the basic element. Carbon is the most basic element. Although the content of trace elements in the body is rare, it is indispensable to maintain normal life activities. The unity and difference between biosphere reserve and abiotic
the properties of biological
chemical elements, especially those found in biosphere. The fact that the chemical elements in the body of an organism are different from the specific contents, that is, the composition of inorganic properties and the non biological fact of homogeneity, is different from the nature of man and biosphere. The cell
IV p17
inorganic compounds
: glucose, deoxyribose and glycogen
: the role of lecithin, sex hormones and cholesterol
: insulin antibody, hemoglobin
organic compounds<
2: the amino acids of the protein, about 20 amino acid basic units, the general structure of the organism, the benefits of such a protein structure. The peptide bonds between amino acid molecules are bonded to each other in a way. The compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of amino acids is called dipeptide. The compound formed by the condensation of multiple amino acids is called polypeptide. It is usually a chain structure, called peptide chain. A protein molecule can contain one or several peptide chains and form a complex (specific) spatial structure by twisting and folding. The reason for the diversity of protein molecular structure is: hundreds of thousands of different species of amino acids, proteins, when the amino acid sequence is changed, the combination of folded polypeptide chains distorts the number space polypeptide chain in different ways. Structural change. Due to the diversity of structural diversity, the protein not only has the function, but also has the characteristics, and its main functions are as follows: (1) the structural protein, such as muscle, carrier protein, hemoglobin, (2) information transmission, (such as insulin), (3) (4) the enzyme, such as pepsin, such as glycoprotein, such as antibody, the immune function recognized by the antibody, (5); It's a protein. In a word, all life activities cannot be separated from protein, and protein is the main undertaker of life activities
Part III: nucleic acid is the carrier of genetic information of organisms, which plays an extremely important role in all organisms, genetic variation and protein synthesis. Nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are divided into two major groups, the basic units of nucleotides, which consist of components of nitrogenous bases, pentose and phosphate members. The nucleic acids of the five basic compositions have two kinds of pentasaccharides and nucleotide 8
DNA carrier, DNA in nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast in cytoplasm
RNA exists in the cytoplasm. Biological cell, its genetic material, DNA, cellular structure of virus, and partial genetic material DNA, such as phage; The structure of some genetic material is RNA, such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which ranks fourth / & gt& gt; Sugar molecular procts? C. H, O are the three elements of carbohydrate and lipid in cells. Carbohydrate is the main energy source of cells
monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides can be divided into several categories. Monosaccharide is no longer hydrolyzed sugar, and the common ones are glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose. It is characterized in that the glucose is an important cell energy substance, ribose and deoxyribose are not generally used as energy materials, nucleic acid composition, disaccharide, sugar and maltose are plant, sugar, lactose, glycogen, primitive animal sugar, polysaccharide, sugar and starch, And cellulose is a plant, an important storage material in cells of sugar, glycogen, starch. Chemical elements
lipid Cho 3, P (phospholipid). Lipids include fats, phospholipids and sterols. Fat is the energy storage material of organism. In addition, fat insulation, buffering, decompression effect, phospholipids constitute an important part of cell membrane, including membrane materials, steroids, including cholesterol, sex hormones, vitamin D, etc. these substances play an important role in the regulation of biological recognition in maintaining normal life activities.
biomacromolecule, such as polysaccharide, protein, nucleic acid, which is the basic unit of the composition, a single sugar (glucose), amino acid and nucleotide, these basic units are called monomers, whether these biomacromolecule polymers are known as basic skeletons, Many connected carbon atoms of the monomer composition in the monomer composition of each monomer are connected to the polymer of the carbon chain
inorganic V: cells
water is the most abundant compound in living cells. Different types of organisms, and water content is different, and different tissues, organs, and water content is different
in the presence of two forms of water, the combination of water and free water, as well as water combined with other materials, is an important part of the cell structure of mixed cells, preferably from about 4.5%; In the presence of free water, it is a good solvent for the transportation of nutrients and wastes in the form of free water in cells??, It can also be directly involved in biochemical reactions. In short, all kinds of biological activities cannot be separated from water
inorganic ions exist in cells and play an important role in many aspects: they are an important part of some salt compounds in complex cells, magnesium in methemoglobin as the main component is an important part of chlorophyll molecule, and the amount of inorganic ions is the cell and organism that maintain life, If the calcium content in the blood is too low, it plays an important role in convulsion, inorganic salt balance of cells, and it is also important to maintain pH
sugar and Fehling reagent were precipitated in brick red
fat Sudan IV staining was orange yellow in the role of intracellular proteins, organic matter, recing sugars (glucose and fructose), and determined the shrinkage of biuret reagent in the role of purple reaction. The components of recing sugar, Fehling reagent, solution a and solution B are evenly mixed, and the same amount of water before and after heating is used for balance; For the detection of protein that should be detected in tissue sample solution, add 4 drops of biuret solution A1 ml in the first reagent without heating. Green
DNA is methyl green and RNA is red, so it can show the distribution of DNA and RNA in the cells with two dyes. In this experiment, the effect of hydrochloric acid is to change the permeability of the membrane and accelerate the dye into the cells. In the experiment, this is a manufacturer. In the process of hydrolysis, washing and staining, it is observed that all organisms except some biological viruses are composed of cells. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function of organism. Chemical composition of virus: DNA and protein or RNA and protein
components of eukaryotic cell structure and function, pectin, cellulase and pectinase that can be removed. Cell wall support and protection
(2) the chemical analysis of membrane lipids (phospholipids) molecules and proteins, lipids, and about 50% of the main components, in addition, a small amount of sugar. Phospholipid is the most abundant lipid component of cell membrane. The function of cell membrane is separated, which is called the control substance between cell nuclear membrane and cell
(information exchange)
cytoplasmic membrane, extracellular, cytoplasmic and external environment. In the cytoplasm of a living cell in this state, a continuous air stream consists of the cytoplasmic matrix and the cytoplasm of the cell
1. The cytoplasmic matrix contains water, salt, lipids, sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, and various chemical reactions of various enzymes in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria, mitochondrial cells
(1) widely exist in the cytoplasmic matrix, which is the main place of aerobic respiration, known as "power plant"< br />> The mitochondria are composed of bilayer membrane. Outer membrane it separates from the surrounding cytoplasmic matrix, some parts of the endometrium are folded inward to form a ridge, this structure allows to increase the area of many types of aerobic respiratory membrane, related enzymes in mitochondria, and contains a small amount of mitochondrial DNA< (2) chloroplast
plant chloroplast, chloroplast specific organelle, chloroplast photosynthesis cystic structure can be seen under the electron microscope?? Double contains several to dozens of grana stacked into a matrix, which is full of green plant organelles, so-called nutrient energy conversion plant station. The saclike structure, called thylakoid, contains chlorophyll
(3) the ribosomal region in the network structure is composed of a single layer, which greatly enhances the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of endoplasmic reticulum? Protein synthesis and processing network and intracellular lipid synthesis plant (4) smaller particles of the body, an additional part is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome part is a kind of intracellular protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, the proction of protein is called "machine"
(5) Golgi
Golgi protein itself can not be synthesized, But it can also be the processing of protein sorting and packaging when the processed plant cells divide into Golgi bodies and form cell walls& gt; 6) The vacuoles of mature cells in the intracellular environment of plants play an important role in adjusting the vacuoles, allowing the cells to maintain a certain shape in order to maintain the expansion state
animal cells and plant cells
(7) the centrosome is low, and each centrosome is composed of two centromeres perpendicular to each other and the surrounding materials
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