Tunisian digital currency
Publish: 2021-04-16 03:26:06
1. On the issue of issuing their own digital currency, central banks are always less thunderous. Central banks around the world are considering issuing their own digital currencies to compete with cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin, but they have been unable to do so for a long time
the media's attention to the central bank's digital currency has increased significantly, especially after Zuckerberg testified in Congress on the Libra issue and Christina Lagarde acknowledged the "clear demand" for stable currency at her first media reception as president of the European Central Bank, which seems to have changed the public's view on this matter, Let many people in cryptocurrency community think that cbdcs is in sight<
according to the latest survey report released by the bank for International Settlements, central banks in the past seven years have been investigating this technology and assessing its impact. Of the 63 central banks surveyed, 55 said they were unlikely to issue cbdcs in the next three years, and only one reported that they were "highly likely to issue large-scale cbdcs in the next three to six years."
although the proportion of central banks studying cbdcs is very high, the crux of the problem is that it is mainly theoretical and investigative work. Only five central banks have concted more in-depth research and real project development or experimentation - but that still does not mean that they will necessarily issue cbdcs
through close observation, it is more and more obvious that both Libra recently released by Facebook and the new stable currency assets have had a significant impact on the central bank. Today's situation took hundreds of years to form, but it changed in a few months; Competition, the most terrifying and unfamiliar concept that has never been thought of before and penetrated into the elite society of central banks, is now knocking at the door
it can be said that the solution to the current situation is still unclear. Some people who are familiar with these things even say that they are bluffing. However, in Lagarde's own words, the slow and wait-and-see regulatory approach can no longer meet the needs
1. What is central bank digital currency<
what is the difference between central bank digital currency CBDC and other digital currencies
CBDC is a new form of currency, which is directly issued by the central bank in digital form as legal tender. The current form of legal currency is cash, reserve deposit or balance settlement< There are two main differences between CBDC and other digital currencies (including cryptocurrency and other forms of central bank currency):
1. CBDC has nothing to do with cryptoassets. They're not decentralized, they don't have to be blockchain based, and they're certainly not anonymous, they're not unlicensed, they're not censored< 2. Contrary to the current digital cash, the operation structure of CBDC will be different from other forms of central bank currency. CBDC has more powerful functions. They are programmable, can generate interest, can be cleared in near real time, and have cheaper handling charges and wider openness
when designing CBDC, the speed of central banks is different. Different central banks adopt their own approach. However, in general, there are three problems being explored: whether CBDC should be based on token or account number, whether CBDC should be batch (only open to banks) or retail (open to the public), and whether it should be based on DLT
when CBDC is to be implemented, things will become complicated, and there are many thorny problems to be considered
for example, once CBDC is launched, does it need to cancel cash? Should CBDC carry interest? Should they have face value like cash? Or linked to the total price index? What impact will this have on commercial banks? What about anonymity and privacy? All these questions need to be answered<
2. Motivation for issuing CBDC
in the 2017 staff discussion paper, the Bank of Canada gave six reasons for issuing CBDC in an article entitled "central bank digital currency: motivation and impact":
1. Ensure that the central bank provides sufficient cash to the public, and maintain the seigniorage revenue of the central bank
2, Support non-traditional monetary policy
3. Rece overall risk and improve financial stability
4. Improve payment competitiveness
5. Promote financial inclusiveness
6. Curb criminal activities
looking back at the bank for International Settlements survey we analyzed earlier, payment security and domestic efficiency are selected as the most important motives of the central bank. According to a large number of papers published by the central bank and other large financial institutions, for developed countries, the transformation into a cashless society is the main driving factor, while for developing countries, financial inclusiveness, cost rection and operational efficiency are the main motivation
throughout the rest of the reports and the literature that can be found, the fierce competition brought about by bitcoin and other innovations in the cryptocurrency instry, as well as the clear need for "one step ahead", of course, are not listed as the reasons for issuing CBDC< The advantages and potential risks of CBDC are very low.
if the central bank starts to launch CBDC and succeeds in the end, there are many potential benefits
from a technical point of view, CBDC is much better than the current form of legal currency. They can be tracked better, collect taxes more conveniently, transmit monetary policy better, have better financial inclusiveness, and rece the cost of procing physical currency
the most obvious advantage is that payment is cheaper and faster, whether it is domestic payment or cross-border payment
in addition to the design and implementation problems, a key problem of issuing CBDC is that CBDC may increase the risk of bank operation. However, this only happens when banks promise that their deposits can be converted into CBDC on demand, which is not necessarily the case, according to the Bank of England document
4. Facts on the ground
how far is it from us to see a real CBDC appear in the market? It's hard to estimate, but at present, we can sum up the current situation in one sentence: all talk but no practice
if we put aside the failed digital currencies of Ecuador, Tunisia and Venezuela, we can only do theoretical research, a small amount of experiments, and issue some feasible CBDC issuance announcements supported by the state in the future
the most famous CBDC projects in progress are: e-peso in Uruguay (the project was successfully tested in 2018), DCEP in China, "project Inthanon" in Thailand, e-krona in Sweden (still in the research stage)...
5. The revolution has not yet been successful, and comrades still need to work hard
considering the factors mentioned above, Most of the headlines about CBDC's upcoming release are groundless. All projects scheled to be released this year have been delayed
in fact, there is still a long way to go for the birth of CBDC, and to convince the public, we need more than a statement. Given the current situation, it seems that CBDC and other cryptocurrencies may not affect each other - at least for now.
the media's attention to the central bank's digital currency has increased significantly, especially after Zuckerberg testified in Congress on the Libra issue and Christina Lagarde acknowledged the "clear demand" for stable currency at her first media reception as president of the European Central Bank, which seems to have changed the public's view on this matter, Let many people in cryptocurrency community think that cbdcs is in sight<
according to the latest survey report released by the bank for International Settlements, central banks in the past seven years have been investigating this technology and assessing its impact. Of the 63 central banks surveyed, 55 said they were unlikely to issue cbdcs in the next three years, and only one reported that they were "highly likely to issue large-scale cbdcs in the next three to six years."
although the proportion of central banks studying cbdcs is very high, the crux of the problem is that it is mainly theoretical and investigative work. Only five central banks have concted more in-depth research and real project development or experimentation - but that still does not mean that they will necessarily issue cbdcs
through close observation, it is more and more obvious that both Libra recently released by Facebook and the new stable currency assets have had a significant impact on the central bank. Today's situation took hundreds of years to form, but it changed in a few months; Competition, the most terrifying and unfamiliar concept that has never been thought of before and penetrated into the elite society of central banks, is now knocking at the door
it can be said that the solution to the current situation is still unclear. Some people who are familiar with these things even say that they are bluffing. However, in Lagarde's own words, the slow and wait-and-see regulatory approach can no longer meet the needs
1. What is central bank digital currency<
what is the difference between central bank digital currency CBDC and other digital currencies
CBDC is a new form of currency, which is directly issued by the central bank in digital form as legal tender. The current form of legal currency is cash, reserve deposit or balance settlement< There are two main differences between CBDC and other digital currencies (including cryptocurrency and other forms of central bank currency):
1. CBDC has nothing to do with cryptoassets. They're not decentralized, they don't have to be blockchain based, and they're certainly not anonymous, they're not unlicensed, they're not censored< 2. Contrary to the current digital cash, the operation structure of CBDC will be different from other forms of central bank currency. CBDC has more powerful functions. They are programmable, can generate interest, can be cleared in near real time, and have cheaper handling charges and wider openness
when designing CBDC, the speed of central banks is different. Different central banks adopt their own approach. However, in general, there are three problems being explored: whether CBDC should be based on token or account number, whether CBDC should be batch (only open to banks) or retail (open to the public), and whether it should be based on DLT
when CBDC is to be implemented, things will become complicated, and there are many thorny problems to be considered
for example, once CBDC is launched, does it need to cancel cash? Should CBDC carry interest? Should they have face value like cash? Or linked to the total price index? What impact will this have on commercial banks? What about anonymity and privacy? All these questions need to be answered<
2. Motivation for issuing CBDC
in the 2017 staff discussion paper, the Bank of Canada gave six reasons for issuing CBDC in an article entitled "central bank digital currency: motivation and impact":
1. Ensure that the central bank provides sufficient cash to the public, and maintain the seigniorage revenue of the central bank
2, Support non-traditional monetary policy
3. Rece overall risk and improve financial stability
4. Improve payment competitiveness
5. Promote financial inclusiveness
6. Curb criminal activities
looking back at the bank for International Settlements survey we analyzed earlier, payment security and domestic efficiency are selected as the most important motives of the central bank. According to a large number of papers published by the central bank and other large financial institutions, for developed countries, the transformation into a cashless society is the main driving factor, while for developing countries, financial inclusiveness, cost rection and operational efficiency are the main motivation
throughout the rest of the reports and the literature that can be found, the fierce competition brought about by bitcoin and other innovations in the cryptocurrency instry, as well as the clear need for "one step ahead", of course, are not listed as the reasons for issuing CBDC< The advantages and potential risks of CBDC are very low.
if the central bank starts to launch CBDC and succeeds in the end, there are many potential benefits
from a technical point of view, CBDC is much better than the current form of legal currency. They can be tracked better, collect taxes more conveniently, transmit monetary policy better, have better financial inclusiveness, and rece the cost of procing physical currency
the most obvious advantage is that payment is cheaper and faster, whether it is domestic payment or cross-border payment
in addition to the design and implementation problems, a key problem of issuing CBDC is that CBDC may increase the risk of bank operation. However, this only happens when banks promise that their deposits can be converted into CBDC on demand, which is not necessarily the case, according to the Bank of England document
4. Facts on the ground
how far is it from us to see a real CBDC appear in the market? It's hard to estimate, but at present, we can sum up the current situation in one sentence: all talk but no practice
if we put aside the failed digital currencies of Ecuador, Tunisia and Venezuela, we can only do theoretical research, a small amount of experiments, and issue some feasible CBDC issuance announcements supported by the state in the future
the most famous CBDC projects in progress are: e-peso in Uruguay (the project was successfully tested in 2018), DCEP in China, "project Inthanon" in Thailand, e-krona in Sweden (still in the research stage)...
5. The revolution has not yet been successful, and comrades still need to work hard
considering the factors mentioned above, Most of the headlines about CBDC's upcoming release are groundless. All projects scheled to be released this year have been delayed
in fact, there is still a long way to go for the birth of CBDC, and to convince the public, we need more than a statement. Given the current situation, it seems that CBDC and other cryptocurrencies may not affect each other - at least for now.
2. Country / Region UPS code IATA code Currency code Currency name
Afghanistan AF AF USD Afghanistan
Albania AL AL EUR Euro
Algeria DZ DZ DZD Algerian Dinar
American Samoa AS AS USD USD
Andorra AD AD EUR Euro
Angola AO AO AOA Cuanza, Angola
Anguilla AI AI XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Antigua and Barbuda AG AG XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Argentina AR AR ARS Argentine Peso
Armenian Peso AM AM AMD Armenian drum
Aruba AW AW AWG Aruba shield / Florin
Australia AU AU AUD Australian dollar
Austria AT AT EUR Euro
Azerjan AZ AZ AZM Manat, Azerjan
Azores A2 PT EUR Euro
Bahamas BS BS BSD Bahamas dollar
Bahrain BH BH BHD Bahraini Dinar
Bangladesh BD BD BDT Bangladesh Taka
Barbados BB BB BBD Babe pluralism
Belarus BY BY BYR Belarus ruble
Belgium BE BE EUR Euro
Belize BZ BZ BZD Belize dollar
Benin BJ BJ XOF The Central Bank of West African States, CFA franc
Bermuda BM BM BMD Bermuda dollar
Bhutan BT BT BTN Bhutan nurtrum
Bolivia BO BO BOB Bolivian Peso
Bonaire Island BL AN ANG The Netherlands Antilles shield
Bosnia BA BA BAM Bosnia Mark
Botswana BW BW BWP Botswana pra
Brazil BR BR BRL Brazilian real
British Virgin Islands VG VG USD USD
Brunei BN BN BND Brunei Dollar
Bulgaria BG BG EUR Euro
Burkinabe BF BF XOF West African Central Bank African Franc
Kampuchea KH KH KHR Cambodia rier
Cameroon CM CM XAF Caf
Canada CA CA CAD Canadian dollar
Canary Islands IC ES EUR Euro
Cape Verde Islands CV CV CVE Escudo, Cape Verde
Caymans KY KY KYD The Central African Republic CF CF XAF Caf
Chad TD TD XAF Caf
Chile CL CL CLP Chile Peso
People's Republic of China CN CN RMB RMB
Colombia CO CO COP Colombian Peso
Comoros KM KM USD Comoros francs
Congo CG CG XAF Caf
Democratic Republic of Congo CD CD CDF Congo Franc
Cook Islands CK CK NZD New Zealand dollar
Costa Rica CR CR CRC Cologne, Costa Rica
Croatia HR HR EUR Euro
Curacao CB AN ANG The Netherlands Antilles shield
Cyprus CY CY EUR Euro
Czech Republic CZ CZ CZK Czech Krone
Denmark DK DK DKK DKR
Djibouti DJ DJ DJF Gibtifaran
Dominica DM DM XCD Eastern Caribbean Dollar DO DO DOP Dominican Peso
East Timor TL TL USD USD
Ecuador EC EC USD US dollar
Egypt EG EG EGP Egyptian Pound SV SV USD US dollar
England EN GB GBP Sterling
Equatorial Guinea GQ GQ XAF Caf
Eritrean ER ER ERN Eritrean Nakfa
Estonian EE EE EEK Estonian Krona
Ethiopia ET ET ETB Ethiopian bill
Europe EP EP EUR Euro
Faroe Islands FO FO DKK DKK
Fiji FJ FJ FJD Fijian dollar
Finland FI FI EUR Euro
France FR FR EUR Euro
French Guiana GF GF EUR Euro
French Polynesia PF PF XPF Pacific Franc
Gabon GA GA XAF Caf
Gambia GM GM GMD Darasi, Gambia
Georgia GE GE GEL Lari, Georgia
Germany DE DE EUR Euro
Ghana GH GH GHC Ghana CEDI
gibraltarian GI GI GIP Gibraltarian pound
Greece GR GR EUR Euro
Greenland GL GL DKK DKR
Grenada GD GD XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Guadeloupe GP GP EUR Euro
Guam GU GU USD US dollar
Guatemalan GT GT GTQ Guernsey, Guatemalan GG GG GBP Sterling
Guinea GN GN GNF Guinea Franc
Guinea GW GW XOF The Central Bank of West African States, CFA francs
Guyana GY GY GYD Guyana dollar
Haiti HT HT HTG Gude, Haiti
Netherlands HO NL EUR Euro
Honras HN HN HNL Lunpila, Honras
Hong Kong, China HK HK HKD Hong Kong dollar
Hungary HU HU HUF Forint, Hungary
Iceland IS IS ISK Icelandic krona
India IN IN INR Indian Rupee
Indonesia ID ID IDR Indonesian rupiah
Iraq IQ IQ NID Iraqi dinar
Republic of Ireland IE IE EUR Euro
Israel IL IL ILS Israel shekel
Italy IT IT EUR Euro
Ivory Coast CI CI XOF Central Bank of West African States JM JM JMD Yamamai Canadian dollar
Japan JP JP JPY Yen
Jersey JE JE GBP Sterling
Jordan JO JO JOD Jordanian Dinar
Kazakhstan KZ KZ KZT Kazakhstan tenge
Kenya KE KE KES KSHS
Kiribati KI KI AUD Australian dollar
Korea KR KR KRW Han Yuan
kosley KO FM USD US dollar
Kuwait KW KW KWD Kuwait Dinar
Kyrgyz Republic KG KG Kilogram Kyrgyz SOM
Laos LA LA LAK Kip, Laos
Latvian LV LV LVL Lat
Lebanon LB LB LBP Lebanon pound
Lesotho LS LS LSL Lesotho Lotti
Liberia LR LR LRD Liberia dollar
Libya LY LY LYD Libyan Dinar
Lichtenstein LI LI CHF Swiss Franc
Lithuania LT LT LTL Lithuanian Litas
Luxembourg LU LU EUR Euro
Macao MO MO MOP Macao dollar
Macedonian MK MK EUR Euro
Madagascar MG MG MGA Ariari, Madagascar
Madeira M3 PT EUR Euro
Malawi MW MW MWK Kwacha, Malawi
Malaysia MY MY MYR Ringgit malaysia
Maldives MV MV MVR Maldives rupee
Mali ML ML XOF Central Bank of West African States MT MT EUR Euro
Marshall Islands MH MH USD USD
Martinique MQ MQ EUR Euro
Mauritania MR MR MRO Ugiya, Mauritania
Mauritius MU MU MUR Mauritian rupees
Mayotte Island YT YT EUR Francs
Mexico MX MX MXN Mexican Peso
Federated States of Micronesia FM FM USD USD
Moldova MD MD MDL Moldova Lei
Monaco MC MC EUR Euro
Mongolia MN MN MNT Mongolia Tugrik
Black Mountain ME ME EUR Serbia Dinar
Montserrat MS MS XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Morocco MA MA MAD Moroccan dirhams
Mozambique MZ MZ MZM Metikar, Mozambique
Namibia NA NA NAD Namibian dollar
Nepal NP NP NPR Nepalese Rupee
Netherlands NL NL EUR Euro
Netherlands Antilles AN AN ANG Netherlands Antilles dollar
New Caledonia NC NC XPF Pacific Franc
New Zealand NZ NZ NZD NZD
Nicaraguan NI NI NIO Ginodopa, Nicaraguan
Niger NE NE XOF Central Bank of West African States NG NG NGN Norfolk Island, Nigeria NF NF AUD Australian dollar
Northern Ireland NB GB GBP Sterling
Northern Mariana Islands MP MP USD US dollar
Norway NO NO NOK NOK
Oman OM OM OMR Oman rial
Pakistan PK PK PKR Pakistan Rupee
Palau PW PW USD USD
Panama PA PA PAB Panama, Papua New Guinea PG PG PGK Papua kina
Paraguay PY PY PYG Guarani, Paraguay
Peru PE PE PEN New sol, Peru
Philippines PH PH PHP Philippine Peso
Poland PL PL PLN Zloty, Poland
Ponape Island PO FM USD US dollar
Portugal PT PT EUR Euro
Puerto Rico PR PR USD US dollar
Qatar QA QA QAR Qatar Riyal
Reunion Island RE RE EUR Euro
Romania RO RO ROL Romanian Lei
rota RT MP USD US dollar
Russia RU RU RUB Russian Ruble
Rwanda RW RW RWF Rwandese francs
Sabah SS AN ANG The Netherlands Antilles shield
Saipan SP MP USD USD
San Marino SM SM EUR Euro
Saudi Arabia SA SA SAR Saudi Riyal
Scotland SF GB GBP Sterling
Senegal SN SN XOF Central Bank of West African States RS RS EUR Serbia Dinar
Seychelles SC SC SCR Seychelles rupee
Sierra Leone SL SL SLL Leon, Sierra Leone
Singapore SG SG SGD SGD
Slovakia SK SK SKK Slovak Krona
Slovenia SI SI EUR Euro
Solomon Islands SB SB SBD Solomon Islands dollar
South Africa ZA ZA ZAR South African rand
Spain ES ES EUR Euro
Sri Lanka LK LK LKR Sri Lanka Rupee
St. Barthel NT GP EUR Euro
St. Christopher Island SW KN XCD East Caribbean dollar
St. Croix SX VI USD US dollar
Saint Eustatius EU AN ANG Dutch Antilles shield
St. John UV VI USD US dollar
Saint Kitts and Nevis KN KN XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Saint Lucia LC LC XCD Eastern Caribbean Dollar MB AN ANG The Netherlands Antilles shield
St. Martin TB GP EUR Euro
St Thomas VL VI USD US dollar
St. Vincent and the Grenadines VC VC XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Suriname SR SR SRG Suriname shield
Swaziland SZ SZ SZL Lilangini, Swaziland
Sweden SE SE SEK SEK
Switzerland CH CH CHF Swiss Franc
Tahiti TA PF XPF Pacific Franc
Taiwan, China TW TW TWD Taiwan dollar
Tajikistan TJ TJ TJS Somoni, Tajikistan
Tanzania TZ TZ TZS TSH
Thailand TH TH THB Baht
Tinian Island TI MP USD USD
Togo TG TG XOF Central Bank of West African States TO TO TOP Tonga panga
Tortola Island ZZ VG USD USD
Trinidad and Tobago TT TT TTD Trinidad and Tobago dollar
the Turk Islands TU FM USD US dollar
Tunisia TN TN TND Tunisian Dinar
Turkey TR TR USD US dollar
Turkmenistan TM TM TMM Turkmen manat
Turks and Caicos Islands TC TC USD USD
Tuvalu TV TV AUD Australian dollar
US Virgin Islands VI VI USD USD
Uganda UG UG UGX Uganda shillings
Ukraine UA UA UAH Ukraine gryvna
yunin Island UI VC XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
United Arab Emirates AE AE AED UAE Dirham
UK GB GB GBP Sterling
us US US USD USD
Uruguay UY UY UYU Uruguayan Peso
Uzbekistan UZ UZ UZS Uzbekistan SOM
Vanuatu V
Afghanistan AF AF USD Afghanistan
Albania AL AL EUR Euro
Algeria DZ DZ DZD Algerian Dinar
American Samoa AS AS USD USD
Andorra AD AD EUR Euro
Angola AO AO AOA Cuanza, Angola
Anguilla AI AI XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Antigua and Barbuda AG AG XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Argentina AR AR ARS Argentine Peso
Armenian Peso AM AM AMD Armenian drum
Aruba AW AW AWG Aruba shield / Florin
Australia AU AU AUD Australian dollar
Austria AT AT EUR Euro
Azerjan AZ AZ AZM Manat, Azerjan
Azores A2 PT EUR Euro
Bahamas BS BS BSD Bahamas dollar
Bahrain BH BH BHD Bahraini Dinar
Bangladesh BD BD BDT Bangladesh Taka
Barbados BB BB BBD Babe pluralism
Belarus BY BY BYR Belarus ruble
Belgium BE BE EUR Euro
Belize BZ BZ BZD Belize dollar
Benin BJ BJ XOF The Central Bank of West African States, CFA franc
Bermuda BM BM BMD Bermuda dollar
Bhutan BT BT BTN Bhutan nurtrum
Bolivia BO BO BOB Bolivian Peso
Bonaire Island BL AN ANG The Netherlands Antilles shield
Bosnia BA BA BAM Bosnia Mark
Botswana BW BW BWP Botswana pra
Brazil BR BR BRL Brazilian real
British Virgin Islands VG VG USD USD
Brunei BN BN BND Brunei Dollar
Bulgaria BG BG EUR Euro
Burkinabe BF BF XOF West African Central Bank African Franc
Kampuchea KH KH KHR Cambodia rier
Cameroon CM CM XAF Caf
Canada CA CA CAD Canadian dollar
Canary Islands IC ES EUR Euro
Cape Verde Islands CV CV CVE Escudo, Cape Verde
Caymans KY KY KYD The Central African Republic CF CF XAF Caf
Chad TD TD XAF Caf
Chile CL CL CLP Chile Peso
People's Republic of China CN CN RMB RMB
Colombia CO CO COP Colombian Peso
Comoros KM KM USD Comoros francs
Congo CG CG XAF Caf
Democratic Republic of Congo CD CD CDF Congo Franc
Cook Islands CK CK NZD New Zealand dollar
Costa Rica CR CR CRC Cologne, Costa Rica
Croatia HR HR EUR Euro
Curacao CB AN ANG The Netherlands Antilles shield
Cyprus CY CY EUR Euro
Czech Republic CZ CZ CZK Czech Krone
Denmark DK DK DKK DKR
Djibouti DJ DJ DJF Gibtifaran
Dominica DM DM XCD Eastern Caribbean Dollar DO DO DOP Dominican Peso
East Timor TL TL USD USD
Ecuador EC EC USD US dollar
Egypt EG EG EGP Egyptian Pound SV SV USD US dollar
England EN GB GBP Sterling
Equatorial Guinea GQ GQ XAF Caf
Eritrean ER ER ERN Eritrean Nakfa
Estonian EE EE EEK Estonian Krona
Ethiopia ET ET ETB Ethiopian bill
Europe EP EP EUR Euro
Faroe Islands FO FO DKK DKK
Fiji FJ FJ FJD Fijian dollar
Finland FI FI EUR Euro
France FR FR EUR Euro
French Guiana GF GF EUR Euro
French Polynesia PF PF XPF Pacific Franc
Gabon GA GA XAF Caf
Gambia GM GM GMD Darasi, Gambia
Georgia GE GE GEL Lari, Georgia
Germany DE DE EUR Euro
Ghana GH GH GHC Ghana CEDI
gibraltarian GI GI GIP Gibraltarian pound
Greece GR GR EUR Euro
Greenland GL GL DKK DKR
Grenada GD GD XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Guadeloupe GP GP EUR Euro
Guam GU GU USD US dollar
Guatemalan GT GT GTQ Guernsey, Guatemalan GG GG GBP Sterling
Guinea GN GN GNF Guinea Franc
Guinea GW GW XOF The Central Bank of West African States, CFA francs
Guyana GY GY GYD Guyana dollar
Haiti HT HT HTG Gude, Haiti
Netherlands HO NL EUR Euro
Honras HN HN HNL Lunpila, Honras
Hong Kong, China HK HK HKD Hong Kong dollar
Hungary HU HU HUF Forint, Hungary
Iceland IS IS ISK Icelandic krona
India IN IN INR Indian Rupee
Indonesia ID ID IDR Indonesian rupiah
Iraq IQ IQ NID Iraqi dinar
Republic of Ireland IE IE EUR Euro
Israel IL IL ILS Israel shekel
Italy IT IT EUR Euro
Ivory Coast CI CI XOF Central Bank of West African States JM JM JMD Yamamai Canadian dollar
Japan JP JP JPY Yen
Jersey JE JE GBP Sterling
Jordan JO JO JOD Jordanian Dinar
Kazakhstan KZ KZ KZT Kazakhstan tenge
Kenya KE KE KES KSHS
Kiribati KI KI AUD Australian dollar
Korea KR KR KRW Han Yuan
kosley KO FM USD US dollar
Kuwait KW KW KWD Kuwait Dinar
Kyrgyz Republic KG KG Kilogram Kyrgyz SOM
Laos LA LA LAK Kip, Laos
Latvian LV LV LVL Lat
Lebanon LB LB LBP Lebanon pound
Lesotho LS LS LSL Lesotho Lotti
Liberia LR LR LRD Liberia dollar
Libya LY LY LYD Libyan Dinar
Lichtenstein LI LI CHF Swiss Franc
Lithuania LT LT LTL Lithuanian Litas
Luxembourg LU LU EUR Euro
Macao MO MO MOP Macao dollar
Macedonian MK MK EUR Euro
Madagascar MG MG MGA Ariari, Madagascar
Madeira M3 PT EUR Euro
Malawi MW MW MWK Kwacha, Malawi
Malaysia MY MY MYR Ringgit malaysia
Maldives MV MV MVR Maldives rupee
Mali ML ML XOF Central Bank of West African States MT MT EUR Euro
Marshall Islands MH MH USD USD
Martinique MQ MQ EUR Euro
Mauritania MR MR MRO Ugiya, Mauritania
Mauritius MU MU MUR Mauritian rupees
Mayotte Island YT YT EUR Francs
Mexico MX MX MXN Mexican Peso
Federated States of Micronesia FM FM USD USD
Moldova MD MD MDL Moldova Lei
Monaco MC MC EUR Euro
Mongolia MN MN MNT Mongolia Tugrik
Black Mountain ME ME EUR Serbia Dinar
Montserrat MS MS XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Morocco MA MA MAD Moroccan dirhams
Mozambique MZ MZ MZM Metikar, Mozambique
Namibia NA NA NAD Namibian dollar
Nepal NP NP NPR Nepalese Rupee
Netherlands NL NL EUR Euro
Netherlands Antilles AN AN ANG Netherlands Antilles dollar
New Caledonia NC NC XPF Pacific Franc
New Zealand NZ NZ NZD NZD
Nicaraguan NI NI NIO Ginodopa, Nicaraguan
Niger NE NE XOF Central Bank of West African States NG NG NGN Norfolk Island, Nigeria NF NF AUD Australian dollar
Northern Ireland NB GB GBP Sterling
Northern Mariana Islands MP MP USD US dollar
Norway NO NO NOK NOK
Oman OM OM OMR Oman rial
Pakistan PK PK PKR Pakistan Rupee
Palau PW PW USD USD
Panama PA PA PAB Panama, Papua New Guinea PG PG PGK Papua kina
Paraguay PY PY PYG Guarani, Paraguay
Peru PE PE PEN New sol, Peru
Philippines PH PH PHP Philippine Peso
Poland PL PL PLN Zloty, Poland
Ponape Island PO FM USD US dollar
Portugal PT PT EUR Euro
Puerto Rico PR PR USD US dollar
Qatar QA QA QAR Qatar Riyal
Reunion Island RE RE EUR Euro
Romania RO RO ROL Romanian Lei
rota RT MP USD US dollar
Russia RU RU RUB Russian Ruble
Rwanda RW RW RWF Rwandese francs
Sabah SS AN ANG The Netherlands Antilles shield
Saipan SP MP USD USD
San Marino SM SM EUR Euro
Saudi Arabia SA SA SAR Saudi Riyal
Scotland SF GB GBP Sterling
Senegal SN SN XOF Central Bank of West African States RS RS EUR Serbia Dinar
Seychelles SC SC SCR Seychelles rupee
Sierra Leone SL SL SLL Leon, Sierra Leone
Singapore SG SG SGD SGD
Slovakia SK SK SKK Slovak Krona
Slovenia SI SI EUR Euro
Solomon Islands SB SB SBD Solomon Islands dollar
South Africa ZA ZA ZAR South African rand
Spain ES ES EUR Euro
Sri Lanka LK LK LKR Sri Lanka Rupee
St. Barthel NT GP EUR Euro
St. Christopher Island SW KN XCD East Caribbean dollar
St. Croix SX VI USD US dollar
Saint Eustatius EU AN ANG Dutch Antilles shield
St. John UV VI USD US dollar
Saint Kitts and Nevis KN KN XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Saint Lucia LC LC XCD Eastern Caribbean Dollar MB AN ANG The Netherlands Antilles shield
St. Martin TB GP EUR Euro
St Thomas VL VI USD US dollar
St. Vincent and the Grenadines VC VC XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
Suriname SR SR SRG Suriname shield
Swaziland SZ SZ SZL Lilangini, Swaziland
Sweden SE SE SEK SEK
Switzerland CH CH CHF Swiss Franc
Tahiti TA PF XPF Pacific Franc
Taiwan, China TW TW TWD Taiwan dollar
Tajikistan TJ TJ TJS Somoni, Tajikistan
Tanzania TZ TZ TZS TSH
Thailand TH TH THB Baht
Tinian Island TI MP USD USD
Togo TG TG XOF Central Bank of West African States TO TO TOP Tonga panga
Tortola Island ZZ VG USD USD
Trinidad and Tobago TT TT TTD Trinidad and Tobago dollar
the Turk Islands TU FM USD US dollar
Tunisia TN TN TND Tunisian Dinar
Turkey TR TR USD US dollar
Turkmenistan TM TM TMM Turkmen manat
Turks and Caicos Islands TC TC USD USD
Tuvalu TV TV AUD Australian dollar
US Virgin Islands VI VI USD USD
Uganda UG UG UGX Uganda shillings
Ukraine UA UA UAH Ukraine gryvna
yunin Island UI VC XCD Eastern Caribbean dollar
United Arab Emirates AE AE AED UAE Dirham
UK GB GB GBP Sterling
us US US USD USD
Uruguay UY UY UYU Uruguayan Peso
Uzbekistan UZ UZ UZS Uzbekistan SOM
Vanuatu V
3.
Recently, German Finance Minister Peter altemir and French finance minister Bruno lemer jointly held a press conference in Paris, saying that they will jointly promote the global supervision of the bitcoin at the G20 summit in Argentina this year, which will warn that the world's most popular cryptocurrency is being used by illegal groups
the regulation of bitcoin is likely to become a new topic of the G20 summit this year. Lemer has repeatedly said that he will propose to discuss the issue of bitcoin at the G20 summit. As for speculative risk, member countries need to discuss the regulation of bitcoin management together. US Treasury Secretary mu nuqin also said recently that he will work with the G20 to prevent cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin from becoming the digital equivalent of anonymous Swiss bank accounts
Experts suggest that the G20 and some international financial institutions should speed up the formulation of relevant principles and guidelines to provide cases and follow-up for countries to establish coordinated regulatory policies. At the same time, we should achieve global coordination in supervision to jointly crack down on illegal cryptocurrency transactions and crimes4. Hello! Bitcoin is expensive now, but it's time consuming! It takes four years to make a coin. Not as good as the others.
5.
TND is the Tunisian Dinar
the currency name of Tunisia is Dinar. The paper currency in circulation is Dinar, the coinage is milim, and 1 Tunisian Dinar equals 1000 milim. The international standard code is TND. The Central Bank of Tunisia issued its currency Dinar in 1985
6. Algeria is richer ~
Tunisia's economy is dominated by agriculture, but it can't be self-sufficient in food. The main instries are oil and phosphate exploitation, manufacturing and processing. Tourism is more developed and plays an important role in the national economy. In 1986, the Turkestan economy carried out the "structural adjustment plan" and transited from a planned economy to a market economy. After signing the associated country agreement with the European Union in 1995, Tunisia deepened economic restructuring, accelerated the pace of enterprise upgrading and privatization, strengthened infrastructure construction, promoted financial reform, and actively developed export-oriented economy. Over the years, Turkey's economy has been developing steadily with an average annual GDP growth of about 5%. In recent years, mobile communication, Internet, e-commerce and high-tech instries have developed rapidly. In 2006, it ranked 30th in the world on the global comprehensive competitiveness list of the world economic forum in Davos, ranking first among African and Arab countries. Turkey ranks 58th in the world's 155 countries in the field of labor and environment, leading Italy, China and Egypt. The poverty rate dropped to below 4%. By the end of 2006, there were 2803 foreign-funded enterprises in Tunisia. In 2007, it ranked 29th in the world on the global comprehensive competitiveness list of the world economic forum in Davos, still ranking first among African and Arab countries. In January 2007, the general development mode and policies of the "Eleventh Five Year Plan" for 2007-2011 were deliberated. At present, the main problems faced by the Turkestan economy are the narrow domestic market, the lack of resources and the excessive dependence on the EU< Main economic figures in 2006:
GDP: US $30.697 billion
per capita GDP: US $2996
GDP growth rate: 5.3%
currency name: Dinar, 1 Dinar = 1000 milim
exchange rate: 1 US dollar = 1.32 Dinar
inflation rate: 2.4% (first half of 2007)
unemployment rate: 14.2%
Afghanistan's economic scale ranks second in Africa, second only to South Africa. Hydrogen carbide instry (oil and natural gas) is the pillar of Arab national economy. In 2005, its output value accounted for 45% of Arab GDP and 98% of Arab total exports. Grain and daily necessities mainly depend on imports. A market economy reform began in 1989, and the privatization act was passed in 1995 to speed up the economic restructuring. Currently, Afghanistan is implementing the "five year economic and social revitalization plan" from 2005 to 2009 and the economic development plan of southern and plateau provinces. The government will spend nearly 144 billion US dollars on the transformation of state-owned enterprises and infrastructure construction. Since 2005, the international oil price has gone up, the oil and gas revenue has increased greatly, the economy has grown steadily, and the economic reconstruction has been carried out in an all-round way. On the one hand, the government continues to implement the fiscal expansion policy, speeds up the construction of large-scale infrastructure, promotes the reform of state-owned enterprises and financial system, and increases support for small and medium-sized enterprises; On the one hand, we should expand economic opening-up, introce the "new hydrogen carbide law" to encourage foreign enterprises to participate in the development of oil and gas in Afghanistan, strengthen economic and trade cooperation with Europe and the United States, and step up negotiations on China's accession to the WTO
instry and mining account for more than 30% of GDP. The oil and natural gas instry is the primary economic sector, with the largest oil exploitation in Africa, accounting for more than 95% of the total export value. Iron ore and apatite are also mined and exported. Other instries include food, textile, chemical instry, steel, agricultural machinery, etc. Most of the population is engaged in agriculture. The main economic crops are grapes, oranges and vegetables, and the grain crops are wheat and barley. There are many sheep and goats. It is rich in Quercus variabilis and alpha grass. Wine, citrus, vegetables, olive oil, cork and Alfa grass are all traditional export commodities. The import of machinery and equipment, instrial procts, daily necessities and food is the bulk<
GDP (2006): 113.6 billion US dollars<
GDP per capita (2006): US $3443<
GDP growth rate (2006): 4.8%
currency name: Dinar
exchange rate (2006): US $1 ≈ 72.65 Dinar
inflation rate (2006): 2.5%
unemployment rate (2006): 12.3%.
Tunisia's economy is dominated by agriculture, but it can't be self-sufficient in food. The main instries are oil and phosphate exploitation, manufacturing and processing. Tourism is more developed and plays an important role in the national economy. In 1986, the Turkestan economy carried out the "structural adjustment plan" and transited from a planned economy to a market economy. After signing the associated country agreement with the European Union in 1995, Tunisia deepened economic restructuring, accelerated the pace of enterprise upgrading and privatization, strengthened infrastructure construction, promoted financial reform, and actively developed export-oriented economy. Over the years, Turkey's economy has been developing steadily with an average annual GDP growth of about 5%. In recent years, mobile communication, Internet, e-commerce and high-tech instries have developed rapidly. In 2006, it ranked 30th in the world on the global comprehensive competitiveness list of the world economic forum in Davos, ranking first among African and Arab countries. Turkey ranks 58th in the world's 155 countries in the field of labor and environment, leading Italy, China and Egypt. The poverty rate dropped to below 4%. By the end of 2006, there were 2803 foreign-funded enterprises in Tunisia. In 2007, it ranked 29th in the world on the global comprehensive competitiveness list of the world economic forum in Davos, still ranking first among African and Arab countries. In January 2007, the general development mode and policies of the "Eleventh Five Year Plan" for 2007-2011 were deliberated. At present, the main problems faced by the Turkestan economy are the narrow domestic market, the lack of resources and the excessive dependence on the EU< Main economic figures in 2006:
GDP: US $30.697 billion
per capita GDP: US $2996
GDP growth rate: 5.3%
currency name: Dinar, 1 Dinar = 1000 milim
exchange rate: 1 US dollar = 1.32 Dinar
inflation rate: 2.4% (first half of 2007)
unemployment rate: 14.2%
Afghanistan's economic scale ranks second in Africa, second only to South Africa. Hydrogen carbide instry (oil and natural gas) is the pillar of Arab national economy. In 2005, its output value accounted for 45% of Arab GDP and 98% of Arab total exports. Grain and daily necessities mainly depend on imports. A market economy reform began in 1989, and the privatization act was passed in 1995 to speed up the economic restructuring. Currently, Afghanistan is implementing the "five year economic and social revitalization plan" from 2005 to 2009 and the economic development plan of southern and plateau provinces. The government will spend nearly 144 billion US dollars on the transformation of state-owned enterprises and infrastructure construction. Since 2005, the international oil price has gone up, the oil and gas revenue has increased greatly, the economy has grown steadily, and the economic reconstruction has been carried out in an all-round way. On the one hand, the government continues to implement the fiscal expansion policy, speeds up the construction of large-scale infrastructure, promotes the reform of state-owned enterprises and financial system, and increases support for small and medium-sized enterprises; On the one hand, we should expand economic opening-up, introce the "new hydrogen carbide law" to encourage foreign enterprises to participate in the development of oil and gas in Afghanistan, strengthen economic and trade cooperation with Europe and the United States, and step up negotiations on China's accession to the WTO
instry and mining account for more than 30% of GDP. The oil and natural gas instry is the primary economic sector, with the largest oil exploitation in Africa, accounting for more than 95% of the total export value. Iron ore and apatite are also mined and exported. Other instries include food, textile, chemical instry, steel, agricultural machinery, etc. Most of the population is engaged in agriculture. The main economic crops are grapes, oranges and vegetables, and the grain crops are wheat and barley. There are many sheep and goats. It is rich in Quercus variabilis and alpha grass. Wine, citrus, vegetables, olive oil, cork and Alfa grass are all traditional export commodities. The import of machinery and equipment, instrial procts, daily necessities and food is the bulk<
GDP (2006): 113.6 billion US dollars<
GDP per capita (2006): US $3443<
GDP growth rate (2006): 4.8%
currency name: Dinar
exchange rate (2006): US $1 ≈ 72.65 Dinar
inflation rate (2006): 2.5%
unemployment rate (2006): 12.3%.
7. 1, not a of the answer
2, you have to convert into international currency at home, such as US dollars, and then into dinars after Libya
3, the official language of Libya is Arabic, English communication is basically communicable
4, the climate in the coastal areas of Libya is relatively good, the weather in inland areas such as sepha is hot, and the cities of Libya, In that way, we should respect the local customs. We can't wear big underpants, women can't wear shorts and suspenders. Anyway, we can't wear too exposed
5. The exchange rate with the US dollar is about 1.4, which is hard to say that it changes every day
2, you have to convert into international currency at home, such as US dollars, and then into dinars after Libya
3, the official language of Libya is Arabic, English communication is basically communicable
4, the climate in the coastal areas of Libya is relatively good, the weather in inland areas such as sepha is hot, and the cities of Libya, In that way, we should respect the local customs. We can't wear big underpants, women can't wear shorts and suspenders. Anyway, we can't wear too exposed
5. The exchange rate with the US dollar is about 1.4, which is hard to say that it changes every day
8. Not all of them. Africa, bounded by the Sahara desert, is divided into North Africa and sub Saharan Africa, referred to as black Africa
the development of 55 African countries is very uneven. North Africa is mainly Arab, and relatively rich compared with black Africa. It may be worse than China's big cities, but it is equivalent to some second - and third tier cities. Some countries, such as Tunisia, are even as rich as Europe. There are at least nine countries whose per capita GDP exceeds that of China, such as Libya before the war, whose per capita GDP is twice that of China
most of black Africa is relatively backward, and its development level is the same as that of China in the early 1990s. Moreover, e to the lack of overall planning for construction and outdated infrastructure, black Africa basically continues the facilities of the European colonial period. Because there are no modern chemical plants and manufacturing instries, most of the goods need to be imported, and the prices of the goods are generally too high, which is why many people sell goods from China and return home. What's more, it is worth mentioning that Africans generally attach importance to business, few engage in instry, and are keen on buying and selling
there are also very poor people, such as Congo, Sudan, Rwanda and Ethiopia, who are very poor< The reasons why Africa is poor are as follows:
1. Africa has the largest desert in the world, the Sahara desert, which accounts for 1 / 4 of Africa's area. Moreover, Africa has a lot of wasteland and grassland, which is very poor and most of them are not suitable for farming. Therefore, since ancient times, the life, ecation and medical treatment of Africans have not been improved, and no advanced civilization has been formed< In ancient and modern times, Africa was invaded by conservative Europe. Europe is the first place in the world to realize instrialization, and it has a strong military force, so it went to Europe to plunder cheap labor force as slaves, which made the originally poor Africa even worse.
the development of 55 African countries is very uneven. North Africa is mainly Arab, and relatively rich compared with black Africa. It may be worse than China's big cities, but it is equivalent to some second - and third tier cities. Some countries, such as Tunisia, are even as rich as Europe. There are at least nine countries whose per capita GDP exceeds that of China, such as Libya before the war, whose per capita GDP is twice that of China
most of black Africa is relatively backward, and its development level is the same as that of China in the early 1990s. Moreover, e to the lack of overall planning for construction and outdated infrastructure, black Africa basically continues the facilities of the European colonial period. Because there are no modern chemical plants and manufacturing instries, most of the goods need to be imported, and the prices of the goods are generally too high, which is why many people sell goods from China and return home. What's more, it is worth mentioning that Africans generally attach importance to business, few engage in instry, and are keen on buying and selling
there are also very poor people, such as Congo, Sudan, Rwanda and Ethiopia, who are very poor< The reasons why Africa is poor are as follows:
1. Africa has the largest desert in the world, the Sahara desert, which accounts for 1 / 4 of Africa's area. Moreover, Africa has a lot of wasteland and grassland, which is very poor and most of them are not suitable for farming. Therefore, since ancient times, the life, ecation and medical treatment of Africans have not been improved, and no advanced civilization has been formed< In ancient and modern times, Africa was invaded by conservative Europe. Europe is the first place in the world to realize instrialization, and it has a strong military force, so it went to Europe to plunder cheap labor force as slaves, which made the originally poor Africa even worse.
9. The gold standard ended in 1970. At present, no country issues currency based on gold reserves. After World War II, major countries held a monetary conference in Bretton Woods of the United States, which decided to establish the gold exchange standard based on the US dollar and gold. Its essence is to establish an international monetary system with us dollar as the center. The basic contents include US dollar pegged to gold, currencies of other countries pegged to us dollar and the implementation of fixed exchange rate system. In other words, other currencies can only be exchanged for us dollars, not gold, but only US dollars can be exchanged for gold. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, the United States was deeply mired in the Vietnam War, with huge fiscal deficit, worsening international income situation, and a large number of capital fled. All countries sold their own US dollars and snapped up gold, which led to a sharp decrease in US gold reserves. In order to rece the loss of gold reserves, the United States, together with the United Kingdom, Switzerland, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Belgium, established a gold general Treasury in October 1961. The central banks of the eight countries took out 270 million US dollars of gold. The Bank of England acted as the agent of the gold general Treasury, and took various measures to prevent foreign governments from exchanging US dollars for gold. In the half month of March 1968, US gold reserves flowed out more than US $1.4 billion. On March 14, the trading volume of London gold market reached a record breaking number of 350-400 tons. The United States has no ability to maintain the official price of gold. After consulting with members of the gold general Treasury, it announced that it would no longer supply gold to the market at the official price of $35 per ounce, and the market price of gold would float freely. The free floating of the U.S. dollar against gold price means that the issuance of the U.S. dollar is no longer based on gold reserves. The gold standard of the Bretton Woods system came to an end. Since then, currency issuance in various countries no longer follows the practice of pegging US dollars to gold indirectly
at present, there are two main monetary systems in different countries. In fact, it is a credit monetary system that takes the credit of the issuer or the government as the guarantee
1. Linked exchange rate. We should still maintain the pegged US dollar and issue our own currency with us dollar foreign exchange reserves as reserves. In other words, we should issue as many currencies as there are US dollars. Most of the countries that implement linked exchange rate are undeveloped or developing emerging countries. Because of their weak national strength, they can not guarantee the currency credit, so they link the US dollar to maintain the credit After all, the United States is still the number one power in the world, the strongest in politics, economy and culture. Another point is that although the US dollar is divorced from the gold standard, it is still the currency for pricing gold or other commodities, especially oil. Only the US dollar can buy oil. And most international trade uses US dollars.) The currency with linked exchange rate is called us dollar currency, which is fixed in price comparison with us dollar. The Hongkong area is a typical linked exchange rate currency Chinese mainland before 2005.
2. Floating exchange rate. It is based on the supply and demand of the market. It is mainly based on national credit. The implementation countries are mainly developed areas with strong national strength. Sterling, euro and yen are typical examples. After 2005, the floating exchange rate of RMB was also implemented. These currencies are collectively referred to as non US currencies.
at present, there are two main monetary systems in different countries. In fact, it is a credit monetary system that takes the credit of the issuer or the government as the guarantee
1. Linked exchange rate. We should still maintain the pegged US dollar and issue our own currency with us dollar foreign exchange reserves as reserves. In other words, we should issue as many currencies as there are US dollars. Most of the countries that implement linked exchange rate are undeveloped or developing emerging countries. Because of their weak national strength, they can not guarantee the currency credit, so they link the US dollar to maintain the credit After all, the United States is still the number one power in the world, the strongest in politics, economy and culture. Another point is that although the US dollar is divorced from the gold standard, it is still the currency for pricing gold or other commodities, especially oil. Only the US dollar can buy oil. And most international trade uses US dollars.) The currency with linked exchange rate is called us dollar currency, which is fixed in price comparison with us dollar. The Hongkong area is a typical linked exchange rate currency Chinese mainland before 2005.
2. Floating exchange rate. It is based on the supply and demand of the market. It is mainly based on national credit. The implementation countries are mainly developed areas with strong national strength. Sterling, euro and yen are typical examples. After 2005, the floating exchange rate of RMB was also implemented. These currencies are collectively referred to as non US currencies.
10. The inter governmental and regional African Union (AU) is an alliance that includes 53 African Member States. Founded in South Africa in July 2002, it is a continent wide political entity integrating politics, economy and military. The predecessor of the African Union is the "organization of African Unity" established in 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In the future, the African Union has plans to unify the use of currency, unite defense forces, and establish cross-country organs, including a cabinet government to manage the African Union. The main purpose of the alliance is to help develop and stabilize democracy, human rights and sustainable economic development in Africa. In addition, it also hopes to rece armed wars and create an effective common market in Africa<
overview
year of establishment: 2002
number of Member States: 53 (July 2003)
note: most African countries have joined the African Union, but Morocco withdrew in 1986 because it protested that Western Sahara joined the African Union in the name of a country<
member states:
Algeria, Democratic People's Republic of Algeria
Egypt, Arab Republic
Libya, Socialist People's Republic of great Arab Libya
Sudan, Republic of Tunisia, Tunisia, Western Sahara, salawi, Benin, Republic of Benin, Buki Burkina, N.A.
Chad, R.D.
Cote d'Ivoire, R.D. & 39; Ivore (Ivory Coast)
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea Bissau
Liberia
Mali
Niger
Mauritania
Nigeria, Federal Republic of Nigeria
Republic of Senegal Senegal
Republic of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone
Republic of Togo Togo
Republic of Cape Verde Cape Verde
Republic of Cameroon, Cape / / > Central Africa Republic of the Republic of China, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Gabon Republic of China / Congo Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire) Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome & Principe
Angola Republic Angola Angola / > Republic of Botswana / / Comoros alliance, Lesotho / Wang Kingdom / Madagascar Madagascar Democratic Republic / Republic of Malawi R / > Mauritius Mauritius
Mozambique Republic Mozambique
Namibia Republic Namibia
Swaziland Kingdom Swaziland
Republic of South Africa South Africa
United Republic of Tanzania United Republic of Tanzania / > Republic of Zambia Republic of Zambia / > Republic of Zimbabwe Burundi / > Republic of Burundi Republic / Republic of Djibouti Republic. I
Eritrea Eritrea
Ethiopia Federal Democratic Republic Ethiopia
Republic of Kenya Kenya
Republic of Rwanda Rwanda
Republic of Seychelles Seychelles Republic / > Somalia / Uganda > Republic of China, the main body of the African Union, the African Union summit, Executive Council, Pan African Parliament, The Committee of permanent representatives and the AU Commission. As the highest authority of the Au, the summit is mainly responsible for formulating the common policies of the Au, supervising the implementation of policies and resolutions, and giving instructions to the Executive Council and the Commission. The summit, originally held once a year, has been held twice a year since 2005, one of which is held at headquarters and the other can be held in member states upon invitation. At the request of the Member States and with the consent of two thirds of the Member States, the Au may hold a special summit. The Executive Council is composed of foreign ministers or other ministers of Member States. It meets twice a year to implement General Assembly resolutions and sanctions against member states. As a permanent administrative body of the Au, the AU Commission is responsible for the daily administrative affairs of the AU. The term of office of the chairman of the AU Commission is four years, and he can be re elected for at most two terms. The current chairman of the AU Commission is Jean Ping<
previous African Union summit meetings
summit meeting
host city / country date
the first session of Durban, South Africa, July 11-12, 2002
the second session of Maputo, Mozambique, July 11-12, 2003
SUT Libya 200 January 2004 *
the third Addis Ababa Ethiopia July 6-8, 2004
the fourth abuza Nigeria January 24-31, 2005
the fifth SUT Libya June 28-july 5, 2005
the sixth Khartoum Sudan January 16-24, 2006
the seventh session From June 25 to July 2, 2006 in Banjul Gambia
the eighth Addis Ababa Ethiopia meeting from January 29 to 31, 2007
* representatives of unconventional meeting
overview
year of establishment: 2002
number of Member States: 53 (July 2003)
note: most African countries have joined the African Union, but Morocco withdrew in 1986 because it protested that Western Sahara joined the African Union in the name of a country<
member states:
Algeria, Democratic People's Republic of Algeria
Egypt, Arab Republic
Libya, Socialist People's Republic of great Arab Libya
Sudan, Republic of Tunisia, Tunisia, Western Sahara, salawi, Benin, Republic of Benin, Buki Burkina, N.A.
Chad, R.D.
Cote d'Ivoire, R.D. & 39; Ivore (Ivory Coast)
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea Bissau
Liberia
Mali
Niger
Mauritania
Nigeria, Federal Republic of Nigeria
Republic of Senegal Senegal
Republic of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone
Republic of Togo Togo
Republic of Cape Verde Cape Verde
Republic of Cameroon, Cape / / > Central Africa Republic of the Republic of China, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Gabon Republic of China / Congo Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire) Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome & Principe
Angola Republic Angola Angola / > Republic of Botswana / / Comoros alliance, Lesotho / Wang Kingdom / Madagascar Madagascar Democratic Republic / Republic of Malawi R / > Mauritius Mauritius
Mozambique Republic Mozambique
Namibia Republic Namibia
Swaziland Kingdom Swaziland
Republic of South Africa South Africa
United Republic of Tanzania United Republic of Tanzania / > Republic of Zambia Republic of Zambia / > Republic of Zimbabwe Burundi / > Republic of Burundi Republic / Republic of Djibouti Republic. I
Eritrea Eritrea
Ethiopia Federal Democratic Republic Ethiopia
Republic of Kenya Kenya
Republic of Rwanda Rwanda
Republic of Seychelles Seychelles Republic / > Somalia / Uganda > Republic of China, the main body of the African Union, the African Union summit, Executive Council, Pan African Parliament, The Committee of permanent representatives and the AU Commission. As the highest authority of the Au, the summit is mainly responsible for formulating the common policies of the Au, supervising the implementation of policies and resolutions, and giving instructions to the Executive Council and the Commission. The summit, originally held once a year, has been held twice a year since 2005, one of which is held at headquarters and the other can be held in member states upon invitation. At the request of the Member States and with the consent of two thirds of the Member States, the Au may hold a special summit. The Executive Council is composed of foreign ministers or other ministers of Member States. It meets twice a year to implement General Assembly resolutions and sanctions against member states. As a permanent administrative body of the Au, the AU Commission is responsible for the daily administrative affairs of the AU. The term of office of the chairman of the AU Commission is four years, and he can be re elected for at most two terms. The current chairman of the AU Commission is Jean Ping<
previous African Union summit meetings
summit meeting
host city / country date
the first session of Durban, South Africa, July 11-12, 2002
the second session of Maputo, Mozambique, July 11-12, 2003
SUT Libya 200 January 2004 *
the third Addis Ababa Ethiopia July 6-8, 2004
the fourth abuza Nigeria January 24-31, 2005
the fifth SUT Libya June 28-july 5, 2005
the sixth Khartoum Sudan January 16-24, 2006
the seventh session From June 25 to July 2, 2006 in Banjul Gambia
the eighth Addis Ababa Ethiopia meeting from January 29 to 31, 2007
* representatives of unconventional meeting
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